黄龙山林区不同郁闭度对辽东栎种群结构的影响

辽东栎是黄龙山林区主要的建群种,通过典型取样选择16块样地,对其年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、高度级结构、冠幅结构的绘制,研究其在不同郁闭度(0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9)不同坡向(阴坡、阳坡)生境中变化规律。结果表明:辽东栎幼苗数量在郁闭度0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9样地中,分别占全部个体数量的57%、64%、36%、47%,从年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线均表明辽东栎幼苗在4个不同郁闭度中比例都是最大的,大树比例次之,幼树小树比例最少,幼树小树是辽东栎更新瓶颈阶段,辽东栎种群存活曲线均属于R.PearlⅢ型,在郁闭度0.7波动最小;从辽东栎种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、高度级结构、冠幅结构等指标综合表现中可以看出辽东栎种群在郁闭度0.7生境优于郁闭度0.6、0.8、0.9生境;辽东栎在阳坡的幼苗、幼树、小树、比例高于阴坡,而大树比例低于阴坡;除高度级a外,阳坡多集中在c、d、e高度级,阴坡高度级多集中在d、e、f;在阳坡冠幅级10以下均有分布,在阴坡冠幅多集中在冠幅级7以下;无论在阳坡还是阴坡,郁闭度0.7更适合辽东栎更新生长,可以作为西北地区抚育间伐的理想条件。     

塔里木河下游林地树冠QuickBird影像信息提取与分析

基于QuickBird影像,采用人机交互方法提取了塔里木河下游不同离河距离胡杨、柽柳树冠信息,以实测数据为真值检验遥感提取冠幅、郁闭度及混交比精度;并建立了胡杨冠幅、胸径、树高关系模型,为塔里木河流域植被调查、生物量估测及生态恢复评价提供依据和方法借鉴.结果表明:胡杨、柽柳冠幅提取精度分别为84.00%、76.24%;林分郁闭度、混交比提取精度分别为69.45%、66.96%.基于实测数据建立的冠幅与胸径、胸径与树高模型相关显著(R2>0.8,P<0.01);根据遥感解译因子反演胡杨胸径、树高的平均精度分别为80.33%、89.25%.     

红松杈干类型与林分密度、个体生长指标及丰年株均结实量的关系

选取4种密度的红松人工林,设置15块25 m×40 m的临时样地,采用单因素Logistic回归分析和Meta分析方法定量分析了不同杈干类型与红松林分密度、树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年结实量的关系。结果表明:杈干率随着密度的增大呈现降低趋势,与密度600株·hm~(-2)相比,密度750、900和1200株·hm-2的杈干发生概率分别降低了24%、51%和59%;3种杈干类型中以双杈为主,样地内双杈类型株数占杈干总株数的60%以上;杈干对红松各项生长指标和丰年结实量均有显著影响(P≤0.05),杈干木的平均树高、胸径、冠幅和丰年单株球果产量与未杈干木相比分别增加了2.12%、4.69%、4.89%和29.57%;不同杈干类型对红松树高、胸径和结实的影响规律不同,单杈类型对红松生长和结实指标影响不显著(P0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅、丰年单株结实量分别比未杈干类型增加了1.49%、1.99%、1.47%和20.64%;双杈和多杈干类型的各指标与未杈干类型相比有显著差异(P≤0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年单株球果产量比未杈干木分别增加了2.07%和2.90%,6.00%和6.09%,6.29%和5.99%,及34.61%和26.22%。Logistic回归模型和Meta分析结果证明,红松杈干木对生长结实的促进效应明显,其中双杈和多杈干类型的促进效应表现明显,单杈木的杈干效应不明显,40 a左右的红松人工林杈干效应在林分密度600~750株·hm~(-2)是最佳的。     

