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1.
以形成黄土高原“小老树”的2种典型树种刺槐和小叶杨为对象,研究了立地条件(沟谷台地和沟间坡地)和树龄对两种树木叶水力学性质和抗旱性的影响,探讨“小老树”形成的水力生理机制.结果表明:水分较好的沟谷台地上生长的两种树木的叶最大水力导度(Kmax)明显大于水分较差的沟间坡地,叶水力脆弱性(P50)也较高;随树龄增加,两种树木的Kmax明显下降,但P50差异不大.台地上生长的两种树木的叶表皮导度和PV曲线参数(膨压损失点时的相对含水量RWCtlp、膨压损失点时的水势ψtlp饱和含水量时的渗透势ψsat)均大于 坡地;随树龄增加,两种树木的叶表皮导度显著下降,PV曲线参数出现不同程度的下降.两种树木Kmax与ψtlp呈显著正相关,P50与PV曲线参数之间存在一定的相关性,表明Kmax与抗旱性之间存在一种权衡关系,P50是反映两种树木的抗旱性特征之一.  相似文献   

2.
朱金雷  刘志民 《生态学杂志》2012,31(9):2397-2403
以形成黄土高原“小老树”的2种典型树种刺槐和小叶杨为对象,研究了立地条件(沟谷台地和沟间坡地)和树龄对两种树木叶水力学性质和抗旱性的影响,探讨“小老树”形成的水力生理机制.结果表明: 水分较好的沟谷台地上生长的两种树木的叶最大水力导度(Kmax)明显大于水分较差的沟间坡地,叶水力脆弱性(P50)也较高;随树龄增加,两种树木的Kmax明显下降,但P50差异不大.台地上生长的两种树木的叶表皮导度和PV曲线参数(膨压损失点时的相对含水量RWCtlp、膨压损失点时的水势ψtlp、饱和含水量时的渗透势ψsat)均大于坡地;随树龄增加,两种树木的叶表皮导度显著下降,PV曲线参数出现不同程度的下降.两种树木Kmax与ψtlp呈显著正相关,P50与PV曲线参数之间存在一定的相关性,表明Kmax与抗旱性之间存在一种权衡关系,P50是反映两种树木的抗旱性特征之一.  相似文献   

3.
干旱区五种木本植物枝叶水分状况与其抗旱性能   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
用压力-容积(PV曲线)法测定了柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、沙枣和花棒等5种干旱区木本植物的水分参数,同时用TPS-1型光合蒸腾测定系统、压力室和露点微伏压计测定了其叶片(同化枝)的蒸腾速率、枝叶水势和渗透势,并结合持水力和枝叶相对含水量等的测定结果,分析了5种木本植物枝叶水分状况与其抗旱性能的关系.结果表明:PV曲线水分参数虽然在一定程度上反映了植物组织内部的水分状况和抗旱潜力,但依据不同参数分析得出的不同植物抗旱性有所不同,有的甚至相反;以PV曲线水分参数为依据利用隶属函数法计算的综合抗旱性指数显示5种木本植物抗旱性能并无显著差异.而综合PV曲线水分参数和蒸腾速率、枝叶水势、渗透势等实测水分指标计算的综合抗旱性能指数则较好地显示了5种木本植物的综合抗旱性能的强弱,即第1层次梭梭抗旱性最强,第2层次是柽柳,第3层次是沙枣、花棒和胡杨,其中又以胡杨综合抗旱能力最差.由此可见,采用PV曲线水分参数和实测水分指标进行综合评价能够较好地评定植物的抗旱性能.  相似文献   

