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1.
2002~2010年,采用夹日法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同人为干扰生境中啮齿动物群落β多样性进行了研究,同时分析不同生境的灌木植物群落特征来探讨人为干扰下的景观破碎化.依据人为干扰下景观破碎的情况将研究区域内生境梯度的变化按照:禁牧到轮牧、轮牧到过牧、过牧到开垦、禁牧到过牧、禁牧到开垦、轮牧到开垦进行划分,分别利用Jaccard指数、Sorenson指数和Cody指数分析景观破碎化条件下啮齿动物群落β多样性变化特征.结果表明,不同生境梯度间3种β多样性指数差异均显著(P<0.05),禁牧到过牧梯度β多样性差异最大.不同干扰生境间的灌木植物群落特征差异极显著(P<0.01),Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和物种数均表现为轮牧区>过牧区>禁牧区>开垦区.环境变化程度与β多样性变化的程度一致.人为干扰是该区域景观破碎化的主要原因,特别是放牧活动,导致环境异质性显著增加.在荒漠区,这种随环境梯度造成异质性加大而增加的β多样性,并不是由物种增加较大导致,而是由啮齿动物群落物种组成差异和变化增大所致.  相似文献   

2.
荒漠破碎化生境中长爪沙鼠集合种群野外验证研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
近年来,人类活动和自然干扰,导致内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区生境的破碎化,出现了长爪沙鼠在不同斑块间的不连续分布,每一斑块内可能存在一个局域种群,而集合种群建立的前提条件,是局域种群斑块状分布在离散的栖息地环境中。2002~2012年每年的4~10月,在阿拉善荒漠区禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种人为不同利用方式形成的生境斑块中,采用标志重捕法对长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)种群进行定点监测。通过分析长爪沙鼠种群动态,计算各局域种群的灭绝风险,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验种群动态的空间同步性,同时以种群周转率对长爪沙鼠扩散能力进行评估,以检验阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群空间结构是否具有经典集合种群的功能。结果表明:(1) 不同生境斑块可被长爪沙鼠局域种群占据,11年间捕获长爪沙鼠2~7次不等;(2) 长爪沙鼠所有局域种群均具有灭绝风险,在轮牧区和禁牧区灭绝率高达1.000 0,开垦区灭绝率最低,也达到0.333 4,而本研究期间最大局域种群(2008年过牧区,26只/hm2),在2010年发生了局域灭绝;(3) 不同生境斑块间没有明显的空间隔离而阻碍局域种群的重新建立,长爪沙鼠扩散能力较强,绝大部分月份的种群周转率在50.0%以上,特别是周转率达到100.0%的月份较多;(4) 不同生境斑块间仅轮牧区和禁牧区中长爪沙鼠种群密度显著正相关(P<0.05),而其他生境斑块间相关性均不显著(P >0.05),长爪沙鼠局域种群整体显示出明显的非同步空间动态。阿拉善荒漠区长爪沙鼠种群满足作为经典集合种群物种区域续存的4个条件,具有作为研究小哺乳动物集合种群的潜在价值。  相似文献   

3.
棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节(英)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
1992年~1994年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高源农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠1757只(雌性961只,雄性796只),总性比为1.2073。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异。不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同。种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用。高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份。高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠怀孕率、睾丸下降率低于低密度种群。  相似文献   

4.
棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
邰发道  赵亚军 《兽类学报》1998,18(3):208-214
1992-1994年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高原农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠1757只,总性比为1.2073。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异,不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同化率较为接近种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份,高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠  相似文献   

5.
子午沙鼠的繁殖调查   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus Pallas)是西北各省荒漠草原的代表和优势鼠种,也是全国七种沙鼠中分布最广的种类。有关子午沙鼠的繁殖生物学,国内至今尚未见有报道。笔者于1979年4月—1980年3月在内蒙古四子王旗北部草原,通过逐月播铗捕打子午沙鼠,共获鼠470只,经对鼠体和睾丸进行测量、作副睾涂片检查精子、记录雌鼠的怀仔数及子宫内壁上的胎斑数等,了解其繁殖情况。现将调查结果初步总结于后。*8、9月份捕鼠数偏少,主要是由于连日暴雨,子午沙鼠的生境被淹,自然死亡增多和捕鼠条件比较困难的结果。一、性比在工作期间捕得的470只子午沙鼠…  相似文献   