兰州北山侧柏株高与冠幅、胸径异速生长关系的坡向差异性

植物功能性状之间的关系是其提高自身空间资源利用能力的一种生态策略,反映了植物与环境协同适应的表型可塑性机制。本文利用Arc GIS建立研究区域的数字高程模型(DEM),并提取样地坡向数据,采用标准化主轴估计(standardized major axis estimation,SMA)方法,研究了兰州市北山不同坡向人工林侧柏株高-冠幅和株高-胸径的异速生长关系。结果表明,侧柏胸径在各坡向上存在显著性差异(P0.05),株高和冠幅在东坡和西坡之间无显著性差异(P0.05);侧柏株高与冠幅的异速生长关系存在坡向差异,南坡冠幅的生长速率大于株高的生长速率,北坡冠幅的生长速率小于株高的生长速率,东坡和西坡株高、冠幅的生长速率相近;各坡向上侧柏胸径的生长速率均大于株高的生长速率,二者异速生长关系的坡向差异不明显(P0.05)。侧柏冠幅、胸径与株高异速关系在各坡向上的不同表现,反映了异质性生境中植物主要构件的投资权衡机制。     

黄龙山不同郁闭度油松中龄林林木形质评价

以黄土高原南部黄龙山林区油松人工中龄林为研究对象,按郁闭度CD＜0.65(类型1)、0.65≤CD＜0.75(类型2)、0.75≤CD＜0.85(类型3)、CD≥0.85(类型4)将样地划分4个等级.综合林木生长、干形和分枝情况,运用层次分析法建立林木形质评价层次结构模型和指标体系,对4种郁闭度类型的油松林林木的形质水平进行了综合评价.结果表明： 林木生长、干形和分枝3大类形质评价因素及其包括的胸径、树高、径高比、尖削度、通直度、分杈率、活枝下高、侧枝数、最大侧枝基径和侧枝平均基径10项指标,可以全面地反映油松林木形质水平.其中,通直度、分杈率和胸径3个指标的总权重达0.7382,对林木形质水平影响最大,是油松林木形质的主要决定因素.随着林分郁闭度的减小,林木形质综合得分表现为先升高后下降,类型2郁闭度下达到最高的90.28分,该类郁闭度下林木形质水平最优.本评价方法操作简单,可解决林木形质评价的量化问题,评价模型体系也可在黄土高原其他林木形质评价中借鉴和应用.     

河北小五台山天然白桦林草本多样性影响因素研究

主要研究了河北省小五台山地区天然白桦林草本多样性与地形因子及林木生长因子之间的关系。研究结果表明: (1)林木生长因子与坡度呈正相关关系, 其中坡度与冠幅相关性为极显著(p<0.01), 与树高和胸径相关性为显著(p<0.05); 海拔与胸径、冠幅成负相关关系, 且相关性达到显著(p<0.05); (2)郁闭度、树高、胸径、冠幅基本与草本生物多样性呈负相关, 其中郁闭度与草本多样性之间相关性较为明显, 其他生长因子与草本多样性之间相关性均不显著; (3)在海拔1600 m-2000 m 之间,草本多样性随着海拔的升高未呈现出规律性变化, 草本多样性指数均波动范围较小; (4)坡形、坡位等对草本多样性影响较小,而坡度与草本多样性关系较为明显; 各项草本多样性指数变化趋势基本相同, 整体上均随着坡度的增加而呈现递减的趋势。     

