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1.
在内蒙古典型草原区锡林郭勒盟研究了贮草期布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)采食距离及集群数量对采食量的影响。通过人为设置布氏田鼠洞群家族成员数量和采食距离,采用小麦(Triticum aestivum)为采食材料,测定了秋季自由生活状态下,采食距离为5~30 m范围内、每个洞群布氏田鼠数为3~11只范围内,布氏田鼠单次采食量的变化。结果表明,采食距离和家族成员数量对布氏田鼠单次采食量没有明显影响,采食距离和家族成员数量之间也不存在交互作用。布氏田鼠单次搬运麦粒数量平均为8.0粒/次,这可能与田鼠的搬运能力有关。  相似文献   

2.
布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)是内蒙古典型草原区主要鼠种之一。该鼠种在秋季将食物储存在储草仓内,以此来度过植被贫瘠的冬季。为探究储草期增加食物对布氏田鼠越冬存活率的影响,2004年10月,于内蒙古阿巴嘎旗白音图噶苏木的布氏田鼠鼠害草场随机选取两块100 m×200 m的样地,分别设为增食样地和对照样地。增食样地内给每个布氏田鼠洞群补充食物,每天补充500 g小麦,连续补充2 d共计1000 g。对照样地内则不做任何处理。2004年10月,采用标志重捕法调查两块样地内布氏田鼠种群数量,调查显示,增食样地和对照样地内,布氏田鼠数量分别为310只和318只,以该结果作为计算其越冬存活率的基数。2005年5月,返回样地再次进行标志重捕,分别计算两样地布氏田鼠的越冬存活率。卡方检验显示,储草期增加食物能显著提高布氏田鼠越冬存活率。增食样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率为41.3%,显著高于对照样地布氏田鼠越冬存活率(24.2%,P<0.01)。增食样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率分别为45.4%和37.3%,均显著高于对照样地雌性和雄性布氏田鼠越冬存活率(25.8%和22.6%,P<0.01)。但样地内雌性和雄性越冬存活率均无明显差异(P>0.05)。本研究结果表明,补充食物可大幅度提升布氏田鼠冬季存活率,增加布氏田鼠越冬存活基数,对来年种群增长起重要作用。  相似文献   

3.
配偶数增加对布氏田鼠社会行为的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
张建军  张知彬 《动物学报》2003,49(4):432-437
为研究配偶数量对布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)社会行为的影响 ,设置了 6组处理方法 :对照组 1♂+1♀配对组 ,只增加雌性配偶的 1♂ +2♀处理组和 1♂ +3♀处理组 ,只增加雄性配偶的 2♂ +1♀处理组和 3♂ +1♀处理组以及同时增加雌雄配偶的 2♂ +2♀处理组。每个处理各设 10个重复。记录各实验组中布氏田鼠在观察箱内 (两个大小为 37cm× 2 7cm× 17cm的有机塑料箱合并而成 ) 10min内发生的非对抗行为频次和对抗行为频次。结果表明 :与对照组相比 ,其它各组布氏田鼠的非对抗行为频次都明显降低 ,而对抗行为频次都明显增加。有效性比和密度与布氏田鼠社会行为的相关性研究表明 ,配偶数增加主要通过密度的改变来影响布氏田鼠的社会行为 ,配偶数增加引起密度的升高 ,密度的升高导致布氏田鼠社群内非对抗行为显著减少 ,对抗行为显著增加 ,从而引起布氏田鼠社群关系的紧张 ,加大了社群的竞争强度.  相似文献   

4.
2004年10月2~7日在内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗额和宝力格苏木鼠害草场采用鼠洞口数量作为布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)秋季集群大小的指标,分析了大■(Buteo hemilasius)对不同大小布氏田鼠集群的捕食选择偏好。统计了实验样地内可以观察到的大■蹲守布氏田鼠洞群鼠洞口数量,以及样地内大■没有蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的鼠洞口数量。运用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验进行分析,大■没有蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的洞口数量秩和统计量为1 753.5,而大■蹲守的布氏田鼠洞群的洞口数量总秩和为1 406.5,统计量U值为213.5,校正之后的Z值为﹣4.764 26,这表明,两组差异达到极显著水平(P=0.000 002),大■蹲守次数(B)与田鼠洞群洞口数量(N)呈显著的正相关关系,相关式为B=﹣0.733 2+0.044 36 N(r=0.592 65,P0.05)。结果表明,大■优先选择集群数量高的布氏田鼠集群,该结果可以解释布氏田鼠在秋季出现的分群行为。由于捕食风险的存在,布氏田鼠借助秋季的分群行为以降低冬季集群大小和被捕食风险,从而避免成为捕食性天敌首要攻击的目标,该结果从捕食风险角度支持了鼠类最优集群理论。  相似文献   

