胶州湾中部海域春、夏季鱼类群落结构特征

根据2009年3-8月在胶州湾中部海域逐月进行的定点底拖网调查数据,分析了胶州湾春、夏季鱼类群落种类组成,采用生态多样性指数分析了群落物种多样性,并用典范对应分析法研究了鱼类组成与主要环境因子的关系.结果表明：该海域共捕获鱼类43种,隶属于8目24科38属.种类数随底层水温的升高而增加.种类丰富度指数D变化范围为2.440～2.770,多样性指数H变化范围为1.322～2.346,均匀度指数J 变化范围为0.416～0.771,t检验表明春、夏季间各物种多样性指数均差异不显著(P>0.05).种类组成的秩相关性分析表明相邻月份鱼类组成及生物量大小的顺位基本稳定.典范对应分析结果表明影响胶州湾中部海域鱼类种类组成月间变化的主要环境因子为底层水温.     

胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构及多样性的月变化及其影响因素

根据2008年9月至2009年8月在胶州湾中部海域逐月进行的底拖网调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、生物多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法对胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构及多样性的月变化及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明： 调查海域共捕获蟹类18种,隶属于11科17属;蟹类相对资源量具有明显的月间变化,其中6-8月平均网获量较高.全年优势种为双斑蟳.蟹类群落优势种组成具有明显的月变化,双斑蟳、日本蟳、三疣梭子蟹、绒毛细足蟹和隆线强蟹分别为不同月份的优势种.蟹类群落物种丰富度指数(D)为0.54～2.86,Shannon多样性指数(H)为0.06～2.59,均匀度指数(J)为0.03～0.97.各群落物种多样性指数均在冬季月份最高,秋季月份次之,春夏季月份最低.聚类分析(CLUSTER)与非度量多维标度排序(MDS)分析可以将全年蟹类群落划分为3个月份组：Ⅰ(5-10月)、Ⅱ(4、11、12月)和Ⅲ(1-3月).单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明,不同月份组群种类组成差异显著;Ⅰ与Ⅱ、Ⅰ与Ⅲ组群差异显著,Ⅱ与Ⅲ组群差异不显著.各月份组群的典型种包括双斑蟳、三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳、隆线强蟹、绒毛细足蟹,以及月份组群间分歧种包括双斑蟳、日本蟳、三疣梭子蟹,对蟹类群落结构月变化的影响明显.生物-环境分析(BIOENV)显示,各环境因子中底层水温是影响胶州湾中部海域蟹类群落结构月变化的主要环境因子.     

海州湾及邻近海域冬季鱼类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2011年冬季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的渔业资源底拖网和环境调查数据,应用物种多样性指数和多元分析等方法,对该海域鱼类种类组成、多样性和群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明: 该海域冬季捕获鱼类共60种,隶属于10目34科51属,以暖温性和暖水性底层鱼类为主.站位间物种丰富度指数介于1.14～2.84,多样性指数介于1.08～2.64,均匀度指数介于0.41～0.83之间.经聚类分析和非度量多维标度(MDS)分析,该海域鱼类群落在空间上可分为站位组Ⅰ(35° N以北水域站位)、站位组Ⅱ(靠近湾顶的近岸水域站位)和站位组Ⅲ(35° N以南水域站位).鱼类群落种类组成在站位组间及两两间的比较均差异极显著(R=0.45～0.91).典范对应分析表明,底层水温、水深和表层盐度是影响海州湾及邻近海域冬季鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.     

胶州湾海域鱼类群落种类组成及多样性

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落结构特征,根据2016—2017年间对胶州湾海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)、非线性多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法分析了胶州湾海域鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征。结果表明:调查共采集到鱼类46种,隶属2纲10目30科41属,以硬骨鱼纲鱼类为主(45种,97.83%)。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(22种,47.83%),其次是鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes),占15.22%。种类数季节变化明显,以夏季最高,23种;秋季最低,16种。优势种组成以赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)和矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)等鱼类为主。多样性分析显示,鱼类物种多样性存在明显的季节差异。多样性指数(H′)季节变化范围为1.668—2.453,以夏季最高,春季最低;均匀度指数(J′)季节变化范围为0.577—0.808,以秋季最高,春季最低;丰富度指数(D′)季节变化范围为2.431—3.123,以冬季最高,秋季最低。典范对应分析表明,水温、盐度、水深和pH是影响胶州湾海域鱼类群落物种组成的主要环境因子,且水温和pH是影响鱼类群落结构及多样性时空变化的主要因子。与历史调查资料相比,由于人类活动对胶州湾生态系统的干扰,鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化,优势种组成更替明显,多样性水平降低,鱼类群落结构趋向简单化。     

