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1.
植物代谢速率与个体生物量关系研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
植物的各项生理生态功能(例如,呼吸、生长和繁殖)都与个体生物量成异速生长关系。West, Brown及Enquist基于分形网络结构理论所提出的WBE模型认为:植物的代谢(呼吸)速率正比于个体生物量的3/4次幂。然而,恒定的“3/4异速生长指数”与实测数据、植物生理生态学等研究之间存在矛盾,引发激烈的争论。论文分析了不同回归方法对代谢指数的影响,重点对植物代谢速率与个体生物量异速生长关系研究进展进行了综述,分析并得出了植物代谢指数在小个体时接近1.0,并随着生物量的增加而系统减小,且其密切依赖于氮含量的调控的结论。据此,提出了进一步深入研究植物代谢速率个体生物量关系需要解决的一些科学问题。  相似文献   

2.
生物个体的生物学特征(新陈代谢速率等)与个体大小(体积和生物量等)的依赖性关系称为异速生长关系,这种关系经过尺度转换之后,还影响着种群、群落和生态系统等。海洋环境较为复杂,浮游生物的代谢速率不仅受到个体大小影响,同时光照、温度和营养物质也是重要的影响因素,因此3/4规律只有在理想环境状况下才能实现。对于大多数浮游生物来讲,其尺度因子并非单一的,存在着多元尺度指数。由于单一和多元尺度指数都忽略了环境温度的影响,生态学代谢理论在考虑个体大小的基础上,加上温度这个参数后能够解释不同层次的生态学过程。在综述了异速生长关系发展历史的基础上,着重探讨了该关系在浮游生物中的研究进展。  相似文献   

3.
幂指数异速生长机制模型综述   总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23       下载免费PDF全文
 个体大小对生物的各种生理属性有重要意义, 描述个体大小和生理属性关系的规律叫做异速生长。生物的异速生长通常以幂函数的形 式表示, 在众多的异速生长关系中, Kleiber定律所描述的新陈代谢率和个体大小的3/4幂指数关系最为重要和基本, 解释此有充分数据支持的 定律的机理也最具挑战性。围绕该著名的3/4幂指数异速生长关系, 该文回顾历史上主要的有关模型假说, 并重点介绍1990年代中期以来, 由 West等提出的分形分配网络模型和由其它研究人员建立的代表性模型: 最少载体网络模型、多因理论、最小总熵理论、构造理论、细胞优化生 长理论和能量消耗理论。  相似文献   

4.
生物体的许多特征(如代谢速率等)随着个体大小的变化而变化,经常用幂函数形式的异速生长方程来表达,其中影响最为深远的就是新陈代谢速率和个体大小成3/4幂的关系,在简要回顾研究历史的基础上,重点介绍20世纪以来,由West等提出的、目前最为公认的代谢理论模型(分型分配网络模型、生态代谢模型),包括模型假设条件、数学推导过程、模型在生物学中的应用及关于模型的一些争议。  相似文献   

5.
WBE 模型及其在生态学中的应用:研究概述   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
李妍  李海涛  金冬梅  孙书存 《生态学报》2007,27(7):3018-3031
介绍了WBE模型,综述了该模型在生态学中的应用进展。WBE模型,以及以该模型为基础的MTE模型,假设生物体为自相似分形网络结构,提出代谢速率和个体大小之间存在3/4指数关系,分别预测了从个体到生物圈多个尺度上的生物属性之间的异速生长关系,而且部分得到了验证。WBE模型的应用涵盖了个体组织生物量、年生长率,种群密度和生态系统单位面积产量、能量流动率等多个方面;即使在生物圈大尺度上,WBE模型也可用来预测试验中无法直接测量的特征变量的属性,如全球碳储量的估算等。至今,关于WBE和MTE模型仍然存在各种褒贬争论,讨论焦点主要集中于模型建立的前提假设以及权度指数的预测。今后的研究工作应规范试验技术和方法,考虑物种多样性和环境等因素的影响,提出符合各类生物的模型结构体系,使其具有更广泛的应用性和预测性。  相似文献   

6.
West、Brown和Enquist提出的植物分形网络模型(简称WBE模型)认为:植物的分支指数(1/a,1/b)决定植物的代谢指数,当分支指数1/a、1/b分别为理论值2.0、3.0时,代谢速率与个体大小的3/4次幂成正比,但是恒定的3/4代谢指数并不能全面地反映植物的代谢情况。基于分支指数的协同变化,Price、Enquist和Savage对WBE模型进行扩展,提出植物分支参数协同变化模型(简称PES模型)。该文借助于PES模型分析了7种木本植物的分支指数和代谢指数。结果表明:物种间叶面积与叶生物量呈异速生长关系,基于叶面积得到的分支指数1/a和代谢指数θ在物种间无显著差异,基于叶生物量得到的分支指数1/a、1/b和代谢指数θ在物种间均存在显著差异,但基于叶面积和叶生物量分别拟合出的整体分支指数1/a、1/b和代谢指数θ与理论值均无显著差异,且用叶面积作为代谢速率的替代指标比用叶生物量分析得出的代谢指数与理论值更接近。今后研究应当关注植物叶面积与叶生物量的异速生长关系对植物代谢速率及相关功能特性的影响。  相似文献   

