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1.
快速城市化区域城市热岛及其环境效应研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
江学顶  夏北成  郭泺 《生态科学》2006,25(2):171-175
以广州为中心的珠江三角洲区域城市化十分迅速,城市热岛对城市生态环境影响极大。城市热岛及其环境效应的研究有利于城市合理规划和可持续发展。利用中尺度模式MM5模拟广州地区的城市热岛效应,模式采用四重嵌套网格,最高水平分辨率为1km。研究通过数值模拟结果与自动气象站观测的气温和ETM 热红外波段反演的地温的对比,表明该方案能准确模拟地表的温度状况和城市热岛的环境效应。研究还表明城市干岛与热岛相伴而生,02时和11时广州热岛强度较小,相对湿度较高,20时热岛强度达到最大,城区相对湿度则最低;因城市热岛的存在,改变了原盛行风向,减弱了风速,且湿地、绿地、河流廊道等景观分割了城市热岛和干岛,增加了其破碎度,调节了城市气候。  相似文献   

2.
珠江三角洲城市群热环境空间格局动态   总被引:11,自引:4,他引:11  
江学顶  夏北成 《生态学报》2007,27(4):1461-1470
以广州为中心的珠江三角洲城市群发展十分迅速,区域内热岛强度与规模日益加剧,受研究方法和技术的限制,热岛空间格局及其动态研究不深入。因此,研究城市特别是城市群热环境空间格局的日变化特征具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。采用遥感反演和中尺度模式MM5模拟的结果研究城市热力景观及其日变化规律,其中MM5模拟采用四重嵌套网格,最高分辨率为1km,遥感数据采用ETM+的热红外波段。结果表明该区域热岛具有多中心的特征,两种方法得到的热岛空间分布特征一致,其精度均较高,但遥感反演结果更为细致。两者的空间格局与自相关性较接近,数值模拟结果的空间自相关程度呈近似余弦曲线变化;热力景观格局指数白天波动明显、夜间波动较小,且斑块数和景观形状指数白天大于夜晚,并在5:00出现小波峰;景观水平上的景观指数11:00~14:00出现最大值,夜间较小,其中景观分离度和面积一周长分维数在5:00出现小波峰,21:00出现拐点;下垫面性质、地表热量交换、局地环流等对热力景观格局影响较大。以数值模拟为基础,借助3S技术能较好研究城市热力景观空间格局的日变化特征。  相似文献   

3.
北京市冬季不同景观下垫面温湿度变化特征   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
刘娇妹  杨志峰 《生态学报》2009,29(6):3241-3252
城市热场空间分布和动态演变受城市下垫面特征影响较大,基于实验观测数据,对北京市冬季不同景观类型下垫面的温湿度变化规律、特征进行了分析与探讨.2007年12月至2008年2月,选取北京市5类景观区域的4种不同下垫面,进行温、湿度等气象因子进行10h同步观测,分析不同景观区域的下垫面温湿度变化特征.结果表明:(1)北京市不同景观区域的温度呈乡村<水域<绿地<居住区<商业区的变化趋势,湿度呈相反的趋势.(2)在白昼期间,以郊区作为对照,四种城市用地在14:00的温、湿度差异均达极显著水平.商业区与郊区的最大温、湿度差值分别为6.3℃和24.2%,居住区的最大温、湿度差值为5.9℃和25.9%.(3)5个观测点的4种下垫面的日间气温呈水体<绿地<建筑物空间<道路的变化趋势,湿度呈相反的趋势;与道路、建筑物空间比较,绿地和水体空间白昼期间有明显的降温增湿效应.研究为减缓人类活动对城市气候的影响、减缓冬季热岛效应,为城市生态规划、环境治理及绿化建设提供基础依据.  相似文献   