6.
密度因素在布氏田鼠种群调节中的作用   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
对布氏田鼠栖息密度不同的种群同时进行取样,研究密度因素对布氏田鼠种群发展的调节作用。结果表明,在高密度区布氏田鼠种群繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠怀孕率、雄鼠睾丸下降率、贮精囊肥大率和睾丸长度都小于低密度种群。高密度种群繁殖季节结束时间早于低密度种群,幼鼠肥满度较小,性成熟速度较慢,种群年龄结构中,幼年鼠所占比例小于低密度种群。这些都是导致高密度种群增长速度减慢的因素。  相似文献   

7.
不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落多样性的多尺度分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
尺度问题是生态学的核心问题。本文将荒漠啮齿动物群落主要特征参数Shannon-Wiener多样性指数作为信息,来探究其在人为干扰下对尺度变化的响应,目的是为了揭示不同干扰条件下荒漠区啮齿动物群落多样性随尺度变化的趋势,为动物群落格局—过程研究的尺度推绎提供生态学基础。2003~2008年每年7月,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同干扰生境中,选择了1.25hm2,2.5hm2,5hm2和10hm2等4个空间尺度,应用铗日法统计样地中的啮齿动物群落种数及各物种的捕获数据,计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,将其作为原始信号进行小波分解。研究结果表明:在荒漠区≤10hm2内,除过牧区外,在其他干扰类型中啮齿动物群落多样性随空间尺度增加均呈上升趋势。啮齿动物群落多样性的原始信号中存在规则的周期性干扰,这种干扰可能是由群落的年际波动造成的。在4种尺度下,各干扰区啮齿动物群落多样性除在开垦区未表现出明显周期外,其余干扰区各自均具有相同的周期:轮牧区4年,禁牧区3年,过牧区2年。荒漠区4种干扰类型中随着空间尺度的增加啮齿动物群落多样性变动幅度减小,抗干扰能力逐渐增强。但不同干扰中啮齿动物多样性的变动幅度和抗干扰能力是不同的。禁牧区与开垦区的啮齿动物多样性在≤2.5hm2范围内较易受到扰动;过牧区在≤5hm2的范围内较不稳定;轮牧区在整个10hm2范围内都易受到扰动。  相似文献   

8.
武晓东  阿娟  付和平  金珩 《生态学报》2008,28(12):5999-6017
群落的格局和动态是群落牛态学和生态系统生态学研究中的基础问题,也是揭示群落结构和功能的核心问题。为了深入了解生态系统的结构与功能,研究啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,特别是研究荒漠区的脆弱生态系统中啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,是揭示人为干扰下荒漠生态系统结构和功能变化特征的基础。2002~2004年在内蒙古阿拉善典型荒漠区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的生境,分别为禁牧区、过牧区、轮牧区和开垦区,研究了人为不同干扰下啮齿动物群落格局的变动趋势,应用典型相关方法分析了啮齿动物群落与植物群落在不同干扰条件下的相互关系。结果表明,在两种观察尺度域上(标志样地和线路样地)动物群落变量与植物群落变量的相关关系表现为:动物群落变量与植物群落变量中的草本关系最为突出,在分析的两个尺度的8个样地中,除标志样地的过牧区外,其它7个样地均与草本关系密切,且绝大多数样地动物群落变量与草本的盖度和地上生物量呈负相关关系。这说明荒漠生态系统中,在4种干扰条件下,草本的特性,特别是草本的盖度和地上生物量对啮齿动物群落格局及其动态变化起到关键作用,其值越大,啮齿动物群落组成种的丰富度(数量)和生物量就越小。就同一种干扰条件下的两种尺度域上的情况看,动物群落和植物群落的相关性较突出的特点是:在禁牧区和开垦区,喜湿的种类(黑线仓鼠和草原黄鼠)与植被的相关性显著,在轮牧区和过牧区,喜旱的种类(小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠)与植被的相关性显著,且均与草本呈负相关关系。  相似文献   