7.
《植物生态学报》2014,38(6):599
West、Brown和Enquist提出的植物分形网络模型(简称WBE模型)认为: 植物的分支指数(1/a, 1/b)决定植物的代谢指数, 当分支指数1/a、1/b分别为理论值2.0、3.0时, 代谢速率与个体大小的3/4次幂成正比, 但是恒定的3/4代谢指数并不能全面地反映植物的代谢情况。基于分支指数的协同变化, Price、Enquist和Savage对WBE模型进行扩展, 提出植物分支参数协同变化模型(简称PES模型)。该文借助于PES模型分析了7种木本植物的分支指数和代谢指数。结果表明: 物种间叶面积与叶生物量呈异速生长关系, 基于叶面积得到的分支指数1/a和代谢指数θ在物种间无显著差异, 基于叶生物量得到的分支指数1/a、1/b和代谢指数θ在物种间均存在显著差异, 但基于叶面积和叶生物量分别拟合出的整体分支指数1/a、1/b和代谢指数θ与理论值均无显著差异, 且用叶面积作为代谢速率的替代指标比用叶生物量分析得出的代谢指数与理论值更接近。今后研究应当关注植物叶面积与叶生物量的异速生长关系对植物代谢速率及相关功能特性的影响。  相似文献   

8.
生物量分配模式影响着植物个体生长和繁殖到整个群落的质量和能量流动等所有层次的功能, 揭示高寒灌丛的生物量分配模式不仅可以掌握植物的生活史策略, 而且对理解灌丛碳汇不确定性具有重要意义。该研究以甘肃南部高山-亚高山区的常绿灌丛——杜鹃(Rhododendron spp.)灌丛的7个典型种为对象, 采用全株收获法研究了不同物种个体水平上各器官生物量的分配比例和异速生长关系。结果表明: 7种高寒杜鹃根、茎、叶生物量的分配平均比例为35.57%、45.61%和18.83%, 各器官生物量分配比例的物种差异显著; 7种高寒杜鹃的叶与茎、叶与根、茎与根以及地上生物量与地下生物量之间既有异速生长关系, 也有等速生长关系, 异速生长指数不完全支持生态代谢理论和小个体等速生长理论的参考值; 各器官异速生长关系的物种差异显著。结合最优分配理论和异速生长理论能更好地解释陇南山地7种高寒杜鹃生物量的变异及适应机制。  相似文献   

9.
"生长标度"定义了在研究腕足动物异速生长时所需的个体生长发育定量指标,其数值大小受到壳长、壳宽、壳厚以及相对应权重的共同控制。将腕足动物待研究性状的测量值与其生长标度作为两个变量进行二元回归分析,可判断该性状是否存在与腕足动物个体发育不等的生长速率,即异速生长。该指标对凯迪期(Katian)(晚奥陶世)腕足动物无洞贝类Rongatrypa xichuanensis的定量分析表明,该种腕足动物的壳宽与个体发育保持同步,壳长呈负异速生长,壳厚呈正异速生长,指示出该种生物在生长过程中总体向横宽方向伸展,并伴随着壳体的加快增厚。  相似文献   

10.
提出生物多样性分布格局的普适性理论和探索其内在形成机制一直是生态学家们研究的焦点之一.到目前为止,已有很多假说被用来解释生物多样性分布规律,但是这些假说的普适性均受到学者们的质疑.最新理论--代谢速率假说以能量相当法则和代谢分形分配网络模型为基础,定量预测了个体及种群生态进化动态过程与群落生物多样性分布格局之间的关系,以及物种丰富度和环境因子之间的关系.代谢速率假说解释了生物多样性的起源问题,也回答了生物多样性如何维持的问题.该文重点综述了代谢生物多样性理论的发展及其相关研究进展.通过和其他假说比较、分析,我们认为随着代谢理论假说的不断发展和完善,代谢生物多样性理论将更具有普适性.同时我们也提出了进一步完善该假说需要解决的一些科学问题.  相似文献   

