植物对虫害的超越补偿作用

阐述了超越补偿作用的本质及其生物学机制,并探讨了超越补偿在生理生态学及栽培学方面的意义,为超越补偿理论在农作物栽培和农、林害虫防治等方面的应用提供科学依据,以进一步提高农、林业生产的经济效益。     

也谈作物的冗余

在国际上,有关冗余的讨论比较早。美国著名生态学家Ｏｄｕｍ在１９８３年就提出“冗余也能提高生态系统的稳定性”［７］。冗余概念在生态学中提出后,围绕着物种冗余说（ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｒｅｄｕｎｄａｎｃｙｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ）展开了讨论。有的学者对物种冗余持怀疑...     

半干旱区作物根系生长冗余的生态学分析

干旱是威胁农业生产的一个常见因子。在水分有限条件下,植物往往产生庞大的根系;这是自然选择的必然结果,是一个进化上稳定的生长对策（ＥＳＳ）。但作物产量是一个种群水平上的属性;个体的ＥＳＳ并不能优化整个群体的产量。我们提出在半干旱雨养农业地区作物受自然选择的影响在根系生长上往往失之于过快或过大,出现了“冗余”。通过育种或管理措施降低根系生长冗余可提高作物产量。     

作物对虫害补偿作用本质的探讨

本文探讨了作物的补偿作用的本质、证据、产生层次和所需条件及其在农业害虫控制中的意义。生物在适应环境的长期过程中,积累了适应性的历史经验或环境信息,概括为遗传信息,构成了该物种的特征特性及其需要的理想生态位。由于环境条件的不断波动,现实生态位总是不断偏离理想生态位。环境中物质、能量和信息共同作用影响生物体内的物理及化学反应,改变生物的生理、行为、形态以至遗传信息。遗传再现了生物物种过去适应环境的成功经验,变异则可视为生物个体本身的环境对策。其中成功的对策即补偿作用减小了理想生态位与现实生态位之差,或曰减少了环境波动的不利影响。生命系统由此方式积累信息量,增加有序性,降低熵值。在农作物与害虫中,己经查明补偿反应产生于繁殖器官、营养器官和生理生化水平。在害虫控制中,确定作物对虫害的补偿反应类型、补偿力的大小及其变幅,并利用和加强补偿作用,将使害虫控制工作提高到一个新的水平。     

干旱灌区冬小麦根系的生长冗余

采用管栽试验通过人为去除根系的方法对甘肃河西绿洲灌区2个冬小麦品种根系的形态特征及根系与地上部分的关系进行了研究。结果表明:去除根系的冬小麦的前期生长受到一定程度的限制,与对照相比,其根冠比及其它根系指标均有所下降,且根系去除程度越大降低幅度越大;生长后期小麦根系出现了超补偿效应;成熟期,去除1/4根系和去除1/2根系处理的冬小麦无论是主茎还是分蘖的穗长、穗质量、穗粒数、粒质量等均比对照增加;但前者主茎各项指标的增幅较大,而后者分蘖的各项指标增幅较大。初步确定冬小麦在充分灌溉条件下至少有1/4的根系是冗余的。     

植物群落的冗余结构——对生态系统稳定性的一种解释

应用冗余理论探讨植物群落的稳定性机理。植物群落的冗余是由植物体的器官冗余、种群内遗传结构冗余、物种冗余和层次冗余组成的。植物群落的抵抗力主要来自物种冗余和种群内遗传结构冗余,而恢复力来自层次冗余和器官冗余。植物群落的冗余结构决定了其稳定性是抵抗的,或是恢复的,或即是抵抗的又是恢复的。研究表明,冗余理论比多样性导致稳定性更能合理地解释植物群落的稳定性。植物群落冗余按其组成万分的性质可分为两种：数量冗     