4.
附生地衣是森林生态系统中的重要组成部分, 在维护森林物种多样性以及水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。地衣类群的水势特征以及压力-体积(PV)曲线及相关参数是否适用于探索地衣等变水性生物类群应对水分胁迫机制, 仍有待阐明。该研究以中国西南地区云南哀牢山亚热带山地森林中5个类群15种常见附生地衣为对象, 探讨了其PV曲线及水势参数的功能群和物种水平的变化。结果显示, 蓝藻型地衣的内部含水量(WCinternal)和共质体水含量(Rs)显著高于绿藻型地衣, 是其1倍以上, 但其他参数表现出较高的一致性。功能群水平上, 地衣仅WCinternalRs和膨压损失点的相对含水量(RWCTLP)具有显著性差异; 但物种间差异均非常显著。结合主成分分析进一步发现, PV曲线及相关参数在评估地衣整体应对水分胁迫以及揭示生境水分条件选择策略时具有较大的限制性, 受到共生藻和生长型的显著影响; 但内部最大持水力可以解释蓝藻型地衣的生境适应策略, 而部分参数如饱和渗透势(Ψsat)和RWCTLP可以分别用于解释狭叶地衣、阔叶地衣和枝状地衣对生境水分条件的适应。研究表明PV曲线及水势参数不适用于地衣类群整体的抗旱性评价, 和其他生物类群进行抗旱性比较时更要慎用。  相似文献   

5.
树木抗旱机理研究进展   总被引:19,自引:3,他引:19  
李燕  薛立  吴敏 《生态学杂志》2007,26(11):1857-1866
干旱是树木成活与生长的重要限制因素之一。研究树木的抗旱性,有助于了解树木的干旱适应性机制,探求树木抗旱的适宜调控措施,对充分发挥森林的生态效益具有重要作用。本文从树木的水分关系、净光合速率与蒸腾速率、叶片的δ13C值、木质部导管空穴、光合机制与抗氧化保护机制、渗透调节、脱落酸和C4植物的抗旱机理及树木的抗旱基因与遗传特性(包括水通道蛋白、逆境信号转导、树木抗旱性的遗传基因工程)方面对树木抗旱机理研究进行了综述。  相似文献   

6.
耐旱性对于树木存亡具有一定的指示作用。该研究以东北东部山区野外自然生长的8个树种——白桦、黄菠萝、胡桃楸、水曲柳、蒙古栎、春榆、兴安落叶松和红松为研究对象,通过测定各树种PV曲线水分参数(7个),同时结合蒸腾速率、枝叶清晨和中午水势、初始致死含水率和持水力等5个实测水分指标,对比分析以单个水分指标、综合水分指标评价耐旱性的差异。结果表明:(1)分别以PV曲线水分参数ψ_(tlp)和ψ_(sat)等衡量8个树种的耐旱性,发现单个水分指标对8个树种的耐旱性强弱排序有所不同,有的甚至完全相反;但通过PV曲线获取的水分参数ψ_(sat)-ψ_(tlp)、RWC_(tlp)、ROWC_(tlp)、ε_(max)和b值排序基本一致,其耐旱性强弱依次为:红松胡桃楸黄菠萝白桦兴安落叶松蒙古栎春榆水曲柳。(2)以PV曲线7个水分参数综合评价结果显示,8个树种的耐旱性强弱依次为:红松胡桃楸黄菠萝兴安落叶松蒙古栎白桦春榆水曲柳;以实测5个水分指标综合评价结果显示,8个树种的耐旱性强弱依次为:红松蒙古栎兴安落叶松黄菠萝水曲柳春榆白桦胡桃楸;两者之间存在一定差异,特别是胡桃楸、蒙古栎和水曲柳位置发生了较大变化。(3)采用12个指标进行综合评价,结果发现8个树种的耐旱性强弱依次为:红松黄菠萝蒙古栎兴安落叶松胡桃楸春榆白桦水曲柳。研究认为,12个指标的综合评价结果比较符合东北东部山区8个树种天然分布的生态特征。  相似文献   

7.
黄土区树种抗旱性指数的研究   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
王孟本  李洪建 《植物研究》1999,19(3):341-346
根据PV曲线主要水分参数测定数据,进行了黄土区6个乔,灌木树种抗旱性季节变化趋势和树种间抗旱性指数排序分析,结果表明,树种抗旱性指数在生长季(5-10月)呈具有阶段降低的持续增大趋势,仅在雨季中后期(即树木年第24生长高峰期)略有减小,在年生长季土壤严重干旱阶段,树种的抗旱性指数大小排序为:海红〉河北杨〉柠条〉小叶杨〉北京杨〉刺槐。  相似文献   