5.
布氏田鼠(Lasiopodomys brandtii)在冬季会形成数量不同的越冬集群,不同大小的集群会面临着不同的捕食风险。2004年秋季在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型鼠害草场,采用鼠洞口数量多少作为布氏田鼠秋季集群大小的指标,分析了大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)对不同大小集群的布氏田鼠集群的捕食选择偏好。结果表明:大鵟优先选择集群数量高的布氏田鼠集群,这表明数量高的布氏田鼠集群更容易吸引猛禽类天敌的捕食,该结果可以解释布氏田鼠在秋季出现的分群行为。由于捕食风险的存在,布氏田鼠借助秋季的分群行为以降低冬季集群大小和被捕食风险,从而避免成为捕食性天敌首要攻击的目标,该结果验证了最优集群理论。  相似文献   

6.
2005年1—3月,在云南丽江拉市海就群体规模对越冬灰鹤(Grusgrus)警戒行为的影响进行了研究。用扫描取样记录群体的规模和警戒个体的数量、用焦点取样记录群体中个体警戒行为的频次和持续时间,结果显示灰鹤群体和个体的警戒力均随群体规模增加而降低,但集群个体数超过30只后,群体警戒力便不会再下降(P>0.05)、成体的警戒持续时间也会增加(P<0.01);当群体规模超过50只后,成体的警戒频次也会上升(P<0.05)。推测亚成体维持低警戒的群体规模上限值要高于成体,单从警戒行为分析,20—30只个体的集群可能代表越冬灰鹤的最适群体大小。  相似文献   

7.
为探明食物多样性对植食性小型哺乳动物种群的影响,以羊草、克氏针茅、紫花苜蓿、沙葱和阿氏旋花5种实验地常见的草本植物,组成不同食物多样性的食谱,饲喂布氏田鼠幼体,探究布氏田鼠幼体的存活率和生长率对不同食物多样性的响应。结果表明:(1)随着食物多样性种类的增加,布氏田鼠幼体存活率显著提高(P<0.05)。与单一食物组相比,2~4种食物组饲喂的布氏田鼠幼体存活率分别增加15.6%、18.0%和12.2%;不同食物占食谱的比例对布氏田鼠幼体存活率变化具极显著作用(P<0.01);随着克氏针茅、阿氏旋花在食谱中比例的增加,布氏田鼠幼体存活率显著下降(P<0.05)。(2)随着食物多样性的增加,布氏田鼠幼体生长率在第5周时极显著降低(P<0.01);不同食物在食谱中的比例对布氏田鼠幼体生长率变化具有显著影响(P<0.01)。随着羊草在食谱中比例的增加,在第5周时布氏田鼠幼体生长率极显著提高(P<0.01),随着克氏针茅在食谱中比例的增加,至第3周和5周时布氏田鼠幼体的生长率均显著下降(P<0.05),随着阿氏旋花在食谱中比例的增加,至第3周时布氏田鼠幼体生长率极显著下降(P<0.01)。结果表明,布氏田鼠幼体随着克氏针茅和阿氏旋花在其食物中所占比例增加,布氏田鼠幼体存活率和生长率相应下降,随着羊草在布氏田鼠幼体食谱中比例增加其生长率显著提高。因此,食物多样性在一定程度影响布氏田鼠幼体存活、生长和种群密度。  相似文献   