4.
长沙市热力景观空间格局演变分析   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
徐双  李飞雪  张卢奔  周磊 《生态学报》2015,35(11):3743-3754
城市热环境是城市生态环境效应研究的热点之一,其演变规律的研究为缓解城市热岛带来的负效应、促进城市可持续发展提供依据。以2004年和2010年Landsat7 ETM+遥感影像数据和土地利用现状数据为数据源,在地表亮度温度反演的基础上,运用景观指数并结合GIS空间分析技术,采用移动窗口和梯度分析结合的方法,分析2004—2010年长沙市中心城区热环境的空间格局动态变化,通过分区统计法分析了不同热力景观等级下不同城市景观的空间格局变化,从景观尺度上阐明城市景观类型组成和空间格局与地表温度空间分异之间的关系。研究结果表明:2010年热岛区域扩大且更加分散,面积比2004年增加15.01km2,新增区域主要分布在金霞、岳麓和星沙的新兴工业园区;中心城区热力景观格局在景观水平上具有明显的空间分异特征,在从中心位置到偏北、偏东和偏南方向上,热力景观从市区向周边郊区呈现破碎化、多样性递增、形状复杂化,而从中心位置到偏西方向上与之相反;景观类型组成和空间布局对地表热环境产生不同影响,耕地、林地在热力景观内的优势度越大、分布越集中,地表降温效果越显著;反之,建设用地斑块越大、凝聚程度越高、形状越规整,地表温度越高,热岛效应显著。  相似文献   

5.
应用2001年8月和2010年8月Landsat TM/ETM+数据,计算沈阳市区及三环内各区的地表热岛强度(SUHI),根据土地利用数据和热岛源汇特征提取源汇信息,分析SUHI与土地利用类型、热岛源汇面积及边界长度、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)、改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)的关系。结果表明:2001年沈阳市区的中等热岛强度以上区域主要集中在三环内和苏家屯区,强热岛地区主要出现在铁西区和皇姑区;2010年中等以上热岛强度地区,与城区发展相一致,主要向西南,南面扩展,弱热岛、中等强度和强热岛地区有较大幅度的增加;城市热岛强度与NDVI存在显著的负相关,与NDBI存在显著的正相关;热岛源在区域内的面积比重与中等强度以上热岛存在较显著的相关关系,源汇边界长度与弱热岛和中等热岛存在较显著的相关关系。  相似文献   

6.
京沪穗三地近十年夜间热力景观格局演变对比研究   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
孟丹  王明玉  李小娟  宫辉力 《生态学报》2013,33(5):1545-1558
城市热环境是城市生态环境的重要方面,它与城市气候、城市生态、城市灾害有着重要的联系.以北京、上海、广州三地为研究区,选取近10年MODIS的夜晚地表温度(LST)产品MOD11A2,分别采用质心迁移、景观格局指数、空间自相关方法研究京沪穗三地近10年的不同等级热力景观质心迁移演变、格局变迁和空间集聚特征.主要结论为:三地热力景观随郊区向市中心趋近,体现了由低温区、次中温区向中温区、次高温区、高温区过渡的趋势;三地的中温区所占比例最大,城市热力景观破碎度三地中上海市最高,5种热力景观比较,次中温区和高温区的破碎度最高;城市热力景观离散度三地中北京市最高,低温区和高温区的离散度较高.热环境空间自相关分析表明三地均以高温-高温区,低温-低温区集聚为主,北京、广州高温-高温区分布于南部,且集中成片分布,而上海市高温-高温区分布比较离散,相对较为复杂.从分布面积来说,10a中北京、上海表现为先减少后增加,而广州则持续减少.总体而言北京热环境恶化,而广州、上海热环境有所好转.  相似文献   

7.
城市的垂向扩展加深了城市构成与格局的复杂性,传统的二维景观格局研究较难完整体现当前城市景观的生态结构与功能特性。本研究以上海市中心城区为研究区域,选取三维景观格局指数量化研究区域三维景观格局,并运用增强回归树机器学习算法综合分析社会、环境因子与城市景观格局的交互影响。结果表明:高建筑率、平均建筑高度和建筑高度标准偏差在上海市内环周边区域的数值较高,建筑数量、景观形状指数在外环周边的数值较高,建筑覆盖率、容积率和Shannon多样性指数在城市中心的数值较高,且浦西总体高于浦东。人口密度和归一化植被指数(NDVI)对三维景观格局的交互影响最显著,生产总值的影响程度最低。三维景观格局指数在一定范围内随社会因子中的人口密度增大而增大,随环境因子中的NDVI和水面率增大而减小。增强回归树可作为量化景观格局与社会环境因子之间交互影响关系的有效工具。研究结果有利于加深对上海市中心城区生态环境与人类福祉之间关系的理解,同时可为城市三维扩展规划提供科学依据。  相似文献   