新疆野杏天然更新幼株的个体特征及空间分布格局

为探究新疆野杏(Prunusarmeniaca)种群天然更新幼株个体的生长现状与空间分布格局,该研究选择野杏集中分布的霍城县大西沟、新源县杏花沟和巩留县小莫乎儿沟为研究地,分别在3处研究地设置林下、林窗以及空地样地,观测幼株的分布密度、基径、高度以及冠幅,并采用5 m×5 m相邻格子样方法(7个聚集度指数)判定分布类型,点分布格局法计算聚集强度。新疆野杏天然更新幼株特征如下:(1)分布密度由大到小依次为杏花沟、大西沟、小莫乎儿沟,林窗显著大于空地和林下,种群天然更新强度为325株·hm–2。(2)基径为小莫乎儿沟、大西沟显著大于杏花沟,空地显著大于林下和林窗,种群天然更新基径约1.7 cm。(3)高度为大西沟、小莫乎儿沟显著高于杏花沟,空地显著高于林下和林窗,种群自然更新高度为77.0 cm。(4)冠幅为大西沟显著大于小莫乎儿沟和杏花沟,空地显著大于林窗和林下,种群天然更新冠幅为38.7cm。(5)有幼株的样地共22块,在5 m×5 m样方中,呈聚集、均匀与随机分布样地的比例分别为63.6%、27.3%和9.1%。(6)点分布格局中更新幼株在林下、空地多呈聚集分布,尺度为5–8m时聚集...     

不同群落蒙古栎种群空间格局的地统计学分析

以蒙古栎天然次生林中的蒙古栎种群为研究对象,在吉林省汪清林业局塔子沟林场设置2块1 hm^2的处于不同演替阶段的样地(A、B).采用相邻网格调查法将每块样地划分为100个10 m×10 m的调查单元,对单元内每株林木的空间坐标进行精确定位,调查所有胸径≥1 cm的林木基本信息.采用地统计学分析的半方差函数法和分维数对蒙古栎种群各林木属性的空间异质性程度、组成、尺度、方向进行分析;运用克里格插值法对具有空间自相关的树木属性进行无偏估计并绘制分布图,分析其空间分布格局.结果表明:两块样地各林木属性的最优半方差函数以指数模型和球状模型为主,呈聚集分布,但样地A较样地B的空间自相关程度更高,空间连续性更大;两块样地内部,胸径和东西冠幅均表现出较强的空间异质性和空间自相关性.两块样地各林木属性均在南北方向上表现出较强的空间异质性.此外,样地A在西北-东南方向上也存在较强的空间异质性,而样地B则在东北-西南方向存在较强的空间异质性.两者相比,样地A的空间异质性强度更高、尺度更大.样地A中胸径和东西冠幅变异明显,而样地B中东西冠幅和南北冠幅变异明显.分维数值反映的结果与标准半方差函数值的结果基本一致.样地A各林木属性变量以斑块状和条带状分布为主,空间分布格局和变化趋势明显,而样地B各林木属性变量分布破碎,格局复杂.上述结果说明,种群属性特征、群落发育程度、空间尺度大小和空间水平方向可能影响种群的空间格局.基于地统计学的分析方法有助于定量、直观地描述种群的生长现状和发展趋势,可为东北林区大面积的蒙古栎天然次生林的可持续经营提供理论基础.     

哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素

在哈尔滨市内选取4种不同林型(单位附属林、道路林、风景游憩林和生态公益林)共183块样地,通过实地测量样地内主要树种的测树因子和样地内外环境因子,定量研究了不同林型在遮荫、降温、增湿效应的差异及其与外界环境、树木生长特征之间的关系。结果表明:城市森林遮荫、增湿效应程度分别为77%~90%、3%~6%;水平降温约3℃、土壤降温1~2℃;而垂直降温多表现为冠层温度低于林内温度1℃以内;4种不同林型遮荫、降温、增湿效应差异显著,总效益综合得分显示风景游憩林比其他3种林分平均高19%;城市森林遮荫、降温、增湿等生态服务功能在高温、晴朗和低湿环境下更强;树高、枝下高、冠幅和胸径对树木遮荫、降温增湿效果有显著影响,且多表现为高大树木具有更明显的生态服务功能;不同城市森林类型具有明显的微气候调节相关生态服务功能差异,对于风景游憩林应继续维持其高生态服务功能,对于环境调节能力较低的森林类型应加强管理。     