北部湾洋浦海域鱼类群落结构

洋浦位于海南省儋州市西部,洋浦海域是北部湾良好的近岸产卵场。本研究根据2014年6月和12月对该海域的渔业底拖网与环境调查数据,分析了其鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明:洋浦海域鱼类资源丰富,生物多样性较高,两个航次共捕获68种鱼类,隶属于10目37科49属,主要由暖水种和暖温种组成,其中鲈形目种类最多(39种),其次为鲽形目(9种)、鲉形目(6种);渔获物以底层和近底层鱼类为主,占鱼类总种数的93.7%;鱼类群落呈现出小型化、低龄化和季节间种类更替明显的特征,6月和12月共有鱼种11种,种类相似性仅为21.8%;6月的优势种为褐篮子鱼(Siganus fuscescens)、印度舌鳎(Cynoglossus arel)和四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus),12月优势种包括龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、少鳞舌鳎(Cynoglossus oligolepis)、黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus);6月鱼类平均生物量密度为137.66 kg·km-2,平均丰度密度为11.38×103ind·km-2;12月鱼类平均生物量密度为84.67 kg·km-2,平均丰度密度为3.21×103ind·km-2;聚类分析、单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)及相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明,该水域鱼类群落存在一定程度的时空异质性;生物-环境分析(BIOENV)表明,两个月份该海域鱼类群落组成的变化与底层水温和底层盐度的相关性较好,不同月份水深对鱼类群落的影响也存在差异。     

长山列岛邻近海域鱼类群落种类组成和多样性时空变化

为了解黄、渤海生态系统交错带长山列岛邻近水域鱼类群落种类组成和多样性,根据2016年10月,2017年1月、5月及8月进行的鱼类资源底拖网调查数据,应用相对重要性指数、物种多样性指数、k优势度曲线等方法,研究了长山列岛邻近海域鱼类群落种类组成、物种多样性时空变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 该海域共计捕获鱼类77种,以温水性、底层、洄游性鱼类为主,优势种组成季节变化明显,春季、冬季主要优势种为黄鮟鱇,夏季以日本鲭、鳀等中上层鱼类为主。全年共计出现洄游性鱼类46种,季节间物种迁移指数均在100以上,其中秋季物种迁移指数最大。鱼类群落物种丰富度指数在春季最高、Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数在秋季最高。夏季物种丰富度指数与表层水温呈显著负相关;冬季物种丰富度指数与水深、底层水温呈极显著正相关,Shannon多样性指数与底层水温呈极显著正相关。长山列岛邻近海域作为黄、渤海两大生态系统的交错带,鱼类群落表现出高物种多样性、洄游种多以及明显的时空异质性。     

黑龙江中游底层鱼类群落结构及多样性

2010—2011年采用定置网具和底层挂网对黑龙江中游底层鱼类进行调查。结果表明:采捕底层鱼类7目12科33属47种,其中外来移植鱼类1种,为湖拟鲤,列入《中国濒危动物红皮书.鱼类》的鱼类为施氏鲟、鳇、日本七鳃鳗和雷氏七鳃鳗4种;鲤形目种类最多,为31种,占调查物种总数的65.96%;黑龙江中游底层鱼类平均密度为139.00ind.m-3,平均生物量为344.58g.m-3;鱼类生态类型以河湖性和杂食性种类为主,群落优势种为兴凯鱊、光泽黄颡鱼、麦穗鱼、纵带鮠和银鲴等鱼类,优势种类中除鲇外,其他种类平均体重均小于30g;黑龙江底层鱼类群落的物种丰富度(D)、多样性指数(H’)和均匀度(J’)各断面均偏低,并存在一定程度的差异;黑龙江中游水质优良,大部分时期处于Ⅱ类水质以上水平,各断面鱼类种群多样性与营养盐及透明度等环境特征相关关系不明显,仅发现HW’与铵态氮和总氮呈显著正相关。     

泉州湾海域鱼类多样性及营养级变化

利用2008年5月和10月在泉州湾进行的拖网渔业资源调查资料, 探讨了该海域鱼类群落结构和物种多样性特征。结果表明, 两次拖网调查共鉴定鱼类54种, 隶属于2纲13目32科。其中中上层鱼类12种, 近底层鱼类19种, 底层鱼类23种; 暖水性鱼类40种, 暖温性鱼类14种, 未发现冷温性和冷水性种类; 杂食性鱼类4种, 低级肉食性鱼类37种, 中级肉食性鱼类8种, 高级肉食性鱼类5种。白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)和叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)是5月份最主要的优势种, 凤鲚(Coilia mystus)和龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)是10月份最主要的优势种。与1985年的调查资料相比, 泉州湾鱼类组成和优势种发生了很大的变化, 多样性指数由3.05下降到2.32, 均匀度指数由0.76下降到0.58, 营养级指数由2.79下降到2.54。泉州湾鱼类多样性下降的主要原因可能是过度捕捞、水域污染和栖息地丧失等。     

