Aβ25～35诱导大鼠记忆减退与星形胶质细胞及NOS阳性细胞变化

目的探讨Aβ25～35诱导模拟人类Alzheimer`s病(AD)的大鼠病理模型中星形胶质细胞变化与一氧化氮合酶神经元损伤引起的老年性记忆减退之间的关系.方法双侧海马内注射β-淀粉样多肽25～35片段(Aβ25～35)制作大鼠AD模型,注射一周后采用NOS组化染色、GFAP免疫组化染色及NOS组化和GFAP双重染色分析大鼠海马GFAP与NOS的表达.结果海马内注射Aβ25～35后出现海马星形胶质细胞增生、肥大、数目明显多于对照组(P<0.05),并出现一氧化氮阳性星形胶质细胞;海马一氧化氮神经元数量较对照组显著减少(P<0.05).结论 AD模型大鼠学习记忆功能低下与Aβ神经毒性导致NOS阳性神经元损伤、死亡直接相关,反应性星形胶质细胞参与Aβ导致NOS神经元细胞毒性损伤作用,间接导致学习记忆能力减退.     

蝎毒诱导红藻氨酸癫痫大鼠海马内GABA释放的免疫组化观察

本工作用红藻氨酸癫痫模型,经蝎毒处理后观察大鼠癫痫发作的行为变化并检测大鼠海马内ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应样物质对国产钳蝎粗毒抗癫痫反复发作的细胞机制进行初步探讨。ＫＡ癫痫大鼠经蝎毒处理３周后,与实验对照组相比,能明显减轻发作行为。ＧＡＢＡ免疫组化的实验显示,用ＫＡ３周后,实验对照组大鼠与空白对照组腹侧海马尤其是海马门区ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应阳性神经元数目明显减少,免疫染色强度明显降低。实验给药组大鼠８例中,有６     

老年大鼠学习记忆减退的神经基础

对由Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫分得的青年、老年记忆正常和记忆减退鼠的脑组织分别进行突触、ＡＣｈＥ纤维、突触素、小白蛋白神经元以及突触体钙离子浓度、膜流动性的定量分析。结果表明老年记忆减退鼠新皮质、海马结构突触素含量、突触、胆碱能纤维、小白蛋白阳性神经元密度及突触体膜流动笥较老年记忆正常和青年鼠明显降低。老年记忆正常鼠与青年鼠各项均无显著差异。本研究提示各研究指标的异常与老年学习记忆减退密切相关。     

Aβ325～35诱导大鼠记忆减退与星形胶质细胞及NOS阳性细胞变化

目的　探讨Aβ2 5～ 3 5诱导模拟人类Alzheimer‘s病 (AD)的大鼠病理模型中星形胶质细胞变化与一氧化氮合酶神经元损伤引起的老年性记忆减退之间的关系。方法　双侧海马内注射 β-淀粉样多肽 2 5～ 3 5片段 (Aβ2 5～ 3 5 )制作大鼠AD模型 ,注射一周后采用NOS组化染色、GFAP免疫组化染色及NOS组化和GFAP双重染色分析大鼠海马GFAP与NOS的表达。结果　海马内注射Aβ2 5～ 3 5后出现海马星形胶质细胞增生、肥大、数目明显多于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并出现一氧化氮阳性星形胶质细胞 ;海马一氧化氮神经元数量较对照组显著减少 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　AD模型大鼠学习记忆功能低下与Aβ神经毒性导致NOS阳性神经元损伤、死亡直接相关 ,反应性星形胶质细胞参与Aβ导致NOS神经元细胞毒性损伤作用 ,间接导致学习记忆能力减退     

海马内生长抑素与γ－氨基丁酸在大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应中的作用

本实验以大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应（ＡＡＲ）的习得和消退为学习记忆的指标,研究了海马内生长抑素（ＳＳ）和γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）在学习记忆中的作用。结果如下：（１）经训练而建立了ＡＡＲ的大鼠,其海马内ＳＳ较对照组显著增高,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ含量却明显降低;（２）海马内注入ＳＳ的耗竭剂半胱胺（Ｃｙｓ,２０ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的习得受到明显损害,ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速,海马内ＳＳ明显降低,而ＧＡＢＡ含量却显著升高;（３）海马内注入ＧＡＢＡ（２００ｇ／Ｌ）使大鼠ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速的同时,其海马内ＳＳ含量亦显著降低。由此表明,海马内ＳＳ可能有促进学习记忆的作用,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ升高则有相反的效应;二者在海马调控学习记忆过程中具有重要作用。     