8.
侧柏幼树不同生长阶段对水分的敏感性与蒸腾效率   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
通过旱棚人工控水,对不同生长阶段谐变供水条件下,供水量与供水方式对侧柏幼树蒸腾耗水、水分利用效率的影响、幼树不同生长阶段对水分的敏感性等问题进行了研究。结果表明,幼树总耗水量随年均土壤供水能力和幼树各生长阶段供水模式的不同而变化。在平均有效水供给能力较低或单一阶段土壤相对含水率不超过87.84 %时,幼树蒸腾耗水量随中后期——生长盛期和生长后期供水量的增加而增大;相反,在平均有效水供给能力较高或单一阶段土壤相对含水率超过87.84 %时,幼树蒸腾耗水量则随着中前期——生长前期和生长盛期供水量的增加而增大。在年均土壤供水能力基本相同时,不同生长阶段供水量的分配对侧柏幼树蒸腾耗水有较大影响。综合分析表明,生长盛期供水对蒸腾耗水的贡献最大,生长后期次之,生长前期最小。侧柏幼树不同生长阶段对水分的敏感性,以生长盛期和生长前期最大,生长后期较低。但生长后期适度减少水分供应,具有一定的促长作用。使侧柏幼树达到最佳水分利用效率的土壤供水水平为:生长前期土壤相对含水率75 .96 % ,生长盛期73.76 % ,生长后期6 9.5 2 %。并建立了侧柏幼树的时间水分生产函数  相似文献   

9.
晋西黄土丘陵区若干树种水分生理及抗旱性量化研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
1996年林木生长季节 ( 5~ 1 0月 )野外条件下测定了 1 2个树种的P -V曲线水分参数。研究了水分参数的季节变化及与林木抗旱性的关系。提出树种在水分胁迫条件下以水分参数Ψisat和Ψitlp所定义的渗透调节能力。并研究了树种的这种渗透调节能力的季节变化规律及与环境因素的关系。应用数量分析的方法对林木的抗旱性予以综合评价。  相似文献   

10.
西蒙得木扦插繁殖技术初探   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
西蒙得木以雨季扦插为最佳时间 ,其半木质化嫩枝扦插成活率为 6 4 .0 % ,而木质化老枝生根率仅 3.0 %。扦插基质对插条的生根率也有直接影响 ,用沙为基质的较好。平切法插条 ,以生长调节物质吲哚丁酸、吲哚乙酸、萘乙酸和生根粉处理 ,可有效提高插条生根成活率  相似文献   

11.
12.
Alarcón  J.J.  Domingo  R.  Green  S.R.  Nicolás  E.  Torrecillas  A. 《Plant and Soil》2003,253(1):125-135
Using the heat pulse and other techniques, the hydraulic architecture of apricot trees was mapped out. The flows (overall flow, flow across the four main branches) and forces (water potential differences between xylem and leaves) measured allowed us to quantify hydraulic conductance of branches and of the root/soil resistance. The experiment was carried out in a commercial orchard of 11-year-old apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca L., cv. Búlida, on Real Fino apricot rootstock) during 1 week (October 27–November 3, 1998). Three representative trees with a cylindrical trunk divided into four main branches of different sizes, orientation and local microclimate were chosen for the experiment. Sap flow was measured throughout the experimental period. Twelve sets of heat-pulse probes were used, one for each main branch. The diurnal course of the environmental conditions, the fraction of the area irradiated and leaf water relations were also considered in each main branch. The relationships between leaf water potential, xylem water potential and transpiration were established for different branches and also for the total plant. Using the slopes of these regressions, total plant conductance, the hydraulic conductance of the stem and root pathway, the hydraulic conductance of the canopy and the hydraulic conductance of each branch were estimated. Our findings show that the root conductance and the canopy hydraulic conductance are similar in magnitude. Leaf hydraulic conductance per leaf area unit was similar for each of the four branch orientations, indicating that, while the light microclimate has a dominant influence on transpiration, in this case it had little effect on the hydraulic properties of the canopy.  相似文献   

13.
一、前言土壤是植物根系的生活环境,是供给植物赖以生存的水分和养分的源泉。干旱区的植物尤其是树木常常由于土壤供水不足而限制其自然分布和生长。根据土壤-植物-大气连续体系  相似文献   