黄海山东海域春、秋季鱼类群落多样性

根据2006年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)黄海山东海域疏目变水层双拖网调查数据,作者对该海域鱼类群落多样性、空间分布及长度谱特征进行了研究。调查共捕获鱼类61种,其中鲈形目种类最多(27种),其次为鲱形目(8种)和鲉形目(7种);按摄食类型可分为浮游动物食性、浮游动物/底栖动物食性、底栖动物食性、底栖动物/游泳动物食性、游泳动物食性、杂食性、碎屑食性7个类群,其中浮游动物食性占渔获物重量组成的82.5%。春、秋季鱼类群落均主要由小型种类占优势,春季优势种有3种,为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)和方氏锦鳚(Pholis fangi),秋季优势种有5种,分别是鳀、青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)、玉筋鱼、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)。丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、均匀度指数(J’)的空间异质性明显,表现出近岸海域(尤其是青岛-乳山南部近岸海域)较高,深水区较低的态势,但多样性指数的季节间差异不显著。资源量与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、均匀度指数(J’)、功能团多样性指数(FD)均呈负相关关系,与种类丰富度指数(D)则无相关关系。春、秋季鱼类群落长度谱曲线斜率均小于-0.2,而截距均大于10,与该海域1985年及2000年的研究结果相比,长度谱斜率显著降低、截距显著增加,这与小型个体种类占优势密切相关。与历史资料相比,黄海山东海域鱼类群落多样性下降,小型个体比例上升,资源呈衰退趋势。     

海州湾蟹类群落种类组成及其多样性

本研究根据2011年3月、5月、7月、9月和12月在海州湾海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,采用Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J′)等分析了该海域蟹类群落种类组成及其多样性的时空变化。结果表明,本次调查共捕获蟹类34种,隶属于18科27属,其中玉蟹科种数最多,有3属4种。从适温属性来看,主要以暖水种(16种)和暖温种(15种)为主,冷温种3种。蟹类群落各多样性指数的月际间变化较大,其中物种丰富度指数(D)3月最高,12月最低;多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)均在7月最高,12月最低。多样性指数的空间分布呈现一定的月变化:在3月、5月、7月均表现为北高南低;9月为中部低,南、北部海域较高;12月均呈南高北低的趋势。蟹类单位网次渔获尾数空间分布格局呈现明显的月变化;平均单位网次渔获尾数呈现一定的月变化,总体上表现为3月、5月、12月高于7月和9月。Pearson相关分析结果表明,在5月,多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)与底层水温呈显著负相关,与底层盐度呈极显著正相关,多样性指数还与水深呈显著正相关;12月均匀度指数与底层水温和水深均呈极显著负相关,与底层盐度呈显著负相关;在3月、7月和9月,各多样性指数与底层水温、底层盐度及水深均无显著相关性。海州湾蟹类种类组成及多样性的时空变化主要与海州湾地处温带海域、水温等海洋环境因子的季节变化以及优势种的数量分布有关。     

MASS MORTALITY OF MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH IN THE SWARTVLEI AND WILDERNESS LAKE SYSTEMS,SOUTHERN CAPE.

Summary

Two incidences of mass mortality of fish were recorded in two saline waterbodies (Swartvlei estuary and Rondevlei) in the Wilderness National Park. Species affected were the Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) and longsnout pipefish (Syngnathus acus) in the Swartvlei estuary, and Cape stumpnose (Rhabdosargus holubi) and white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) in Rondevlei. Comparison of water quality parameters during fish mortalities to past ranges and reported species tolerances indicated that the probable causes for the mortalities were high water temperature in the Swartvlei estuary, and low dissolved oxygen concentration in Rondevlei.     

Findings of new and rare fish species in the coastal zone of the Crimea (the Black Sea)

Characteristics of seven Atlantic-Mediterranean fish species are provided. Of them, four (gobies—yellow-headed Gobius xanthocephalus and red-mouthed G. cruentatus, incognito blenny Parablennius incognitus, and greater pipefish Syngnathus acus) were either first found in the Black Sea coastal zone of the Crimea, or their findings were doubted, and three species (thin-lipped grey mullet Liza ramada, European barracuda Sphyraena sphyraena, and Black Sea salmon Salmo trutta labrax) are very rare. Over the last decade, the authors recorded 15 fish species; of them, seven Atlantic-Mediterranean species have dispersed along the Crimean coasts by now, one endemic of the far eastern seas (chameleon goby Tridentiger trigonocephalus) has naturalized in Sevastopol Bay, four invading species, freshwater by origin, permanently occur in the estuary zones of the peninsula; the remaining three species are known from single findings and apparently belong to the category of accidental fish. An increase in the species composition of ichthyofauna off the Black Sea coasts of the Crimea results from the on-going process of mediterranization—the invasion in the estuary of freshwater tolerant species at the expense of accidental species that penetrated here either independently or with ballast waters.     