白细胞介素-2对大鼠海马谷氨酸能神经元和γ-氨基丁酸能神经元的影响———免疫组织化学和狭线杂交研究

本研究应用免疫组织化学（ＰＡＰ法）的方法,观察到侧脑室内注射白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）后,大鼠海马回和齿状回内谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）免疫反应阳性神经元的数量明显减少、胞体皱缩、突起及其分支减少;γ氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）免疫反应阳性神经元的数量、突起及其分支皆减少。用３２Ｐ标记的ＧＡＢＡＴｃＤＮＡ探针对大鼠海马组织的ＧＡＢＡＴｍＲＮＡ进行狭线杂交结果显示：实验组大鼠海马组织的ＧＡＢＡＴｍＲＮＡ的含量明显增多。由于ＧＡＢＡ在ＧＡＢＡＴ的作用下,可转变为Ｇｌｕ,因此,以上结果表明ＩＬ２不仅可影响海马神经元合成和释放Ｇｌｕ和ＧＡＢＡ,而且还使Ｇｌｕ的释放量大于其合成量。这些变化可能与癫痫的发病机理有关     

老年学习记忆减退大鼠脑突触体膜流动性改变

选用Morris水迷宫将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常和学习记忆减退两部分,采用荧光偏振技术,对青年、老年记忆正常和老年记忆减退鼠脑分离实触体膜流动性进行测定,并检测神经节苷脂GM1对膜流动性的影响．结果表明老年记忆减退鼠新皮质、海马结构突触体膜荧光各向异性明显增加,即膜流动性显著降低,GM1对膜流动性有明显改善作用．相关分析表明新皮质、海马结构实触膜流动性与老年学习记忆减退密切相关,GM1的积极作用为临床治疗提供实验依据．     

海马内生长抑素与γ—氨基丁酸在大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应…

本实验以大鼠穿梭箱主动回避反应（ＡＡＲ）的习得和消退为学习记忆的指标,研究了海马内生长抑素（ＳＳ）和γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）在学习记忆中的作用。结果如下：（１）经训练而建立了ＡＡＲ的大鼠,其海马内ＳＳ较对照组显著增高,而海马内ＧＡＢＡ含量去明显降低;（２）海马内注入ＳＳ的耗竭剂半胱胺使大鼠ＡＡＲ的习得受到明显损害,ＡＡＲ的消退显著加速,海马内ＳＳ明显降低,而ＧＡＢＡ含量去显著升高;（３）海马内注入     

谷氨酸转运体GLAST mRNA在大鼠脑内表达的细胞定位

实验采用荧光双标技术研究谷氨酸转运体ＧＬＡＳＴ ｍ ＲＮＡ 在大鼠脑内表达的细胞定位, 研究表明, 在星形神经胶质细胞和神经元, ＧＬＡＳＴｍ ＲＮＡ 分别与神经胶质纤维蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ） 和神经元特异性烯醇化酶 （ＮＳＥ） 有表达共存, 提示ＧＬＡＳＴ ｍ ＲＮＡ在星形神经胶质细胞和神经元上都有表达。     

性激素对雄性小白鼠学习记忆和脑中GABAA受体亲和力的影响

本文研究了丙酸睾丸酮（Ｔ）,黄体酮（Ｐ）和苯甲酸雌二醇（Ｅ２）对雄性小白鼠学习记忆及皮层,海马中ＧＡＢＡＡ受体亲和力的影响,结果表明,Ｔ降低皮层海马中ＧＡＢＡＡ受体亲和力,但不影响学习记忆能力,Ｐ对两者ＧＡＢＡＡ受体亲和力无影响Ｅ２降低了皮层ＧＡＢＡＡ受体亲和力而不影响海马ＧＡＢＡ受体亲和力。Ｐ和Ｅ２可损害学习记忆能力,这为性激素对学习记忆功能的药理学效应及其在脑中的作用机制提供了一些有价值的参考     

胰岛素对AD模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

目的:探讨胰岛素对阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力影响及其可能机制。方法:大鼠海马微量注射Okadaic acid(OA),胰岛素侧脑室注射。水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力;Western blotting实验检测大鼠海马烟碱型胆碱能受体的表达;免疫组化观察大鼠脑内胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠学习记忆能力明显下降(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达减少(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞增多(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,胰岛素组大鼠学习记忆能力明显提高(P<0.01),烟碱型胆碱能受体表达增多(P<0.05),GFAP免疫阳性星形胶质细胞减少(P<0.05)。结论:胰岛素提高AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力可能与其改善模型鼠胆碱能系统功能及减少星形胶质细胞增生有关。     