人工红松树干内部节子体积预测模型

基于黑龙江省林口林业局林场和东京城林业局林场29块标准地中49株人工红松1207个节子数据,使用图片处理软件Digimizer对节子纵剖面图片数据进行提取,将节子形状用一个二维散点图表示。根据节子二维形状散点图,把人工红松节子分为3种类型: 活节(整个节子为健全节)、未包藏死节(节子由健全节和疏松节组成)和包藏死节(节子的健全节和疏松节部分被树干包藏)。3个类型节子的健全节体积通过对健全节形状参数方程求积得到;疏松节体积利用圆柱体的体积计算得到;节子总体积等于健全节体积与疏松节体积之和。最后,基于节子变量(节子直径、节子相对高、节子总长度)和树木变量(胸径),采用样地和树木水平的线性混合模型建立了红松人工林健全节体积、疏松节体积和节子总体积的预测模型。与基础模型相比,考虑样地和树木水平的混合效应所建立的健全节体积、疏松节体积和节子总体积预测模型,其参数估计更精准,残差分布更均匀,拟合精度明显提高。检验结果表明,基础模型预估精度均在90%以上,引入样地和树木效应的混合模型的预估精度均在93%以上,说明所建模型可以很好地预测红松人工林节子体积大小。     

植物冠瘿生长调控及相关基因研究进展

阐述了植物冠瘿产生的影响因素及冠瘿的生长和调控,并对冠瘿发生有关的基因进行了综述。     

利用半球图像法提取植被冠层结构特征参数

植被冠层结构深刻地影响着植物群落与环境的相互作用,对植被冠层结构的研究是深入理解植被生态系统格局、过程及其运作机制的重要基础。冠层结构特征参数的快速测量方法是植被冠层结构研究的前提,目前测量方法主要是基于实际测量的地面法,地面法一般费时费力,受人为因素影响较大,因此本文探索利用半球图像法获取植被冠层结构特征参数。通过对半球图像进行几何纠正并建立参数图层,与分类后的植被冠层图层进行运算提取植被冠层结构特征参数。将该方法应用于祁连山旺腰沟流域青海云杉冠层结构特征参数的提取,包括植被冠幅、冠层面积、冠层周长等,结果显示：半球图像法能够较好的提取植被冠层结构特征参数,该方法具有简单、客观、可重复等优点,也可作为植被冠层结构变化的监测方法。     

不同烤瓷牙内冠材料对产生龈缘黑线影响的分析

目的：分析镍铬合金,金合金材料制作烤瓷内冠以及镍铬合金内冠涂制金粉对冠修复后产生龈缘黑线的影响。方法：对3052例烤瓷冠病例,分别用镍铬合金,金合金制作内冠以及运用金粉涂制镍铬合金内冠进行修复,经一年以上随访。对上述三种材料对产生龈缘黑线状况进行评价。结果：采用金合金制作内冠及对镍铬合金内冠粉制金涂制作烤瓷冠未产生龈缘黑线,而单纯用镍铬合金制作内冠,可能产生龈缘黑线。结论：镍铬合金烤瓷内冠不可避免会产生龈缘黑线,金合金烤瓷内冠避免了上述缺点,而镍铬合金内冠涂制金粉则是一条经济,实效的制作工艺。     

An analysis of the variation in crown size in sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) grown in England