14.
Current forest growth models and yield tables are almost exclusively based on data from mature trees, reducing their applicability to young and developing stands. To address this gap, young European beech, sessile oak, Scots pine and Norway spruce trees approximately 0–10 yr old were destructively sampled in a range of naturally regenerated forest stands in Central Europe. Diameter at base and height was first measured in situ for up to 175 individuals per species. Subsequently, the trees were excavated and dry biomass of foliage, branches, stems and roots was measured. Allometric relations were then used to calculate biomass allocation coefficients (BAC) and growth efficiency (GE) patterns in young trees. We found large differences in BAC and GE between broadleaves and conifers, and also between species within these categories. Both BAC and GE are strongly age-specific in young trees, their rapidly changing values reflecting different growth strategies in the earliest stages of growth. We show that linear relationships describing biomass allocation in older trees are not applicable in young trees. To accurately predict forest biomass and carbon stocks, forest growth models need to include species and age-specific parameters of biomass allocation patterns.  相似文献   

15.
This study evaluated the effect of an outbreak of the cerambycid beetle, Oncideres rhodosticta, on branch growth and inflorescence production of the mesquite Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, and on larvae mortality in girdled branches at two sites (dry and wet) in the southern Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. We compared stem growth responses to girdling in branches of similar sized trees from both sites over 42 months. The number of larvae per girdled branch was similar between sites, indicating similar ovipositing effort regardless of water stress. However, the proportion of dead larvae was significantly lower in trees at the dry site. On average, girdling reduced 96% of the stem length at both sites. At the end of the first year, 25% of the original stubs survived at the dry site, compared to 90% at the wet site. Girdling also broke apical dominance and allowed for the development of lateral buds from the surviving stubs, which produced many fewer branches and inflorescences at the dry site compared to the wet site, where a compact crown was developed. Water stress and girdling have a combined effect on mesquite architecture and reproduction, since more stubs died at the dry site while new branches from surviving stubs developed at the wet site, recovering the original lost biomass but changing the appearance of the tree.  相似文献   

16.
We analysed concentrations of starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose in upper branch wood, foliage and trunk sapwood of Douglas-fir trees in height classes ranging from ~2 to ~57 m. Mean concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) for all tissues were highest in the tallest height class and lowest in the lowest height class, and height-related trends in NSC were most pronounced in branches. Throughout a 17-month sampling period, mean values of branch NSC from the 57 m trees ranged between 30 and 377% greater than the 2 m trees. Branch NSC was inversely correlated with midday shoot water potential (Ψ(l)), shoot osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψ) and shoot extension. Temporal fluctuation in branch NSC was inversely correlated with height, and positively correlated with midday Ψ(l) , Ψ and shoot extension. The positive correlation between height and storage of NSC, and the negative correlation between NSC storage and shoot extension provide evidence that size-related growth decline in trees is not strongly associated with constraints on photosynthesis. The negative correlation between height and fluctuation in NSC suggests that mobilization of photosynthate in taller trees is constrained by some factor such as reductions in turgor-driven cell expansion or constraints on phloem transport.  相似文献   

17.
Changes in the levels of ascorbic acid (AA), its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), and uronic acids as initial precursors for the AA synthesis were studied as related to the degree of xylem and phloem cell development in the course of early and late wood formation in the trunks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The cells of mature and conducting phloem, cambial zone, differently developed cells in the zones of cell enlargement and maturation were obtained by successive scraping tissue layers from trunk segments of 20–25-year-old trees; tissue identification was checked anatomically and histochemically. The contents of compounds tested were calculated per dry weight and per cell basis. We found great differences in the contents of AA and DHA and also in their ratio in dependence of the wood type developing in the pine trunks during growth period and on the stage of differentiation of xylem and phloem cells. Changes in the AA content during xylem cell differentiation were accompanied by changes in the content of uronic acids. The amounts of AA, DHA, and uronic acids were the highest at the stage of early lignification and reduced with tracheid maturation. The AA to DHA ratio changed differently in the course of early and late xylem lignification. It reduced from the start of lignification to the formation of early mature xylem and, in contrast, increased in mature late wood; this indicates a difference in the level of redox processes in these tissues.  相似文献   