Effects of testosterone on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats

A male advantage over females for spatial tasks has been well documented in both humans and rodents, but it remains unclear how the activational effects of testosterone influence spatial ability in males. In a series of experiments, we tested how injections of testosterone influenced the spatial working and reference memory of castrated male rats. In the eight-arm radial maze, testosterone injections (0.500 mg/rat) reduced the number of working memory errors during the early blocks of testing but had no effect on the number of reference memory errors relative to the castrated control group. In a reference memory version of the Morris water maze, injections of a wide range of testosterone doses (0.0625-1.000 mg/rat) reduced path lengths to the hidden platform, indicative of improved spatial learning. This improved learning was independent of testosterone dose, with all treatment groups showing better performance than the castrated control males. Furthermore, this effect was only observed when rats were given testosterone injections starting 7 days prior to water maze testing and not when injections were given only on the testing days. We also observed that certain doses of testosterone (0.250 and 1.000 mg/rat) increased perseverative behavior in a reversal-learning task. Finally, testosterone did not have a clear effect on spatial working memory in the Morris water maze, although intermediate doses seemed to optimize performance. Overall, the results indicate that testosterone can have positive activational effects on spatial learning and memory, but the duration of testosterone replacement and the nature of the spatial task modify these effects.     

Silencing lncRNA PVT1 inhibits activation of astrocytes and increases BDNF expression in hippocampus tissues of rats with epilepsy by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-chain noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) on the activation of astrocytes and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. The epilepsy rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride–pilocarpine. Successfully modeled rats were grouped, and their spatial learning and memory, neuronal loss, number of TdT-mediated dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, and the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, pro-caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, GFAP, BDNF, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, axin, and cyclin D1 in hippocampus tissues were evaluated. Increased expression of PVT1 was found in hippocampus tissues of epileptic rats. Silencing of PVT1 improved spatial learning and memory, decreased neuronal loss, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cell, decreased the expression of cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax while increased pro-caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression, decreased the expression of GFAP, increased the expression of BDNF, decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and decreased the expression of axin and cyclin D1 in hippocampus tissues in epileptic rats. Our study provides evidence that the inhibition of PVT1 may decrease the loss of neurons, inhibit the activation of astrocytes, and increase the expression of BDNF in hippocampus by downregulating the Wnt signaling pathway.     

Hilar GABAergic interneuron activity controls spatial learning and memory retrieval

Background

Although extensive research has demonstrated the importance of excitatory granule neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in normal learning and memory and in the pathogenesis of amnesia in Alzheimer''s disease (AD), the role of hilar GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, which control the granule neuron activity, remains unclear.

Methodology and Principal Findings

We explored the function of hilar GABAergic interneurons in spatial learning and memory by inhibiting their activity through Cre-dependent viral expression of enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0)—a light-driven chloride pump. Hilar GABAergic interneuron-specific expression of eNpHR3.0 was achieved by bilaterally injecting adeno-associated virus containing a double-floxed inverted open-reading frame encoding eNpHR3.0 into the hilus of the dentate gyrus of mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of an enhancer specific for GABAergic interneurons. In vitro and in vivo illumination with a yellow laser elicited inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneurons and consequent activation of dentate granule neurons, without affecting pyramidal neurons in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus. We found that optogenetic inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneuron activity impaired spatial learning and memory retrieval, without affecting memory retention, as determined in the Morris water maze test. Importantly, optogenetic inhibition of hilar GABAergic interneuron activity did not alter short-term working memory, motor coordination, or exploratory activity.

Conclusions and Significance

Our findings establish a critical role for hilar GABAergic interneuron activity in controlling spatial learning and memory retrieval and provide evidence for the potential contribution of GABAergic interneuron impairment to the pathogenesis of amnesia in AD.     