9.
千岛湖秋季社鼠种群年龄结构及繁殖状况初探   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
2007年9~11月,对千岛湖不同类型岛屿捕获的123只社鼠的年龄结构及繁殖状况进行研究,结果表明:9~10月为千岛湖区社鼠种群的繁殖高峰期,较同纬度其他地区早.雌鼠从亚成年组出现怀孕个体,雄鼠较雌鼠性成熟早,幼年组已出现睾丸下降个体.大、中、小型岛屿年龄结构不同,分别为稳定型、衰退型及增长型.岛屿大小能够对社鼠种群繁殖指标产生影响,大型岛屿雌鼠繁殖指数(1.96)与平均胎仔数(4.9±0.35只)及雄性个体睾丸下降率(50.0%)均较高,社鼠种群稳定;中型岛屿雌鼠的繁殖指数(3.45)与平均胎仔数(5.17±0.42只)为3种类型岛屿中最高,并且雄鼠的睾丸下降率(64.7%)也相对较高,有利于社鼠种群数量增加;小型岛屿雄鼠的睾丸下降率虽然最高(68.4%),但雌鼠繁殖指数(0.75)与平均胎仔数(4.00±1.53只)均较低,且参与繁殖的主体成年组性比(10∶ 5)失调,种群易出现波动.另外,社鼠的繁殖情况与植被类型和人为干扰也有较大的关联.  相似文献   

10.
不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7  
付和平  武晓东  杨泽龙 《生态学报》2005,25(10):2637-2643
2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。  相似文献   

11.
Livestock grazing can affect habitat structure and availability of arthropod prey for grassland birds, and ultimately determines habitat quality. The habitat quality may affect breeding strategies (e.g. sex ratio adjustment) in bird species, but studies investigating grazing intensity on offspring sex ratio are still rare. In this paper, we examined the effect of grazing intensity by livestock on the secondary sex ratio of an alpine‐steppe passerine, the isabelline wheatear Oenanthe isabellina, on the Tibet Plateau. Offspring sex ratio of isabelline wheatears significantly correlated with a quadratic term – (grazing intensity)2. The wheatears nesting in areas grazed at low intensity by mixed livestocks produced significantly more sons than those in ungrazed area (0.41 vs 0.58, Z = –2.836, p = 0.005), while brood sex ratios from other treatments (ungrazing vs intensive grazing and low‐intensity grazing vs intensive grazing) did not differ significantly. Variation in offspring sex ratio was not related to other factors such as maternal condition, paternal condition and other two‐way interactions. These results suggest that breeding birds of grasslands are sensitive to variation in habitat conditions, and provide additional evidence that grazing intensity affects avian reproduction in cryptic ways that are rarely studied. Our findings suggest that flexible management including timely rotational grazing is needed to optimize bird species reproduction and maintain ecosystem health.  相似文献   

12.
三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)是内蒙古西部荒漠草原和沙地的优势害鼠,巢区研究对了解探讨其繁殖策略和种群动态规律有着重要的理论和实践意义。本研究通过2012~2014年的野外标志重捕实验,对三趾跳鼠的巢区在连续放牧和禁牧条件下的变动特征进行了分析。结果表明,连续放牧区雌性三趾跳鼠在6月的巢区范围显著大于禁牧区(P0.05);禁牧区雄性三趾跳鼠的巢区仅在7月份显著大于连续放牧区(P0.05),其他季节没有显著差异(P0.05)。放牧对雄性巢区无显著影响(P0.05),但连续放牧使雌性三趾跳鼠巢区范围显著大于禁牧区。雌性与雄性三趾跳鼠巢区均与一年生草本生物量存在正相关关系。这些结果表明,相对于雄性三趾跳鼠来说,雌性对由放牧导致的食物资源变化比较敏感,这种现象在哺乳期更为显著;繁殖是影响雄性三趾跳鼠巢区的因素之一。因此,保卫资源假说的理论可能是放牧导致三趾跳鼠巢区变化的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

13.
2015年5~12月,利用无线电跟踪方法对澳门路环3只犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx;2♂♂,1♀)的捕食区进行研究。结果发现,3只犬蝠的月平均捕食区面积的大小差异显著(F_(3,23)=77.854,P0.000 1),2雄性的捕食区面积分别为(1.6±0.4)hm2(n=8)和(17.9±6.6)hm~2(n=8),雌性为(31.7±4.7)hm2(n=7);3只犬蝠的捕食区离日栖息地的平均距离差异亦显著(F3,23=16.034,P0.001),2雄性分别为(53.6±12.4)m和(446.2±68.8)m(二者均n=8),雌性为(606.9±94.7)m(n=7);2雄性的捕食区存在部分重叠,但是雌性与2雄性的捕食区均无重叠。此外,不同月份犬蝠的捕食区面积呈现出一定的差异,冬季(11月和12月)捕食区面积相对较大,且雌性的10月份捕食区面积比相邻月份有所减少。本研究说明,犬蝠的捕食区通常靠近其日栖息地,捕食区面积中等,其面积大小具有较为明显的季节变化。  相似文献   