春小麦对刈割伤害的补偿作用研究

通过１９９５年大田试验研究了黄土高原半干旱区春小麦受刈割伤害（模拟动物采食）后的补偿作用。结果表明,在大田实验条件下,刈割处理一般会使小麦生长受阻且减产,即不足补偿。在刈割一半叶片的处理中,拔节期的减产效应重于苗期的减产效应;在苗期处理中,重度伤害（刈割全部叶片的减产效应大于轻度刈割（刈割一半叶片）的减产效应,而拔节期刈割前三位叶片的处理不仅未造成减产,还出现产量的超越补偿,是由于此时小麦早期生长     

植物的冗余及其生态学意义I.大型水生植物生长冗余研究

通过水生群落中常见优势种凤眼莲(Eichhorniacrassipes)根系的去除实验证明了生长冗余的存在,并在此基础上对大型水生植物的竞争力、"浮游生物的悖论"及水生群落稳定性的产生与维持作了新的阐述.根系去除实验表明群体中凤眼莲植株的根系生长冗余较单株生长时为多;这些冗余根系的去除不会对整个植株的生长发育产生明显影响;群体中植株根系冗余能够加强植株的竞争能力.生长冗余以及建立在生长冗余基础上的更高层次的冗余结构与生物多样性具有一定的相关性,也是生物进化中自然选择的真正对象.据此提出了"进化在生物多样性的基础上进行"的新看法.     

调亏灌水和分蘖干扰对冬小麦生长的补偿效应

为探索抑制个体功能的生长冗余以实现群体性能优化并挖掘作物高产潜力的途径,通过桶栽试验,选择分蘖能力中等的小偃22号和分蘖能力较强的郑麦7698,对比研究2种灌水模式（全生育期充分灌水和分生育期调亏灌水）和3种分蘖干扰（从拔节期开始去除所有小分蘖,仅保留主茎和1个大分蘖;抽穗期去除所有无效分蘖;以不作任何干扰为对照）,来模拟不同水分供应和不可预测干扰对冬小麦生理生长、产量和水分利用效率的补偿机制.结果表明： 2个冬小麦品种均存在生长冗余.与小偃22号相比,郑麦7698有效分蘖数较高,但穗部性状较差.调亏灌水和抽穗期去除无效分蘖均可减少生长冗余,弱化竞争能力,改变源 库关系,提高资源分配.但冗余消除过度（拔节期干扰）则会破坏植株固有的根冠平衡和功能结构,导致生长的不足补偿.与对照相比,调亏灌水联合抽穗期去除无效分蘖可在时空尺度上充分开发和利用作物自身调控潜力实现补偿生长,在不显著影响籽粒产量的同时可提高水分利用效率20.4%～25.4%,是适宜的减冗增效措施.     

On the prospects of using balanced sex-linked lethals for insect pest control

Summary A new method is suggested for controlling species of insect pests in which the female is heterogametic. This method, involving the use of balanced lethals on the Z chromosome, causes the death of females in the embryonic stage. The method has already been tested in practical sericulture for the production of entirely male progeny of the silkworm. The method requires the construction of two strains of the pest, one carrying two balanced nonallelic but closely located lethals on the Z chromosome, and another with two other pairs of lethals of the same type. In the hybrid progeny from the crosses between the two strains, 100% of the female embryos would die, thus making it possible to release only males without any laborious procedure for sex discrimination. In the progeny from the crosses between the released males and females from the natural population, again 100% of females would die, but the males would survive and when they mated — 62.5% of the female progeny would die. This rate would decline to 34.4 and 16.6% in the sons and grandsons respectively. The repeated release of hybrid males would lead to a progressive increase, with each successive generation, in the percentage of female mortality in the natural population until its total extinction.     