手术创伤对成年鼠和老年鼠海马区GFAP、S100β表达的影响

目的 探讨肝部分切除术对成年鼠和老年鼠海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、S100β表达的影响.方法 雄性成年SD大鼠和老年SD大鼠分别随机分为老年对照组、麻醉组和手术组以及成年对照组、麻醉组和手术组.手术组行肝部分切除术.实验鼠在术后1、3、7d行Morris水迷宫后,处死实验鼠取海马行免疫组化检测.结果 GFAP在成年鼠和老年鼠基础水平有统计学差异(P=0.039,P=0.002).当增加的GFAP阳性细胞在成年鼠术后第3d(P=0.09)恢复后,老年鼠GFAP阳性细胞在术后第3d(P＜0.001)仍然明显增加,在术后第7d(P=0.823)恢复.S100β与GFAP变化趋势相同.结论 手术创伤引起成年鼠和老年鼠海马区GFAP、S100β可逆性表达增多,与成年鼠相比,老年鼠GFAP、S100β表达上调更加明显,持续时间更长.     

The effects of exogenous testosterone on spatial memory in rats

Testosterone (T) is known to affect spatial abilities in men and women. Studies focusing on this relationship showed that both endogenous variability of T and administration of exogenous T, altered mental rotation and spatial visualization. Organizational and activational effects of T can be separately identified. The aim of our study was to evaluate the activational effects of exogenous T on spatial memory in male and female rats. T was administered 3 times a week over a two week period in either 1 mg/kg for low testosterone group or 10 mg/kg for high testosterone group. The Morris water maze was performed to assess the rat’s working and reference spatial memory. T and estradiol levels were measured in plasma. Increase in plasma T levels was confirmed in the experimental groups in comparison to the control groups (receiving sterile oil, 3 times a week over a two week period). Low dose T impaired working, but improved reference memory in female rats. In male rats the negative effects of T (both doses) on reference memory were shown. This experiment showed that the activational effects of exogenous testosterone on spatial memory of rats were gender and dose-dependent.     

Lactate produced by glycogenolysis in astrocytes regulates memory processing

When administered either systemically or centrally, glucose is a potent enhancer of memory processes. Measures of glucose levels in extracellular fluid in the rat hippocampus during memory tests reveal that these levels are dynamic, decreasing in response to memory tasks and loads; exogenous glucose blocks these decreases and enhances memory. The present experiments test the hypothesis that glucose enhancement of memory is mediated by glycogen storage and then metabolism to lactate in astrocytes, which provide lactate to neurons as an energy substrate. Sensitive bioprobes were used to measure brain glucose and lactate levels in 1-sec samples. Extracellular glucose decreased and lactate increased while rats performed a spatial working memory task. Intrahippocampal infusions of lactate enhanced memory in this task. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of astrocytic glycogenolysis impaired memory and this impairment was reversed by administration of lactate or glucose, both of which can provide lactate to neurons in the absence of glycogenolysis. Pharmacological block of the monocarboxylate transporter responsible for lactate uptake into neurons also impaired memory and this impairment was not reversed by either glucose or lactate. These findings support the view that astrocytes regulate memory formation by controlling the provision of lactate to support neuronal functions.     

NDRG2 as a marker protein for brain astrocytes

The protein NDRG2 (N-myc downregulated gene 2) is expressed in astrocytes. We show here that NDRG2 is located in the cytosol of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes throughout the mammalian brain, including Bergmann glia as observed in mouse, rat, tree shrew, marmoset and human. NDRG2 immunoreactivity is detectable in the astrocytic cell bodies and excrescencies including fine distal processes. Glutamatergic and GABAergic nerve terminals are associated with NDRG2 immunopositive astrocytic processes. Müller glia in the retina displays no NDRG2 immunoreactivity. NDRG2 positive astrocytes are more abundant and more evenly distributed in the brain than GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) immunoreactive cells. Some regions with very little GFAP such as the caudate nucleus show pronounced NDRG2 immunoreactivity. In white matter areas, NDRG2 is less strong than GFAP labeling. Most NDRG2 positive somata are immunoreactive for S100ß but not all S100ß cells express NDRG2. NDRG2 positive astrocytes do not express nestin and NG2 (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4). The localization of NDRG2 overlaps only partially with that of aquaporin 4, the membrane-bound water channel that is concentrated in the astrocytic endfeet. Reactive astrocytes at a cortical lesion display very little NDRG2, which indicates that expression of the protein is reduced in reactive astrocytes. In conclusion, our data show that NDRG2 is a specific marker for a large population of mature, non-reactive brain astrocytes. Visualization of NDRG2 immunoreactive structures may serve as a reliable tool for quantitative studies on numbers of astrocytes in distinct brain regions and for high-resolution microscopy studies on distal astrocytic processes.