8.
基于遥感信息的常州市热岛效应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以常州市区为研究区域,运用“单窗算法”对TM卫星第6波段进行解译,得到卫星过境时常州市区的地表温度(LST)分布图。结果表明:2006年9月18日卫星过境时常州市城区地表平均温度的热岛强度为3.81 K;常州热岛效应的空间分布特征为“一个片区结合多个组团”,与城市的发展格局基本一致,表明城市化引起的土地利用/土地覆盖变化是形成热岛效应的主要原因;城市工业用地的地表平均温度极显著高于城区,表明工业生产消耗大量能源而产生的人为热对常州市热岛效应的形成以及热岛强度的增强具有显著影响。  相似文献   

9.
基于城市环境气候图的宁波大气环境分析与调控对策   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
城市化的蓬勃发展改变了城市气候和环境,产生了诸多气候环境问题,需要有效的城市气候环境信息与调控对策来应对和缓解,城市环境气候图在城市气候环境的规划与调控方面提供了重要指导。在传统城市气候图的基础上,提出了多季节、多环境要素相结合的城市环境气候图构建方法。在此基础上,以具有复杂下垫面和明显季节性气候特征的宁波市区为案例,综合运用遥感反演、GIS空间分析、中尺度数值模拟等技术手段,对城市热负荷、大气污染、通风潜力和风场及整体的城市气候环境进行多季节分析与评估。结果表明:在形成城市气候环境的主要要素方面,城市热负荷、大气污染物分布都具有显著的季节性和空间性差异,宁波市春、夏季同时受热负荷和大气污染影响,冬季仅受大气污染影响,秋季受二者影响均较小;通风潜力的空间格局各季节之间具有高度的相似性;风环境复杂多变,呈现出显著的季节性和空间性差异。对城市气候环境的整体分析发现,城市气候环境高价值区和中价值区主要分布于山林、农田和水体,高风险区位于北仑、镇海和杭州湾南岸的沿海重化工业带,中风险区分布于江北区东部、鄞州城区东西两翼、慈溪城区和奉化城区东北部等工厂厂房密集的区域。进一步在前述分析的基础上,提出了城市风道规划方案和气候环境调控对策,包括2条一级风道、5条二级风道、3条受海陆风影响的三级双向风道、12条受海陆风影响的三级单向风道、13条受山谷风影响的三级单向风道和七类城市气候环境调控对策。提出的多季节、多环境要素相结合的城市环境气候图构建方法适用于季风气候地区复杂气候环境的分析与评估研究,能够提高城市气候环境分析的综合性和准确性,并能够通过风道规划及相关调控对策的制定和实施改善城市热负荷和大气环境质量,缓解各季节的城市气候环境问题,为城市环保、气象、规划等部门提供重要的决策支持,从而促进城市可持续发展和生态城市建设。  相似文献   

10.
利用1993年、2001年和2011年的Landsat TM/ETM+热红外遥感影像反演兰州市中心城区地表真实温度,采用面向对象的分形网络演化算法对地温图进行分割,获取热场基元,通过G*指数的空间聚集分析提取热岛范围,在景观级别上选取景观指数,从数量、形状和结构3个方面表征城市热岛空间格局变化,借助混合像元分解技术提取不透水面和植被盖度,探讨城市不透水面和绿地格局与城市热岛的相关性.结果表明:近20年来,兰州中心城区热岛效应大大增强,热岛比例指数提高了1.4倍,城市扩展和热岛增强具有时空一致性;热岛景观斑块数量和密度增加,形状指数和分离度增大,景观趋于破碎化,空间连接性降低;热岛景观等级以低温度等级斑块类型向高温度等级斑块类型转换为主;地表温度与植被盖度呈较显著线性负相关,与不透水面比例呈显著对数正相关.  相似文献   

