黄土塬区不同品种玉米间作群体生长特征的动态变化

不同玉米品种间作,品种间的竞争对群体结构和产量可能有促进作用.为了明确不同密度下品种间作对不同生育期群体生长特征的影响,以及在不同生育期的变化规律,选用郑单958和沈单16两个不同株型的玉米品种在中、高两种密度条件下进行隔行间作田间试验.研究结果表明:不同密度间作群体叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)显著增加,同密度不同品种间作LAI在生育后期显著增加,有利于形成合理的冠层结构以获得更多的光照;中等密度下品种间作单株叶面积较单作显著增加,而高密度间作显著降低了单株叶面积;中等密度下,品种间作地上部干物质积累量显著增加,郑单958尤为突出,但高密度间作时的增加幅度较小,这与高密度下株高、茎粗相对减小有关.品种株高、茎粗随间作密度的增加而有所增加,对间作竞争的响应与品种特性密切相关;在不同生育期,郑单958和沈单16号表现不同的生长规律,前者在整个营养生长过程中对间作竞争的响应明显、持续和稳定,而进入生殖期后,间作的生长优势逐渐消失;后者在营养生长期干物质积累量大,但持续时间较短,表现出较弱的竞争性.品种间作可有效改善群体冠层结构,增加群体物质生产力,更好的为增产鉴定基础.     

密度、种植方式和品种对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响

在豫北高产灌区的生产条件下,以郑单958和浚单20为试验材料,研究了不同密度和种植方式对夏玉米群体发育特征的影响。结果表明:密度和种植方式对两个品种的株高、茎粗、穗位、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、干物质积累量、穗部性状、籽粒产量和经济系数的影响达到极显著水平。郑单958在宽窄行种植方式和90000株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到14236.97kg/hm2,浚单20在宽窄行种植方式和82500株/hm2的密度下产量最高,达到13333.51kg/hm2。     

断根对盐胁迫下玉米生长、光合及叶片抗氧化酶的影响

通过盆栽试验,以全根玉米为对照,研究了断根对不同浓度NaC1(无盐0、低盐0.2％、中盐0.4％、高盐0.6％)胁迫下2个玉米杂交种(郑单958、登海9)的生长、灌浆期光合及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:低盐胁迫下,断根郑单958籽粒产量比全根玉米增加13.1％,登海9籽粒产量比全根玉米增加31.4％.拔节期,玉米生长受断根影响,其根及地上部干质量小于同盐度下的全根玉米,无盐和低盐条件下断根玉米生长恢复迅速.乳熟期,无盐和低盐条件下断根玉米的根及地上部干质量、叶面积、根总长、根总表面积、根系活力、叶绿素含量,以及穗位叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、POD和CAT活性均显著高于全根玉米,而茎粗和穗位叶MDA含量小于全根玉米;中、高盐度胁迫对断根玉米影响较大,干质量、根系形态及光合指标均小于全根玉米,产量也略低于全根玉米.在整个生育期,断根对盐胁迫下玉米生长的影响与盐浓度有关,无盐和低盐浓度下促进玉米生长,中、高盐度则抑制生长.     

玉米品种耐阴性指标的筛选与评价

采用大田试验,研究了24个玉米品种在50%遮光处理下的形态、生理与产量性状的变化.结果表明：与自然光照相比,遮光处理后,玉米的株高降低,茎粗减小,雌雄间隔期延长,净光合速率减小,比叶重减小,地上部干物质量减少,果穗缩短变细,穗轴直径减小,行粒数减少,籽粒产量显著降低,其中雌雄间隔期、净光合速率、比叶重和行粒数变化的百分率与地上部干物质量和籽粒产量减少的百分率之间呈显著或极显著相关,可作为田间鉴定玉米耐阴性的有效指标.采用综合耐阴性状作为评价参数,经聚类分析表明,郑单958、浚单20、登海602等14个品种属耐阴型品种,安玉12、豫玉22等10个品种属非耐阴型品种.表明以形态、生理指标结合产量性状来评价玉米耐阴性较为客观,且简单易行.     

不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响

 采用大田试验, 研究了不同基因型玉米(Zea mays)间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明, ‘豫玉19’(YY19)与‘周单 041’(ZD041)、‘郑单958’(ZD958)与‘鲁单981’(LD981)间作, 可提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活 性, 降低丙二醛(MDA)含量, 延缓叶片衰老。具体表现为, 在吐丝后10 d, 4个玉米品种叶片中的SOD和POD活性均有所提高或显著提高, ZD041和 ZD958叶片中的CAT活性提高或显著提高, YY19和LD981变化不显著; 4个玉米品种叶片中的MDA含量降低。在吐丝后40 d, SOD和POD活性及MDA含 量的变化与吐丝后10 d基本一致, CAT活性均有所提高, 其中以YY19较为显著。研究还表明, 间作增加了复合群体产量, 土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1, 籽粒品质也有所改善。     