Identification of a uniquely southern African clade of coastal pipefishes Syngnathus spp

The taxonomic status of two southern African coastal pipefish species, Syngnathus temminckii and Syngnathus watermeyeri, was investigated using a combination of morphological and genetic data. Morphological data showed that S. temminckii is distinct from the broadly distributed European pipefish Syngnathus acus, and a molecular phylogeny reconstructed using mitochondrial DNA recovered S. temminckii and S. watermeyeri as sister taxa. The southern African species share an evolutionary origin with north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea species, including S. acus. These data support the existence of a distinct southern African clade of Syngnathus pipefishes that has diverged in situ to form the two species present in the region today.     

Interpopulation morphological variability of the viviparous pipefish Syngnathus acusimilis Günther, 1873 (Teleostei: Syngnathidae)

In viviparous fish, as is illustrated by the example of the pipefish Syngnathus acusimilis (Syngnathidae), unlike fish that spawn their eggs into the environment, there are virtually no differences between populations in meristic characters, which are formed during the embryonic and larval development. The absence of these differences is due to the stability of conditions, specifically temperature, during the egg incubation in the parental organism. The insignificant differences in the external morphology of the pipefish can also be associated with the presence of the bony plates that completely cover the fish body. The peculiarities of the structure and reproductive biology are not conducive to the ecological and geographical intraspecific differentiation of this fish.     

Trophic ecology of two congeneric pipefishes (Syngnathidae) of the lower York River,Virginia

Synopsis The northern pipefish, Syngnathus fuscus, and the dusky pipefish, S. floridae, co-exist in eelgrass beds in the lower York River. To compare the trophic ecology of both pipefishes, gut contents of 3488 northern pipefish, and 1422 dusky pipefish were examined and quantified by dry weight. Samples were taken with a dip net from May through November 1992. Syngnathus fuscus fed mainly on amphipods (Gammarus mucronatus, Amphithoe longimana, and Caprella penantis), and to a lesser degree on copepods, and isopods (Edotea spp. and Erichsonella attenuata). Syngnathus floridae fed mainly on grass shrimps (Palaemonetes pugio, P. vulgaris, and Palaemonetes eggs), and to a lesser degree on copepods, isopods, and mysids (Mysidopsis bigelowi). No seasonal trends were observed in the feeding habits of these pipefishes. Specimens of both species smaller than 100 mm TL fed mainly on copepods. Larger S. fuscus fed on amphipods, while larger S. floridae fed on grass shrimps. Schoener's diet overlap index revealed high consumption of the same prey type by both pipefish species only in July, but only for those specimens smaller than 110 mm TL. Food partitioning between both pipefish was associated with different snout sizes and shapes.     

Candidatus Syngnamydia Venezia,a Novel Member of the Phylum Chlamydiae from the Broad Nosed Pipefish,Syngnathus typhle

Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria and important pathogens of humans and animals. Chlamydia-related bacteria are also major fish pathogens, infecting epithelial cells of the gills and skin to cause the disease epitheliocystis. Given the wide distribution, ancient origins and spectacular diversity of bony fishes, this group offers a rich resource for the identification and isolation of novel Chlamydia. The broad-nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) is a widely distributed and genetically diverse temperate fish species, susceptible to epitheliocystis across much of its range. We describe here a new bacterial species, Candidatus Syngnamydia venezia; epitheliocystis agent of S. typhle and close relative to other chlamydial pathogens which are known to infect diverse hosts ranging from invertebrates to humans.     

Interspecies mating in sympatric species of Syngnathus pipefish

Hybridization is thought to be an important source of novel genetic variation, and interspecific hybridization may increase the adaptive potential of wild populations. While hybridization has not been previously reported in syngnathid fishes (seahorses and pipefish), the sympatric occurrence of closely related species at high densities increases the probability of interspecies mating in this group. Southern California is home to five species of Syngnathus pipefish, and these species frequently co-occur in near-shore eelgrass beds along the California coast. Recent work has identified exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity in southern populations of Syngnathus leptorhynchus, a widespread species which ranges from Mexico to Alaska. Microsatellite genotyping and mitochondrial sequence data are used here to study the population genetics of S. leptorhynchus and S. auliscus at a site in San Diego Bay where they are found to co-occur at high densities. While no adult hybrids were detected in the study population, analysis of male broods indicates that interspecies mating is occurring between the two species. The lack of premating isolating mechanisms between these two relatives suggests that hybridization may be common in sympatric species of Syngnathus.