11.
依据植物生态场的系统研究资料,对生态场的概念、场的特征函数、生态场的图形以及生态场对植物相互作用的解释进行了评述.阐明了生态场的最基本属性是物质性,目前的研究水平尚不能确定生态场是否是有别于一般物理场的特殊形式的场.对生态场的基本特征函数-生态势模型给予了形式与模型参数估测方面的评述,表明两种生态势模型各有一定的特点与优越性.作者强调,生态场更具生态学的方法论意义,应用生态场对植物相互作用形式与过程的分析描述,具有定量化、综合性与直观化特点.生态场的绘图为生态学研究开辟了新的途径,特别是应用生态场理论分析群体植物的动态变化过程(由互利共存到干涉竞争)会有合理的定量解释.  相似文献   

12.
The role of secondary heart field in cardiac development   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Although de la Cruz and colleagues showed as early as 1977 that the outflow tract was added after the heart tube formed, the source of these secondarily added cells was not identified for nearly 25 years. In 2001, three pivotal publications described a secondary or anterior heart field that contributed to the developing outflow tract. This review details the history of the heart field, the discovery and continuing elucidation of the secondarily adding myocardial cells, and how the different populations identified in 2001 are related to the more recent lineage tracing studies that defined the first and second myocardial heart fields/lineages. Much recent work has focused on secondary heart field progenitors that give rise to the myocardium and smooth muscle at the definitive arterial pole. These progenitors are the last to be added to the arterial pole and are particularly susceptible to abnormal development, leading to conotruncal malformations in children. The major signaling pathways (Wnt, BMP, FGF8, Notch, and Shh) that control various aspects of secondary heart field progenitor behavior are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
Trichogramma ostriniae has shown success as a biological control agent for European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) in sweet corn and the species offers potential for suppression of lepidopteran pests of field corn. Field corn is typically planted at higher densities, is taller, and has greater leaf area than sweet corn, presenting a possible restriction on T. ostriniae dispersal and efficacy. Therefore, parasitoid dispersal in field corn from the centre of a 6.25 ha square grid was determined using sticky cards to capture adult T. ostriniae and sentinel eggs of O. nubilalis to monitor parasitism after releases of ~1 million of T. ostriniae each into four fields of corn. Dispersal was rapid and extensive, achieving distances of ~175 m within 4–7 days after release. The pattern of movement fit well with a diffusion model of dispersal, with the greatest level of dispersal occurring from 7 to 10 days post-release. Parasitism of O. nubilalis sentinel egg masses declined linearly with distance from the release foci, and was also greatest 7–10 days post-release. However, measurement of association showed no significant differences between the spatial distributions of sticky trap captures and percentage parasitism of O. nubilalis egg masses. The distances from the release point that encompassed 98% of re-captured T. ostriniae increased over time and were estimated to range from a low of 100 m at 4 days post-release to 365 m at 14 days post-release. The results of this research suggest that T. ostriniae relies initially on random movement to locate host patches, and that a single release locus per hectare would be sufficient in field corn.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. 1. Members of a field population of Gryllus campestris L. varied in their walking and calling activity. In both sexes, some individuals occupied burrows whereas others walked around in the observation area. Males at burrows could be either silent or calling.
2. In the course of one summer, population density decreased and the initial balanced sex ratio changed to a large surplus of males.
3. At high population density, there were equal numbers of non-calling males at burrows, calling males at burrows and walking males, while walking females predominated over females at burrows. Non-calling males at burrows achieved more encounters with females than did calling and walking males. Females met males by walking through the population and by waiting at burrows. Thus, calling and phonotaxis were not essential for mate finding and calling was less effective than previously thought.
4. At low population density calling males predominated. Calling males at burrows achieved the most encounters with females. Females met males only by walking around in the population area. Calling was thus more important in mate finding than at high population density.
5. Changes in sex ratio and population density may cause the flexibility in mate finding behaviour of individual crickets.  相似文献   