复水对旱后不同玉米品种植株生长恢复能力及其生理响应特性的影响

该研究选用2个抗旱能力相似但旱后恢复能力存在显著差异的玉米品种‘P3’和‘郑单958’为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法在苗期进行干旱及复水处理,通过测定其生长、水分状况、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量在干旱及复水过程中的变化规律,探讨干旱及复水过程中生理生化响应与旱后恢复能力的关系。结果发现:(1)抗旱性相同的2个玉米品种在干旱复水后的生长恢复能力表现为‘P3’显著强于‘郑单958’。(2)干旱胁迫后,‘郑单958’和‘P3’的叶片相对含水量差异不显著,但‘P3’能维持较高的叶水势、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和叶绿素含量。(3)经干旱胁迫复水后,‘P3’的净光合速率,PSⅡ最大光化学效率和气孔导度恢复速度快于‘郑单958’,说明‘P3’光合损失恢复能力高于‘郑单958’。研究表明,玉米品种‘P3’的旱后复水生长恢复能力较强,因‘P3’在干旱胁迫下能维持较高的Fv/Fm值和叶绿素含量,光系统的损伤较轻,而且复水后也能较快的恢复;在干旱过程中减轻干旱胁迫对植物光合系统的伤害是旱后复水快速恢复生长的基础,而在复水后快速修复光系统损失能够加快植物复水的恢复速度。     

种植密度对不同耐密性春玉米基部茎节维管束及根系伤流的影响

选用不同耐密性玉米品种‘郑单958’(密植品种)和‘辽单526’(稀植品种)为材料,设置4个不同的密度水平,分别在拔节期和乳熟期采用徒手切片显微观测基部茎秆内部维管束结构变化,采集茎基部伤流液测定其主要成份含量并计算伤流强度,以期为春玉米的密植高产提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)在拔节期,‘郑单958’维管束结构对密度变化反应相对敏感,而‘辽单526’维管束结构在各密度间并无显著差异;当密度最大时,‘辽单526’伤流强度的下降程度要大于‘郑单958’,但两品种伤流液成分对密度反应无明显变化.(2)在乳熟期,密度对‘郑单958’维管束结构无显著影响,而‘辽单526’在密度增加后维管束结构各指标明显下降且与对照(适宜密度)差异显著;各密度‘郑单958’的伤流强度均大于‘辽单526’,增加密度会提高两品种伤流液中可溶性糖的含量,尤其以‘辽单526’增加更显著.(3)在高于对照密度条件下,两品种的籽粒产量都不同程度低于对照,但‘辽单526’产量降低程度要大于‘郑单958’.研究表明,密植性玉米对密度压力的反应要早于稀植性玉米,其在高密度表现出的适应性也要优于稀植性玉米,这从茎基部的结构和功能上揭示了玉米品种耐密性差异的生理基础.     

低氮胁迫对不同基因型夏玉米源库性状和灌浆特性的影响

2007和2008年连续2年在低氮（105 kg·hm^-2）和正常施氮（337.5 kg·hm^-2）两种施肥水平下,分析了6个不同基因型玉米品种的群体源库关系及籽粒灌浆特性间的差异.结果表明：低氮胁迫对不同基因型玉米品种的群体产量、叶面积指数（LAI）、群体源库性状和籽粒灌浆特性影响明显,在低氮胁迫下,先玉335、郑单958等耐低氮能力较好品种的籽粒活跃灌浆期较长、最大灌浆速率高、最大叶面积指数持续期较长,群体库源关系比较协调;陕单902和豫玉22等耐低氮能力较差品种吐丝后的籽粒活跃灌浆时数、最大灌浆速率、灌浆速率最大时的生长量及LAI较低,源的供应能力显著下降;低氮胁迫明显加剧了不同基因型玉米品种间的产量差异.     

种植密度对夏玉米产量和源库特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958(ZD958)和登海661(DH661)为试验材料,在4个不同区域(山东农业大学、汶口、兖州和莱州)设置22500、45000、67500、90000和112500株.hm-25个种植密度,研究了种植密度对夏玉米产量及源库特性的影响.结果表明:两品种在112500株.hm-2密度条件下玉米籽粒产量和生物产量最高,分别为19132和36965kg.hm-2,与22500和67500株.hm-2密度相比,籽粒产量分别增加了72%和48%,生物产量分别增加了152%和112%.两品种单株叶面积、最大花丝数、穗粒数和千粒重随密度增大而减小,但叶面积指数随密度增大而显著提高.收获指数与粒叶比随密度增大而显著减小,当密度超过67500株.hm-2时差异不显著,表明高密度条件下玉米通过增加群体库来提高产量.     

夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值分析

玉米是世界三大粮食作物之一,玉米生产在中国粮食安全与畜牧业发展中具有举足轻重的作用。干旱是夏玉米生产最主要气象灾害,及时准确地获取干旱信息对夏玉米安全生产至关重要。以夏玉米郑单958品种为材料,设置充分供水和拔节期开始土壤水分持续减少两种水分处理,研究夏玉米对土壤水分持续减少的响应及其转折点阈值,为夏玉米干旱识别与监测提供依据。结果表明,土壤水分持续减少10d后生理指标开始陆续受到胁迫,20d后生物量积累受到抑制,30d左右形态特征开始受到胁迫。夏玉米生理指标中最先受到胁迫的是顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量和水势,生物量积累指标中为茎生物量,形态指标中为叶数。夏玉米顶端第1片完全展开叶的含水量或水势、茎生物量和叶数开始受到土壤干旱过程胁迫的时间阈值分别为11、21、27d,水分亏缺阈值分别为34、66、86mm,土壤相对湿度阈值分别为64%、56%和52%。表明夏玉米对土壤干旱过程的响应首先表现为生理特征变化、其次为生物量积累变化、最后为形态特征变化。研究结果可为客观辨识夏玉米干旱的发生发展及监测预警提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.