The processed part of the sugar-beet plant, the beet, consists of secondary storage tissues developed from the root and hypocotyl and the crown which, botanically, is the compressed stem. Crowns contain less sugar than roots and higher concentrations of melassigenic substances (such as amino-nitrogen compounds, sodium, potassium and invert sugars) which impair the crystallisation of white sugar during processing and make beets with high proportions of crown costly to process. Two factors influence the amount of crown material in beet delivered to factories: the original size of the whole crown in intact beet (subsequently referred to as the biological crown), and the fraction removed by the topping mechanisms of beet harvesters when the crop is lifted. The residue left on the delivered beet, for which growers in the UK are not paid, is measured as crown tare at the factory. To understand the causes of variation in crown tare, an analysis was made of the trend and variation in the size of the biological crown of sugar beet varieties introduced in the UK during the last 25 yr using information from past variety trials and new trials done in 1993, 1997 and 1998. Except for a few diploids, the biological crown was generally as large and variable in recently-introduced varieties as in those grown 15–20 yr ago. Its size was strongly influenced by locational and seasonal factors which changed the plant's shoot:root ratio primarily, it is suggested, through differences in amounts of available nitrogen. There was no evidence of changes in beet anatomy in recently-introduced varieties that would result in root material being removed with the crown when samples of delivered, machine-topped beet are contractually de-crowned to estimate crown tares in the factory tarehouse. Variable amounts of crown are removed by harvesting machines. Experiments showed that a greater proportion of beet were over-topped and more root material was removed with the crown when the biological crown was small and when harvester knives were set low to deliver a minimal crown tare. In these situations, significant amounts of root material, for which growers would be paid if delivered to the factory, were left in the field. Data from differential machine-topping trials on commercial sugar beet crops at four locations in 1996 and 1997 were used to relate yield loss through over-topping to crown tare. A crown tare of at least 8% was needed to ensure that no economic yield was left in the field; below this level the losses in delivered yield and grower's income increased exponentially through over-topping. It was estimated from the factory records of individual contracts that deliveries of beet with crown tares below 8% decreased the national adjusted yield of clean beet by 58 400 t in 1997, equivalent to 0.34 t ha^-1 and 0.56% of the total delivered tonnage.     

Brief communication: Molar development and crown areas in early Australopithecus

Recent studies suggest that the hypodigms representing the two earliest Australopithecus (Au. anamensis and Au. afarensis) form an ancestor-descendant lineage. Understanding the details of this possible transition is important comparative evidence for assessing the likelihood of other examples of ancestor-descendant lineages within the hominin clade. To this end we have analyzed crown and cusp base areas of high resolution replicas of the mandibular molars of Au. anamensis (Allia Bay and Kanapoi sites) and those of Au. afarensis (Hadar, Laetoli, and Maka). We found no statistically significant differences in crown areas between these hypodigms although the mean of M(1) crowns was smaller in Au. anamensis, being the smallest of any Australopithecus species sampled to date. Intraspecies comparison of the areas of mesial cusps for each molar type using Wilcoxon signed rank test showed no differences for Au. anamensis. Significant differences were found between the protoconid and metaconid of Au. afarensis M(2)s and M(3)s. Furthermore, the area formed by the posterior cusps as a whole relative to the anterior cusps showed significant differences in Au. afarensis M(1)s and in Au. anamensis M(2)s but no differences were noted for M(3)s of either taxon. Developmental information derived from microstructural details in enamel shows that M(1) crown formation in Au. anamensis is similar to Pan and shorter than in H. sapiens. Taken together, these data suggests that the overall trend in the Au. anamensis-Au. afarensis transition may have involved a moderate increase in M(1) crown areas with relative expansion of distal cusps.     

计算机辅助设计与制作（CAD—CAM）在口腔科的应用

CAD—CAM在口腔临床上的应用,尤其在口腔修复科全瓷冠、套筒冠的修复以及口腔种植领域的应用,提高了修复体的制作效率和质量。该文就CAD—CAM在口腔修复中的应用新进展作一综述。     

樟子松人工林树冠结构的分形分析

基于樟子松人工林7块固定标准地中的31株解析木的树冠体积和叶量,以幂函数关系(F=Av^(D/3))建立了预估树冠表面积的分形维数。同时根据生物量实测数据,建立预估叶量的生物模型Lw=0.180397D^3045903H^-1.67348。基于枝解析、树干解析数据,动态地预估了一年、二年、三年前的树冠体积,并结合树冠体积、叶量的这种幂函数关系可以动态地预估一年、二年、三年前树冠表面积的分形维数,从而反映出树冠结构的动态变化规律。为了了解不同分级样木的分维数变化情况,利用2003年调查的4块生物量标准地数据,根据单株树木各个枝条占据的空间体积与该枝条的带叶枝干重的关系,计算了各标准地不同分级样木树冠的分维数。为探讨单株样木树冠的分维数的计算提供了一种可行方法。树冠的分维数作为表征树冠的动态生长变化是一有用和可靠的指标。     

樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究

基于樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林6块固定标准地30株枝解析数据,在分析树冠表面积和树冠体积与林分变量和林木变量的基础上,利用幂函数建立了树冠表面积（CSA）和树冠体积(CV)的预估模型,同时还对林木材积生长量与CSA和CV进行了相关分析。研究结果表明：樟子松人工林树冠表面积和树冠体积随着林木胸径、树高和冠长的增大而增大,林木材积生长量与树冠表面积和树冠体积均明显呈线性关系。不同林分条件的樟子松人工林CSA和CV随林分年龄和胸径的增大而增大,CSA随林分密度的增大而减小,而CV与林分密度相关不紧密。林分树冠表面积和树冠体积预估模型的检验结果表明,两个模型的平均相对误差都在±8%之内,预估精度均大于91%,说明所建模型可以很好地预估樟子松人工林不同林分条件下的林木树冠表面积和树冠体积。     

Development of a semi-nested PCR based method for sensitive detection of tumorigenic Agrobacterium in soil

AIMS: To develop a specific, sensitive and rapid PCR-based method for detection of tumorigenic Agrobacterium in soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three newly designed primers complementary to tms2 gene amplified DNA of only the tumor-inducing agrobacteria of 113 strains tested, resulting in 617 bp and 458 bp products in the first and second rounds of semi-nested PCR respectively. As optimized method of pre-incubation of soil suspensions on selective medium, DNA isolation and two-round semi-nested PCR enabled detection of 1-2 bacterial cells in 1 g of soil. Using this method tumour-inducing Agrobacterium was detected in 67 of 69 samples of naturally infested soil originating from the field, where plants with crown gall symptoms occurred. The pathogen was detected only in two samples of 15 tested, collected from a nursery where crown gall symptoms were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The semi-nested PCR-based method allowed for sensitive and rapid detection of tumorigenic agrobacteria in soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method is proposed for testing of soil in fields intended for nursery production of fruit trees, roses or other plants susceptible to crown gall, as well as a tool for ecological studies.     

Canopy structure and radiation interception of Salix matsudana: Stand density dependent relationships

Aims Plants can enhance their photosynthetic efficiency and competitiveness by adjusting canopy structure and radiation interception. The objective of this paper was to quantify the relationship between canopy structure (crown depth and crown area) and light interception (LI) in a Salix matsudana stand under three different stand densities in a flood plain of Zhangye.Methods Our study site is located at the Heihe flood plain of Xichengyi in Ganzhou district, Zhangye City, Gansu Province in the middle Heihe River, where S. matsudana is the dominant species. Based on stand density (10 m × 10 m), the S. matsudana community is divided into three types: low density (I, 25-36 Ind.·plot^-1), medium density (II, 37-48 Ind.·plot^-1), and high density (III, 49-60 Ind.·plot^-1). Community characteristics, soil physical and chemical properties of each type were measured. At each plot, we measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), LI, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), crown depth, crown area, leaf area index (LAI), twig numbers, twig length, and bifurcation angle. The standardized major axis (SMA) estimation method was used to determine the relationships between LI and canopy structure.Important findings With increasing in stand density, we found that soil moisture increased, and soil electric conductivity decreased, while twig length and crown depth increased, and PAR, twig numbers, bifurcation angle and crown area decreased. LAI and LI, P_n and T_r reached their maximum at the stand of medium density. There was a significant, positive correlation and negative correlation (p < 0.01), respectively, between the LI, crown depth and crown area at low density (I), whereas low significant (p < 0.05) at high density (III), and high significantly positive correlation (p < 0.01) at the medium density (II). S. matsudana has more horizontal branches that reduce LI. Canopy thickness and increased crown area at low density. More vertical distribution of branches at high density, and a more balanced spacial distribution were found at medium density.