11.
Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not themselves mirror one universal law of nature but instead statistically approximate the non‐linearity of the relationship between MR and body mass. This ‘statistical’ view must be replaced with the life‐history perspective that ‘allows’ organisms to evolve myriad different life strategies with distinct physiological features. We posit that the hypoallometric allometry of MRs (mass scaling with an exponent smaller than 1) is an indirect outcome of the selective pressure of ecological mortality on allocation ‘decisions’ that divide resources among growth, reproduction, and the basic metabolic costs of repair and maintenance reflected in the standard or basal metabolic rate (SMR or BMR), which are customarily subjected to allometric analyses. Those ‘decisions’ form a wealth of life‐history variation that can be defined based on the axis dictated by ecological mortality and the axis governed by the efficiency of energy use. We link this variation as well as hypoallometric scaling to the mechanistic determinants of MR, such as metabolically inert component proportions, internal organ relative size and activity, cell size and cell membrane composition, and muscle contributions to dramatic metabolic shifts between the resting and active states. The multitude of mechanisms determining MR leads us to conclude that the quest for a single‐cause explanation of the mass scaling of MRs is futile. We argue that an explanation based on the theory of life‐history evolution is the best way forward.  相似文献   

12.
Metabolic rates vary among individuals according to food availability and phenotype, most notably body size. Disentangling size from other factors (e.g., age, reproductive status) can be difficult in some groups, but modular organisms may provide an opportunity for manipulating size experimentally. While modular organisms are increasingly used to understand metabolic scaling, the potential of feeding to alter metabolic scaling has not been explored in this group. Here, we perform a series of experiments to examine the drivers of metabolic rate in a modular marine invertebrate, the bryozoan Bugula neritina. We manipulated size and examined metabolic rate in either fed or starved individuals to test for interactions between size manipulation and food availability. Field collected colonies of unknown age showed isometric metabolic scaling, but those colonies in which size was manipulated showed allometric scaling. To further disentangle age effects from size effects, we measured metabolic rate of individuals of known age and again found allometric scaling. Metabolic rate strongly depended on access to food: starvation decreased metabolic rate by 20% and feeding increased metabolic rate by 43%. In comparison to other marine invertebrates, however, the increase in metabolic rate, as well as the duration of the increase (known as specific dynamic action, SDA), were both low. Importantly, neither starvation nor feeding altered the metabolic scaling of our colonies. Overall, we found that field‐collected individuals showed isometric metabolic scaling, whereas metabolic rate of size‐manipulated colonies scaled allometrically with body size. Thus, metabolic scaling is affected by size manipulation but not feeding in this colonial marine invertebrate.  相似文献   

13.
Active and resting metabolism in birds: allometry, phylogeny and ecology   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Variation in resting metabolic rate is strongly correlated with differences in body weight among birds. The lowest taxonomic level at which most of the variance in resting metabolic rate and body weight is evident for the sample is among families within orders. The allometric exponent across family points is 0.67. This exponent accords with the surface area interpretation of metabolic scaling based on considerations of heat loss. Deviations of family points from this allometric line are used to examine how resting metabolic rates differ among taxa, and whether variation in resting metabolic rate is correlated with broad differences in ecology and behaviour. Despite the strong correlation between resting metabolic rate and body weight, there is evidence for adaptive departures from the allometric line, and possible selective forces are discussed.
The allometric scaling of active metabolic rate is compared with that of resting metabolic rate. The allometric exponents for the two levels of energy expenditure differ, demonstrating that active small-bodied birds require proportionately more energy per unit time above resting levels than do active large-bodied birds. No consistent evidence was found to indicate that the different methods used to estimate active metabolic rate result in systematic bias. Birds require more energy relative to body size when undertaking breeding activities than at other stages of the annual cycle.  相似文献   

14.
Organismal metabolic rate, a fundamental metric in biology, demonstrates an allometric scaling relationship with body size. Fractal-like vascular distribution networks of biological systems are proposed to underlie metabolic rate allometric scaling laws from individual organisms to cells, mitochondria, and enzymes. Tissue-specific metabolic scaling is notably absent from this paradigm. In the current study, metabolic scaling relationships of hearts and brains with body size were examined by improving on a high-throughput whole-organ oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis method in five biomedically and environmentally relevant teleost model species. Tissue-specific metabolic scaling was compared with organismal routine metabolism (RMO2), which was measured using whole organismal respirometry. Basal heart OCR and organismal RMO2 scaled identically with body mass in a species-specific fashion across all five species tested. However, organismal maximum metabolic rates (MMO2) and pharmacologically-induced maximum cardiac metabolic rates in zebrafish Danio rerio did not show a similar relationship with body mass. Brain metabolic rates did not scale with body size. The identical allometric scaling of heart and organismal metabolic rates with body size suggests that hearts, the power generator of an organism’s vascular distribution network, might be crucial in determining teleost metabolic rate scaling under routine conditions. Furthermore, these findings indicate the possibility of measuring heart OCR utilizing the high-throughput approach presented here as a proxy for organismal metabolic rate—a useful metric in characterizing organismal fitness. In addition to heart and brain OCR, the current approach was also used to measure whole liver OCR, partition cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters using pharmacological agents, and estimate heart and brain glycolytic rates. This high-throughput whole-organ bioenergetic analysis method has important applications in toxicology, evolutionary physiology, and biomedical sciences, particularly in the context of investigating pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases.  相似文献   