农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响

着重分析植物多样性影响害虫发生为害及种群数量的生态学机制,综合评述了关于这种机制的两种主要假说,即天敌假说和资源集中假说．同时总结了植物多样性增大和减少对害虫控制的有利和不利因素．研究表明农田生态系统中植物多样性的增大在多数情况下能导致某些害虫种群数量的下降,但是目前很难就不同栖境中所有类型的害虫形成一般性的结论     

覆盖作物的生态效应

评述了农田生态系统中主要覆盖作物在减少土壤损失、降低表土迳流、增加土壤养分、减少NO3^-I淋溶、减轻水质污染及病虫草防除中的作用与效应,讨论了覆盖作物管理对农业持续发展的影响。     

Insect clocks: implication in an effective pest management

Abstract

Circadian rhythms are endogenous, and synchronize biological functions at the most suited time of the day. Insects like other organism display a wide array of circadian functions, which are controlled by a central timing system, in coordination with the peripheral clocks found in many tissues. Many insect behaviours including locomotion, courtship, mating, egg laying and photoperiodism, are influenced by the circadian systems. In this mini-review, we briefly describe the involvement of circadian clocks in various physiological processes and correlate their functions in insect life, focusing on lepidopteran pests (major group of Indian crop pests) and discuss their role(s) in the development of effective pest management strategy.     

Enantiospecific synthesis and insect feeding activity of sulfur-containing cyclitols

The first syntheses of two deoxythiocyanocyclitols (4-deoxy-4-thiocyano-l-chiro-inositol and deoxythiocyanoconduritol F) and two deoxysulfonylcyclitol acetals are reported by a chemoenzymatic enantioselective route. The compounds were prepared by a sequence of enzymatic and ruthenium-catalyzed dihydroxylations, and the results were studied regarding reaction conditions and co-catalyst for different derivatives. The new compounds were included in a minilibrary of deoxygenated cyclitols and evaluated for their capacity to influence the feeding behavior of Epilachna paenulata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a common pest of the Curcubitaceae crops.     

多样化的棉田生态系统控害保益功能特征研究

应用数量分析与能量测定相结合的方法 ,定量地分析和比较了华北棉区多样化的套间作棉田生态系统与单作棉田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种群动态及其天敌对害虫的控制作用 .结果表明 ,多样化的套间作系统中苗蚜与 2代棉铃虫发生轻 ,而伏蚜与 3代棉铃虫发生重 ;套间作系统有利于天敌群落能量的生产 ,尤其是利于捕食性蜘蛛类群的能量生产 ;从棉田生态系统棉株 害虫 天敌相互作用关系来看 ,尽管间套作系统内天敌群落生产力增加 ,保护益虫 (天敌 )作用好 ,同时也增加了害虫群落生产力 ,其控害功能较差 .     

林区鼢鼠鼠害的主要特征及其生态控制对策

本文对东北鼢鼠危害特征及树木被害原因进行了分析,研究了杂草对鼢鼠分布的影响,明确了杂草是鼢鼠数量分布的限定性因素。利用各种方法除去林间杂草,切断鼢鼠食物来源可做为治理鼢鼠的生态措施。在此基础上,进行了翻耕抚林、人工锄草、化学除草、林农复合生态控制措施试验,取得较好的防治效果。     

烟叶贮存期害虫的控制技术

烟叶在贮存期中易受虫害 ,烟叶受害后损失在 2 %～ 3%。因而对其防治必须高度重视 ,采用综合性的控制对策能收到较好的防治效果。     

Models for mating disruption by means of pheromone for insect pest control

Models are presented to investigate the population dynamic behavior of a pest population with the release of pheromone for mating disruption. Three mechanisms of mating disruption are considered: (i) confusion of males, (ii) competition with female pheromone trails yielding false trail following, (iii) emigration of males prior to mating. In addition, several refinements to confusion are considered. Confusion and emigration of males were found to be very similar both quantitatively and dynamically; also, a combination of both mechanisms was very little more efficient than either one separately. False trail following is difficult to compare with the other two, since competition with wild females is involved and thus the total population size enters the equations. Density dependence of the action of pheromones results in some cases in which mating disruption cannot control the pest population. Similarly, aggregation of the pest population decreases the efficiency of the method unless the pheromone action is density independent. Delayed mating of females makes control easier, and may constitute one mechanism for mating disruption.