8.
动物的食物选择受食物资源量、质量和喜好度决定。尽管放牧可减少鼠类喜食植物的数量和质量,但其如何影响鼠类的食物选择尚不清楚。本研究于2014年5月至10月,在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市毛登牧场的大型试验围栏内进行了布氏田鼠的食物选择实验。利用大型实验围栏内5年连续放牧处理所构建的植被变化条件,采用扣笼试验,调查了布氏田鼠对其中3种主要植物的取食情况。研究发现:连续放牧后,糙隐子草的盖度增加,而羊草、克氏针茅盖度降低;糙隐子草的盖度显著高于羊草、克氏针茅,成为各季节的优势植物种类。放牧对布氏田鼠取食羊草、克氏针茅和糙隐子草的绝对取食频次均无显著影响。在季节上,布氏田鼠对克氏针茅和糙隐子草的取食在三个季节均无差异,但布氏田鼠对羊草取食的绝对频次夏季显著高于春季和秋季;布氏田鼠对3种植物的喜好程度依次为羊草克氏针茅糙隐子草,但季节和放牧因素不显著影响布氏田鼠对这3种植物的喜好度。结果表明,布氏田鼠的食物选择及食物组成相对稳定,表现为其对放牧或季节因素造成的喜食植物资源量的变化具有很好的适应性,推测是其调整取食努力来实现食物组成的平衡。  相似文献   

9.
2005年1—3月,在云南丽江拉市海就群体规模对越冬灰鹤(Grus grus)警戒行为的影响进行了研究。用扫描取样记录群体的规模和警戒个体的数量、用焦点取样记录群体中个体警戒行为的频次和持续时间,结果显示:灰鹤群体和个体的警戒力均随群体规模增加而降低,但集群个体数超过30只后,群体警戒力便不会再下降(P>0.05)、成体的警戒持续时间也会增加(P<0.01);当群体规模超过50只后,成体的警戒频次也会上升(P<0.05)。推测亚成体维持低警戒的群体规模上限值要高于成体,单从警戒行为分析,20—30只个体的集群可能代表越冬灰鹤的最适群体大小。  相似文献   

10.
2007年8月31日—2007年9月11日、2007年9月14日—2007年9月27日、2007年10月15日—2007年10月26日的09∶00—17∶00对成都动物园饲养的1对成年和2只幼年川金丝猴,采用目标动物取样法和瞬时扫描记录法对圈舍丰容前后的川金丝猴行为进行了观察比较。结果表明,在仿生态兽舍(环境丰容后)内,川金丝猴的跳跃、探究、攀爬和观望行为比在笼养圈舍(环境丰容前)内有显著增加,休息行为显著减少(P<0.01);成年川金丝猴搬入仿生态兽舍1个月后,雌雄梳理和行走行为较它们在旧兽舍和刚搬入新馆舍时显著增加(P<0.05),搬入仿生态兽舍1月后与刚搬入仿生态兽舍相比,休息行为发生频次的差异具有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。未成年金丝猴在12∶00—13∶00间出现运动行为低谷,其余各时段中运动行为所占比例最高;其次为休息行为,其中12∶00—13∶00休息行为达到昼间的高峰;采食高峰为09∶00—10∶00;梳理、警戒以及其他行为在各时段分布较均匀。成年金丝猴昼间行为较多的是梳理和休息行为;15∶00—16∶00运动行为所占比例较高,梳理行为10∶00—12∶00所占比例较高,休息行为在12∶00—13∶00所占比例最高,采食行为的高峰在09∶00—10∶00,警戒行为在09∶00—10∶00和15∶00—16∶00稍高,其他行为所占比例分布较均匀。幼年川金丝猴的运动、采食行为频次百分比极显著高于成年川金丝猴的运动、采食行为频次百分比(P<0.01);而梳理和警戒行为极显著低于成年川金丝猴(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

11.
相关风险因子对高原鼠兔摄食行为的影响   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
研究了捕食风险环境中集和洞口距离对高原鼠兔摄食行为的影响。结果表明,集群数量的增加不仅降低了警觉行为,同时也减少了摄食行为,在高风险环境中,集群为1时的取食行为强度最大,低风险环境中,为0时最大,警觉行为主要出现在距洞口2m的范围内,其行为强度与洞口踪影职责负相关,当洞口距离大于3m时,风险处理区的高原鼠兔几乎无警觉行为出现,且该处理区的取食区域几乎压缩的洞口旁,研究结果表明,在捕食风险环境中,高原鼠兔摄食行为与集群和洞口距离之间具有复杂的关系,其行为决策反映了降低风险与摄取食物间的权衡,行为目标是在降低捕食风险的同时尽可能地取食食物。  相似文献   