15.
Different responses among legume species were observed, but the morphological and physiological differences that confer drought resistance or susceptibility are not well explained. The objective of this study was the determination of variation of morphological characteristics within 7 field bean and 4 field pea cultivars as related to drought tolerance. Also differences in the effect of drought on seed germination and seedling growth in 2 field bean and 2 field pea cultivars of different drought tolerances were investigated. The examined cultivars were characterized by variation of certain morphological characteristics regarded as xeromorphic features associated with the ability of plant to survive under drought. The drought resistant cultivars (field bean Gobo and field pea Solara) in comparison with the sensitive ones (field bean Victor and field pea Bareness) were characterized by more favourable relations between the size of the above—ground parts and the size of root, as well as the frequency and size of stomata. Moreover, in the resistant cultivars there was observed, a smaller influence of simulated drought (ψ=−0.6 MPa) on the increase of dry matter of the above-ground parts and of the roots. Also there was smaller influence on the height of seedlings and on the length of lateral roots. The correlation coefficients between the measured characteristics and the values of the drought susceptibility index (DSI) were in most cases statistically not significant, although, on the whole, they were very high. This may be an indication of a relatively high participation of the measured characteristics in the total variation of the drought tolerance in the cultivars. In cultivars regarded as belonging to the group of sensitive ones, a more disadvantageous effect of simulated drought (ψ=−0.6 MPa) on seed germination was observed, especially in the determination of the promptness index (PI).  相似文献   

16.
《人体电磁兼容系统与电磁场处理水》一文分三篇写。第一篇“Ⅰ.人体电磁兼容系统”,讨论了人体体内电磁场;第二篇“Ⅱ·电磁水的特性”,讨论了电磁水的电磁场。二文均已发表于《生物磁学》。本文是第三篇,讨论电磁水电磁场对人体电磁场的作用,重点阐明饮用电磁水后,主要是电磁水的电磁场作为入射场与体内场发生迭加作用,产生耦合电磁场,从而实现其对体内场的调节作用,达到维系身体健康的目的。由于有关水的问题非常复杂,动态性强,故大多数关于耦合场的研究均服从于“统计学规律”。  相似文献   

17.
18.
Relatively little research has been conducted to determine different responses to drought among cultivars of the legume species. The objective of this study was to identify differences in seedlings growth, water relations and leaf conductances resulting from drought imposed on two field bean and two field pea cultivars that had been observed to differ in their drought tolerances, and special emphasis was placed on the root system development. Distinct differences between resistant and sensitive cultivars of field bean and field pea became evident in measurements of the characteristics of the lateral root. The drought treatment induced statistically significant decrease in the number of the developed laterals, their total length and dry matter. In the drought resistant cultivars (field bean Gobo and field pea Solara) this reduction was smaller in comparison with sensitive ones (field bean Victor and field pea Bareness). The effect of drought on growth of tap root in the drought resistant and drought sensitive cultivars was smaller and statistically not significant. The results showed that drought resistant cultivars when compared with drought sensitive one would demonstrate less abundance in the above-ground part and greater dimensions of the root system. The measurements of leaf water potential and stomata diffusive resistance measurements indicate that the physiological reasons for the different reactions to drought between the resistant and the sensitive field bean and field pea cultivars may be due to a more effective protection of the level of tissue hydration and due to increase stomata diffusive resistance in the resistant cultivars. During recovery period it has been also demonstrated that in the drought resistant cultivars a tendency exists for a more complete return to the level of the control plants.  相似文献   

19.
为了从能流动态来研究稻田生物群落,本文用田间调查和实验室测定等方法,取得了晚稻田生物群落的物种数量、生物量、热值、呼吸量、生产力、同化效率、摄食量等数据。据此,进一步估算了晚稻田生物群落的能量流动参数。根据其能量收支,用能量金字塔总结了晚稻田生物群落各类种群间的能量关系。  相似文献   

20.
植物学野外实习教学改革与实践   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
野外实习是师范院校生物科学专业实践教学中的重要环节,在巩固学生所学理论知识、培养学生实际动手能力和创新思维能力等方面具有重要意义。作者针对植物学野外实习中存在的主要问题与困难,结合所在高校的实际,在实习基地建设、学生能力培养、综合素质考核评价等方面进行了改革探索,取得了初步成效。  相似文献   

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