15.
The flux of energy and materials constrains all organisms, and allometric relationships between rates of energy consumption and other biological rates are manifest at many levels of biological organization. Although human ecology is unusual in many respects, human populations also face energetic constraints. Here we present a model relating fertility rates to per capita energy consumption rates in contemporary human nations. Fertility declines as energy consumption increases with a scaling exponent of ?1/3 as predicted by allometric theory. The decline may be explained by parental trade‐offs between the number of children and the energetic investment in each child. We hypothesize that the ?1/3 exponent results from the scaling properties of the networked infrastructure that delivers energy to consumers. This allometric analysis of human fertility offers a framework for understanding the demographic transition to smaller family sizes, with implications for human population growth, resource use and sustainability.  相似文献   

16.
Variability in metabolic scaling in animals, the relationship between metabolic rate (R) and body mass (M), has been a source of debate and controversy for decades. R is proportional to Mb, the precise value of b much debated, but historically considered equal in all organisms. Recent metabolic theory, however, predicts b to vary among species with ecology and metabolic level, and may also vary within species under different abiotic conditions. Under climate change, most species will experience increased temperatures, and marine organisms will experience the additional stressor of decreased seawater pH (‘ocean acidification’). Responses to these environmental changes are modulated by myriad species-specific factors. Body-size is a fundamental biological parameter, but its modulating role is relatively unexplored. Here, we show that changes to metabolic scaling reveal asymmetric responses to stressors across body-size ranges; b is systematically decreased under increasing temperature in three grazing molluscs, indicating smaller individuals were more responsive to warming. Larger individuals were, however, more responsive to reduced seawater pH in low temperatures. These alterations to the allometry of metabolism highlight abiotic control of metabolic scaling, and indicate that responses to climate warming and ocean acidification may be modulated by body-size.  相似文献   

17.
The intrinsic rate of increase is a fundamental concept in population ecology, and a variety of problems require that estimates of population growth rate be obtained from empirical data. However, depending on the extent and type of data available (e.g. time series, life tables, life history traits), several alternative empirical estimators of population growth rate are possible. Because these estimators make different assumptions about the nature of age‐dependent mortality and density‐dependence of population dynamics, among other factors, these quantities capture fundamentally different aspects of population growth and are not interchangeable. Nevertheless, they have been routinely commingled in recent ecoinformatic analyses relating to allometry and conservation biology. Here we clarify some of the confusion regarding the empirical estimation of population growth rate and present separate analyses of the frequency distributions and allometric scaling of three alternative, non‐interchangeable measures of population growth. Studies of allometric scaling of population growth rate with body size are additionally sensitive to the statistical line fitting approach used, and we find that different approaches yield different allometric scaling slopes. Across the mix of population growth estimators and line fitting techniques, we find scattered and limited support for the key allometric prediction from the metabolic theory of ecology, namely that log10(population growth rate) should scale as ?0.25 power of log10(body mass). More importantly, we conclude that the question of allometric scaling of population growth rate with body size is highly sensitive to previously unexamined assumptions regarding both the appropriate population growth parameter to be compared and the line fitting approach used to examine the data. Finally, we suggest that the ultimate test of allometric scaling of maximum population growth rates with body size has not been done and, moreover, may require data that are not currently available.  相似文献   

18.
The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) states that metabolic rate, ruled mainly by individual mass and temperature, determines many other biological rates. This view of ecology as ruled by the laws of physics and thermodynamics contrasts with life-history-optimization (LHO) theories, where traits are shaped by evolutionary processes. Integrating the MTE and LHO can lead, however, to a synthetic theory of ecology. In this work, we link the two theories to show that offspring development time is the result of both maternal investment in offspring and the metabolic constraints on offspring growth. We formulate a model that captures how offspring development time is the consequence of both offspring growth rate, determined by temperature and allometric scaling in accordance with the MTE, and the size reached by offspring at the end of the developmental period, determined mainly by LHO and reproductive strategies. We first extend the trade-off between offspring size and offspring number to ectotherms, showing that increased body temperatures result in increased resources available for reproduction. We then combine this trade-off with the general ontogenetic growth model to show that there is a trade-off between the number of offspring produced and offspring development time. The model predicts a shorter developmental time in organisms producing larger numbers of offspring.  相似文献   

19.
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