14.
A detailed knowledge of the habitat requirements of steppe birds living in farmland habitats is necessary to identify agricultural practices compatible with their conservation. The globally threatened Great Bustard Otis tarda is a partial migrant in central Iberia, but factors affecting its winter habitat use have not been identified. We assessed habitat differences between breeding and wintering areas and winter habitat selection of radiotagged migrant female Great Bustards in central Spain. Of 68 tagged females, 35% moved to wintering areas located 64.3 ± 24.0 km south of their breeding areas, and 80% wintered in a single area of c. 236 km2. A census of the population in this area identified it as one of the most important wintering areas of this species in the world, holding c. 1500 individuals. There were significant differences between breeding and wintering habitats of individually marked migrant females. Compared with breeding areas, wintering areas of migrant females were located further from roads and urban nuclei, had lower human population densities and area of urban developments, and a higher diversity of land‐use types, with less cover of cereals and more vineyards and olive groves. Within this area, radiotracked migrant females preferred sites with more vineyards and a lower land‐use diversity. Our results highlight the importance of traditional Mediterranean dry farmland mosaics, and suggest that different conservation strategies are needed for migrant and resident populations in winter to secure the conservation of suitable wintering habitat for Great Bustards in the Iberian Peninsula.  相似文献   

15.
福建省莆田地区小家鼠种群繁殖的研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
洪朝长  陈小彬 《兽类学报》1992,12(2):153-158
1987—1989年,作者在福建省蒲田地区采集小家鼠标本1616号(雌865,雄751),解剖、观察雌雄生殖器官的特征和变化,对种群中的性比、睾丸下降率、繁殖雌鼠率、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数的季节变化和年度差异作了分析。结果表明,该地区小家鼠全年均可繁殖。雄性小家鼠体重≥10克,雌性体重≥11克时,已有75%以上达性成熟,故体重可作为划分成体的标准。种群密度对种群繁殖有明显的反馈调节作用。  相似文献   

16.
Breeding chronology, harem structure and changes in male harem dominance were studied at Stranger Point, Isla 25 de Mayo/King George Island, principally by extensive field census work during the 2003 breeding season. Males were individually identified and their size estimated by using a photogrammetric method. Peak female haul out for the population occurred on 31 October, when a total of 276 females were observed along 7 km of coastline, distributed in ten harems with a median size of 16 females. Overall sex ratio and harem sex ratio for the breeding population were 1:6.7 and 1:10.6, respectively. A total of 33 males were identified associated with harems. Male size conferred an advantage in terms of dominance hierarchy, since dominant males (4.91±0.15 m) were significantly longer than subordinate males (4.63±0.19 m). Harems were dominated by an average of 4.5 (range 2–7) different males during the breeding season. Elephant seals at Stranger Point breed in very low density aggregations. The main breeding events in this population occurred later than at other breeding sites, which agrees with previous observations in the area. Male movement among harems suggests that differences in mating success among males could be achieved through their different behaviours.  相似文献   

17.
Despite the growing literature on facultative sex-ratio adjustment in chromosomal sex-determining vertebrate taxa (birds, mammals), the consistency of results is often low between studies and species. Here, we investigate the primary and secondary offspring sex ratio of a small passerine bird, the Eurasian Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus) in three consecutive years. This species has a uniquely diverse breeding system, in which the male (and/or the female) abandons the nest during egg-laying, and starts a new breeding attempt. This allowed us to test (1) whether patterns of parental care, i.e., male-only care, female-only care or biparental desertion, influence offspring sex ratio, and (2) whether the offspring sex ratio is repeatable between successive clutches of males and females. Using molecular markers to sex 497 offspring in 176 broods, we show that (1) offspring sex ratio does not depend on which parent provides care, and (2) the offspring sex ratio is not repeatable between clutches of a given individual. The overall primary and secondary offspring sex ratio at a population level is not different from parity (54 ± 6% males, and 50 ± 3% (mean ± SE), respectively). We suggest that ecological and phenotypic factors, rather than individual traits of parents, may influence offspring’s sex, and conclude that there is currently no evidence for a facultative adjustment of offspring sex ratio in the Penduline Tit.  相似文献   

18.
R. K. Schmidt 《Ostrich》2013,84(4):155-158
Earlé R. A. &; Herholdt, J. J. 1988. Breeding and moult of the Anteating Chat Myrmecocichla formicivora. Ostrich 59: 155–161.