12.
Vigilance is amongst the most universal of anti‐predator strategies and commonly declines with increasing group size. We experimentally manipulated predation risk in a system with a known relationship between group size and vigilance levels to explore whether this relationship changes in response to elevated predation risk. We investigated the vigilance levels of Egyptian geese Alopochen aegyptiaca at eight golf courses in the western Cape, South Africa, to assess the perception of and reaction to predation risk. We manipulated predation risk by introducing trained Harris's hawks Parabuteo unicintus where avian predation was otherwise low or absent. The study confirmed the typical reduction in vigilance with group size on control sites, where the risk of predation is low. However, at experimental sites with elevated predation risk, a positive relationship between vigilance and group size was observed. We hypothesize that the mechanism for this relationship might be linked to social information transfer via copying behaviour and manipulation to induce vigilance. Thus, larger groups will have a higher probability of containing individuals with experience of elevated predation risk and their increased vigilance behaviour is copied by naïve individuals. This prediction is based on the intended outcome of introducing avian predation to make the geese feel less safe and to eventually leave the site as a management tool for controlling nuisance geese.  相似文献   

13.
Previous studies of vigilance behaviour have focused mainly on the influence of predation threat, whereas the influences of conspecific factors, such as within‐group threats, are relatively unstudied. To elucidate the influences of conspecific factors, this study examined vigilance behaviour in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Vigilance level was lower during foraging than during resting, which indicated a conflict between vigilance and foraging activity. In addition, vigilance level was higher when chimpanzees were on the ground where an encounter with leopards (Panthera pardus) is likely than when the chimpanzees were in trees. Males, but not females, increased their level of vigilance as the number of individuals within 3 m increased. In both males and females, daily party size – an index of group cohesion – did not affect the vigilance level. The level of maternal vigilance was higher when a dependent infant was separated from its mother than when the offspring was in contact with its mother. Both males and females increased their vigilance when a less‐associated group member was nearby, when compared with when there was no less‐associated group member nearby. This finding suggests that variation in relationship quality influences the vigilance level and that individuals need to increase their level of vigilance when the level of within‐group threats is high. This study indicated that variation in vigilance cannot be understood unless conspecific factors, such as variation in the relationship quality with associates, are considered.  相似文献   

14.
1. Vigilance increases fitness by improving predator detection but at the expense of increasing starvation risk. We related variation in vigilance among 122 radio-tagged overwintering grey partridges Perdix perdix (L.) across 20 independent farmland sites in England to predation risk (sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus L., kill rate), use of alternative antipredation behaviours (grouping and use of cover) and survival. 2. Vigilance was significantly higher when individuals fed in smaller groups and in taller vegetation. In the covey period (in early winter when partridges are in flocks), vigilance and use of taller vegetation was significantly higher at sites with higher sparrowhawk predation risk, but tall vegetation was used less by larger groups. Individuals were constrained in reducing individual vigilance by group size and habitat choice because maximum group size was determined by overall density in the area during the covey period and by the formation of pairs at the end of the winter (pair period), when there was also a significant twofold increase in the use of tall cover. 3. Over the whole winter individual survival was higher in larger groups and was lower in the pair period. However, when controlling for group size, mean survival decreased as vigilance increased in the covey period. This result, along with vigilance being higher at sites with increasing with raptor risk, suggests individual vigilance increases arose to reduce short-term predation risk from raptors but led to long-term fitness decreases probably because high individual vigilance increased starvation risk or indicated longer exposure to predation. The effect of raptors on survival was less when there were large groups in open habitats, where individual partridges can probably both detect predators and feed efficiently. 4. Our study suggests that increasing partridge density and modifying habitat to remove the need for high individual vigilance may decrease partridge mortality. It demonstrates the general principle that antipredation behaviours may reduce fitness long-term via their effects on the starvation-predation risk trade-off, even though they decrease predation risk short-term, and that it may be ecological constraints, such as poor habitat (that lead to an antipredation behaviour compromising foraging), that cause mortality, rather than the proximate effect of an antipredation behaviour such as vigilance.  相似文献   