18.
The relationship between water availability and plant growth response in Halimium halimifolium (L.) Willk throughout two years with contrasted precipitation (300 and 850 mm) was examined by measuring vegetative growth and midday leaf water potential in four sandy soil sites with different water availability in Doñana National Park, Spain. H. halimifolium, Cistaceae is mostly restricted to sandy substrates close to coastal Mediterranean areas. At Doñana National Park this species is the main component of stable sand vegetation. Vegetative growth started in March, ending in July. The maximum shoot elongation rate (110 mm/year) and number of branches (8.3 branches/year) occurred in plants growing in the most hygrophytic site (MN) in both the wet and dry years. Plants at this site exhibited higher midday water potentials throughout the year. In contrast, the minimum shoot elongation rate (40 mm/year) and midday water potential (–4.0 MPa) occurred in Monte Intermedio plants (MI) in the dry year, although the water table was shallower than in Monte Blanco (MB). In the wet year the minimum shoot and branch elongation were recorded in MB. The number of leaves per branch for a single main shoot was higher (55 leaves/branch) in the driest area (MB), but these leaves had the smallest area. ANOVA showed significant differences in growth response and midday water potential between the four sites. A stepwise multiple linear regression showed that midday water potential, water table depth and monthly average temperature were the variables most closely associated with shoot elongation rate. We conclude that under severe dryness, the expected patterns of greater growth in sites with better water supply may differ from compared with the expected growth pattern in normal conditions.  相似文献   

19.
灌溉对沙拐枣幼苗生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用盆栽试验,比较了5个灌溉梯度下(4.6、6.1、7.7、9.2、13.0 kg·株-1·次-1)沙拐枣幼苗氮素累积分配、利用和回收特征及其生长特性差异。结果表明:随灌溉量增加,沙拐枣幼苗整株氮素累积量和干物质量均显著增加,但在最高灌溉量下沙拐枣幼苗出现严重病害。生长旺季干物质和氮素主要分配在同化枝中,平均分别占总株的39.5%和66.1%,随灌溉量增加分配比例显著增加;季末茎和老枝是干物质和氮素的主要累积器官,平均分别占总株的54.7%和47.8%,分配比例也随灌溉量增加而显著增加。干旱条件下沙拐枣幼苗具有较高的根冠比,增加灌溉量后显著下降。生长旺季沙拐枣幼苗具有较高氮素回收效率,平均为64.4%,灌溉后明显增加;季末平均为58.1%,灌溉后有下降趋势。在两个生长季平均氮素利用效率分别为120.5和235.8g/g,增加灌溉量虽可提高植物氮素利用效率,但在最高灌溉量下氮素利用效率出现降低。由此可见,沙拐枣幼苗物质分配特征具有明显的季节性和可塑性,灌溉量过高和过低都不利于沙拐枣幼苗生长及氮素回收和利用效率的提高,因此中等灌溉量(7.7—9.2 kg·株-1·次-1)更有利于其生长及自身特性发挥。  相似文献   

20.
This study tests the hypotheses that (1) the above-ground structure of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L] Karst.) is derivable from the functional balance theory, and that (2) crown ratio is a key source of structural variation in trees of different age and social position. Twenty-nine trees were measured in three stands (young, middle-aged, and mature), with three thinning treatments (unthinned, normal, and intensive) in the two older stands. There was a strong linear relationship between the total cross-sectional area of branches and that of stem at crown base. Foliage mass was linearly related with stem basal area at crown base. Also an allometric relationship was found between foliage mass and crown length. The mean length (weighted by basal area) of branches obeyed an exponential function of crown length. The parameters of most of these relationships were independent of slenderness (tree height/breast height diameter) and tree age However, total branch cross-sectional area per stem cross-sectional area in the young trees was greater than in the older trees. The young trees also had slightly shorter branches than predicted by the mean branch length equation. This was probably caused by branch senescence which had not yet started in the young stand. The older trees had a relatively long lower crown segment which was growing slowly and senescing. It was proposed that a segmented crown structure is characteristic of shade tolerant tree species, and that the structural model could be further developed by making the two segments explicit.  相似文献   

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