The general breeding biology and moult of the Anteating Chat Myrmecocichla formicivora was studied in open grassveld over a two-year period. During the winter (July), groups were significantly smaller than during summer (December) (1,81 ± 0,50 versus 2,85 ± 1,35 birds per group). There was a large turnover of individuals in the study area but the total population stayed the same. The breeding season in the study area lasted from September to February but analysis of nest record cards from a larger area gave a breeding season of August-April. Two types of nests were used: 90,6% were burrows in sand banks or other excavations, but 9,4%were in the mud pellet nests of Greater Striped Swallows Hirundo cucullata (n = 53). Consecutive breeding attempts were never made in the same burrow. Clutches consisted of three, four or five eggs ([Xbar] = 3,73 ± 0,67). Incubation lasted 14–14,5-15 days. The nestling period lasted 15–18 days. Fledgling/egg breeding success was 41,8% with 48,2% of all eggs not reaching the hatching stage. Juveniles showed an unequal sex ratio of 0,57 ♂ ♂: 1,0 ♀ ♀ but adults had a nearly equal ratio (0,9 ♂ ♂: 1,0 ♀ ♀). There was a significant positive correlation between the primary moult score and the week of the seven months in which moult was recorded. Juveniles underwent a complete body moult and partial primary moult 3–4 months after fledging.  相似文献   

19.
Sex differences in adult mortality may be responsible for male‐skewed adult sex ratios and male‐skewed parental care in some birds. Because a surplus of breeding males has been reported in serially polyandrous populations of Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, we examined sex ratio, early‐season nesting opportunities, adult survival and annual reproductive success of a Snowy Plover population at Monterey Bay, California. We tested the hypotheses that male adult survival was greater than female survival and that a sex difference in adult survival led to a skewed adult sex ratio, different mating opportunities and different annual productivity between the sexes. Virtually all females left chicks from their first broods to the care of the male and re‐nested with a new mate. As a result, females had time to parent three successful nesting attempts during the lengthy breeding season, whereas males had time for only two successful attempts. Among years, the median population of nesting Plovers was 96 males and 84 females (median difference = 9), resulting in one extra male per eight pairs. The number of potential breeders without mates during the early nesting period each year was higher in males than in females. Adult male survival (0.734 ± 0.028 se) was higher than female survival (0.693 ± 0.030 se) in top‐ranked models. Annually, females parented more successful clutches and fledged more chicks than their first mates of the season. Our results suggest that in C. alexandrinus a sex difference in adult survival results in a male‐skewed sex ratio, which creates more nesting opportunities and greater annual productivity for females than for males.  相似文献   

20.
Recent declines in black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) are likely the result of low recruitment. In geese, recruitment is strongly affected by habitat conditions experienced by broods because gosling growth rates are indicative of forage conditions during brood rearing and strongly influence future survival and productivity. In 2006–2008, we studied gosling growth at 3 of the 4 major colonies on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Estimates of age-adjusted gosling mass at the 2 southern colonies (approx. 30% of the world population of breeding black brant) was low (gosling mass at 30.5 days ranged 346.7 ± 42.5 g to 627.1 ± 15.9 g) in comparison to a third colony (gosling mass at 30.5 days ranged 640.0 ± 8.3 g to 821.6 ± 13.6 g) and to most previous estimates of age-adjusted mass of brant goslings. Thus, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that poor gosling growth is negatively influencing the brant population. There are 2 non-mutually exclusive explanations for the apparent growth rates we observed. First, the population decline may have been caused by density-independent factors and habitat capacity has declined along with the population as a consequence of the unique foraging feedback between brant and their grazing habitats. Alternatively, a reduction in habitat capacity, as a result of changes to the grazing system, may have negatively influenced gosling growth, which is contributing to the overall long-term population decline. We found support for both explanations. For colonies over habitat capacity we recommend management to enhance foraging habitat, whereas for colonies below habitat capacity we recommend management to increase nesting productivity. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.  相似文献   

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