15.
Vigilance allows individuals to escape from predators, but it also reduces time for other activities which determine fitness, in particular resource acquisition. The principles determining how prey trade time between the detection of predators and food acquisition are not fully understood, particularly in herbivores because of many potential confounding factors (such as group size), and the ability of these animals to be vigilant while handling food. We designed a fertilization experiment to manipulate the quality of resources, and compared awareness (distinguishing apprehensive foraging and vigilance) of wild impalas (Aepyceros melampus) foraging on patches of different grass height and quality in a wilderness area with a full community of predators. While handling food, these animals can allocate time to other functions. The impalas were aware of their environment less often when on good food patches and when the grass was short. The animals spent more time in apprehensive foraging when grass was tall, and no other variable affected apprehensive behavior. The probability of exhibiting a vigilance posture decreased with group size. The interaction between grass height and patch enrichment also affected the time spent in vigilance, suggesting that resource quality was the main driver when visibility is good, and the risk of predation the main driver when the risk is high. We discuss various possible mechanisms underlying the perception of predation risk: foraging strategy, opportunities for scrounging, and inter-individual interference. Overall, this experiment shows that improving patch quality modifies the trade-off between vigilance and foraging in favor of feeding, but vigilance remains ultimately driven by the visibility of predators by foragers within their feeding patches.  相似文献   

16.
Individuals of social and partially social species typically reduce their vigilance activity when foraging in groups. As a result, per capita risk of predation decreases and individuals allocate more time to foraging and other fitness rewarding activities. Reduction of per capita risk is hypothesized to occur because there are more individuals to detect potential predators. If so, collective (i.e. total) vigilance is expected to increase with foraging group size. Increased surveillance during group foraging may occur if group members scan independently of one another, or sequentially to avoid the overlapping of their vigilance bouts. Intriguingly, such coordinated vigilance assumes that individuals monitor not only the presence, but the vigilance behaviour of group mates. We used seasonal records on time budget and grouping patterns of individually marked degus (Octodon degus), a social rodent, to examine if (a) individual vigilance decreases and/or foraging increases with group size, (b) collective vigilance increases with group size and (c) foraging degus coordinate their vigilance. When foraging, degus decreased their individual vigilance and increased their foraging time when in larger groups. Despite this, degus in larger groups increased their collective vigilance, supporting the hypothesis that socially foraging degus decrease predation risk through an improved ability to detect and escape potential predators. Additionally, patterns of collective vigilance suggested that degus scan independently of each other and so, they do not coordinate their vigilance to prevent its temporal overlapping. This finding does not support that foraging degus monitor the vigilance activity of group mates.  相似文献   

17.
Vigilance in social animals is often aimed at detecting predators. Many social and environmental factors influence vigilance, including sex, predation risk and group size. During the summer of 2007, we studied Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii , an endemic ungulate to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, to test whether and how these three factors affect vigilance. We distinguished groups consisting of males, mothers with lambs and females without lambs making observations on groups in the presence or absence of nearby predators. We assessed the group-size effect on vigilance and how this varied with levels of predation risk and sex. Males and mothers scanned longer and with a higher frequency than females without lambs. Individuals were more vigilant under direct predation threat. Although vigilance generally decreased with group size, the extent of the decrease was independent of predation risk and was not significant in males. The results suggest that mothers are more vigilant suggesting greater vulnerability and that males may have increased their vigilance to compete for higher social ranks. The positive correlation between vigilance and predation risk and the negative correlation between vigilance and group size are consistent with earlier findings, but we failed to find an interaction between group size and predation risk on vigilance perhaps because vigilance levels are low even in small groups, thus making similar vigilant upward adjustments in both small and large groups.  相似文献   

18.
Whereas there are many studies of the time allocated to antipredator vigilance while animals forage, the vast majority of these studies remain correlative. This is potentially problematic because a variety of factors other than variation in perceived risk might influence putative antipredator behaviors such as time allocated to vigilance and foraging. We conducted an experimental study of yellow‐bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) antipredator behavior while marmots foraged at a replicated set of feeding stations established 1, 5, 10, and 20 m from their main burrows. Marmots appeared to perceive a reduced risk of predation when they foraged in the presence of other marmots; they allocated more time to foraging and decreased the time allocated to vigilance. When they foraged farther from their burrows, marmots initiated foraging after a substantially greater amount of time, tended to increase the frequency of their bouts of vigilance, and decreased the duration of each bout. Yearling marmots took less time to begin foraging than adults. Marmot flight initiation distance at our feeding trays was independent of the distance they foraged away from the burrow. Taken together, these experimental results demonstrate that marmots' perceptions of risk increased with distance to the burrow and decreased when other individuals were within 10 m of them while they foraged.  相似文献   

19.
华咏乐  谢燕锦  殷宝法  魏万红 《生态学报》2022,42(21):8618-8627
放牧活动对小型啮齿动物种群数量的影响是草原生态系统研究中的热点问题,确定绵羊和小型啮齿动物的营养生态位关系对于草原生态系统的管理具有重要的作用。运用粪便显微分析法分析了内蒙古草原动物生态研究站大型野外围栏内布氏田鼠和绵羊在6-9月份的食谱组成,确定两种草食动物食性选择和营养生态位的变化,从食物利用途径揭示放牧活动对布氏田鼠种群数量的影响方式及二者之间的竞争与共存关系。研究结果表明:围栏中共有23种植物,其中糙隐子草、克氏针茅、羊草和刺藜是围栏中的优势植物;布氏田鼠共取食10种植物,绵羊共取食8种植物,禾本植物为两种动物的主要采食植物。布氏田鼠和绵羊的喜食植物种类都存在季节性变化;除7月外,两种动物的食物多样性与围栏植物多样性有显著的正相关关系,表明动物的食性选择受植物资源变化的影响。布氏田鼠和绵羊具有很高的营养生态位重叠度,除8月(0.691)外,6、7、9月份的营养生态位重叠度均高于0.9,表明二者之间存在激烈的食物竞争;放牧活动极显著地降低了禾本科植物的地上生物量,导致布氏田鼠的食物数量减少;放牧处理下布氏田鼠的喜食植物的物种数和营养生态位宽度(除9月)增加,导致布氏田鼠的食物质量下降。以上研究结果说明,较高的营养生态位重叠度引起动物间激烈的食物竞争;放牧会影响围栏中植物资源的变化,进而影响布氏田鼠的食性选择,放牧活动可能通过降低布氏田鼠的食物数量和质量对其种群数量产生负面效应;这也说明适度的放牧活动在增加人类对草场利用的同时,又可降低小型啮齿动物的数量及危害。  相似文献   

20.
The group size effect states that animals living in groups gain anti‐predator benefits through reducing vigilance levels as group size increases. A basic assumption of group size effect is that all individuals are equally important for a focal individual, who may adjust its vigilance levels according to social information acquired from them. However, some studies have indicated that neighbors pose greater influences on an individual's vigilance decisions than other group members, especially in large aggregations. Vigilance has also been found to be directed to both predators (anti‐predation vigilance) and conspecifics (social vigilance). Central individuals might rely more on social vigilance than peripheral individuals. To test these hypotheses, we examined the effects of flock size, number of neighbors and position within a flock on vigilance and competition of greater white‐fronted goose Anser albifrons that form large foraging flocks in winter, controlling the effects of other variables (group identity, winter period and site). We found that individual vigilance levels were significantly affected by number of neighbors and position within a flock, whereas flock size showed no effect. Individuals devoted a large component of vigilance to nearby flock mates. Central individuals directed a relatively larger proportion of vigilance to monitor neighbors than peripheral ones, indicating that central individuals more relied on social information acquired from neighbors, possibly caused by the more blocked visual field of central individuals. Moreover, some social vigilance may function as conducting or preventing agonistic interactions since competition intensity was positively correlated with number of neighbors. Our study therefore demonstrate that the number of neighbors is more important than group size in determining individual vigilance in large animal groups. Further studies are still needed to unravel which neighbors pose greater influence on individual vigilance, and the factors that influence individuals to acquire information from their neighbors to adjust vigilance behaviors.  相似文献   

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