鼠伤寒沙门菌微孔蛋白的免疫学研究进展

本文对鼠伤寒沙门菌（ＳＴＭ）微孔蛋白的免疫学研究作了阐述,分析了ＳＴＭ－微孔蛋白的结构、功能及遗传学,展示了研究ＳＴＭ－微孔蛋白所面临的问题及实际应用价值。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌动物模型活体成像技术的研究进展

鼠伤寒沙门菌的体内实验有利于开展食物中毒、胃肠炎、伤寒热等肠道传染病的防治。由于在活体内检测鼠伤寒沙门菌的动态变化存在瓶颈,使细菌致病机制的研究、疫苗及药物研发滞后。近年来应用小动物成像技术在活体中追踪转化了荧光素酶基因的鼠伤寒沙门菌越来越受到人们关注,综述该技术的应用现状及缺憾之处。     

双歧杆菌防治鼠伤寒沙门菌感染的实验研究

目的　以小鼠为模型,研究双歧杆菌在体内对鼠伤寒沙门菌（Ｓａｌｍｏｎｅｌｌａ ｔｙｐｈｉｍｕｒｉｕｍ ,ＳＴＭ） 感染的防治作用。方法　分别用大剂量悉复欢、Ｂ．ｂｉｆｉｄｕｍ 、生理盐水（ＮＳ） 给三组小鼠灌胃,再用ＳＴＭ 攻击,观察小鼠经上述不同处理前后肠道双歧杆菌数量和ＳＴＭ 攻击后粪便ＳＴＭ 培养阳性率,阳性标本ＳＴＭ 分离值及小鼠ＳＴＭ 感染率;同时用双歧杆菌、悉复欢、双歧杆菌加悉复欢分别治疗ＳＴＭ 感染的小鼠,观察并比较疗效。结果　１． 大剂量悉复欢使用可使小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌明显降低,而双歧杆菌灌胃则肠道双歧杆菌明显增多。双歧杆菌灌胃的小鼠粪便ＳＴＭ培养阳性率、阳性粪便ＳＴＭ 值明显低于用大剂量悉复欢和ＮＳ 的小鼠,小鼠ＳＴＭ 感染发病率也明显较低。２． 对于ＳＴＭ 感染鼠,双歧杆菌与悉复欢联合治疗效果最好。结论　１． 双歧杆菌在体内对ＳＴＭ 有拮抗作用;能预防和减少ＳＴＭ 感染发生;２． 在ＳＴＭ 感染时,先用悉复欢,再用双歧杆菌可以达到预期疗效,双歧杆菌对鼠伤寒沙门菌感染有辅助治疗作用。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的：鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法：用LB（Lufia—Bertani,LB）培养基和TSB（TryptoseSoyaBroth,TSB）培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜（ConfocalLaserscanningmicroscopy,CLSM）观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果：用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论：鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该茵在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对生物膜形成的影响

目的:鼠伤寒沙门菌在多种表面形成的生物膜对其致病性和引起食物中毒等方面起着重要作用,本研究探讨鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒对细菌在不同材质表面生物膜形成的影响。方法:用LB(Luria-Bertani,LB)培养基和TSB(Tryptose Soya Broth,TSB)培养基分别将携带pStSR100质粒的野生株在96孔板与放置无菌小圆玻片的24孔板中静态培养48 h,用结晶紫半定量法确定生物膜形成的适宜培养基。将野生株与消除质粒的突变株,用结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜(Confocal Laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观察其在聚苯乙烯培养板和小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的差异。结果:用LB培养时细菌生物膜的形成能力高于用TSB培养,LB培养基更适宜生物膜形成;结晶紫半定量法结果表明野生株比突变株在小圆玻片表面形成生物膜的能力明显增强,而在聚苯乙烯培养板表面两者则无明显差异;CLSM观察发现,野生株在小圆玻片表面形成融合成片的大克隆,突变株仅形成较小克隆。结论:鼠伤寒沙门菌pStSR100质粒能促进该菌在亲水性材质表面生物膜的形成,但其对该菌在疏水性材质表面生物膜的形成未见明显影响,这一新发现为进一步研究鼠伤寒沙门菌生物膜形成的调控机制,研制抗感染材料提供了理论和实验依据。     

伤寒沙门菌动物模型研究进展

目前伤寒沙门菌引起的人类伤寒仍是一种严重危害人类健康的疾病,且近年来多重耐药伤寒沙门菌株频频出现,使伤寒的治疗更加棘手.由于该菌具有严格的宿主特异性,又缺乏理想的动物模型,其致病机制的研究、疫苗及药物的研发受制约.新近研究发现,免疫系统人源化小鼠模型和诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因敲除小鼠模型可用于伤寒沙门菌的体内实验.本文就其应用现状及缺憾作一综述.     

肠道菌群代谢产物在鼠伤寒沙门菌感染中的作用研究进展

人和动物肠道内生存着多种多样的微生物群体,它们与宿主共同进化,对宿主的健康至关重要。肠道菌群可以发酵宿主难以消化的复杂碳水化合物,为宿主肠道细胞提供能量,同时其代谢产物对肠道病原菌沙门菌的感染产生着重要影响。正常情况下,肠道菌群代谢产物如丁酸与丙酸可以抑制沙门菌在肠道中的定植或者毒力基因的表达,而在肠道菌群受到扰乱时,其代谢的琥珀酸盐和1,2 丙二醇等物质却能促进沙门菌增殖。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示了肠道菌群代谢产物对沙门菌感染的影响。本综述通过总结近年来关于鼠伤寒沙门菌入侵时肠道菌群代谢产物改变的研究,综合阐述了肠道菌群代谢产物影响沙门菌感染的机制。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌外膜蛋白与耐药性关系的分析

目的分析鼠伤寒沙门菌外膜蛋白(OMP)与耐药性的关系。方法用消除剂丫啶橙消除耐药性,盲传测其遗传稳定性,采用超声波物理裂解法制备鼠伤寒沙门菌外膜蛋白标本,用变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDA-PAGE)检测外膜蛋白,用紫外分光光度计测其吸光值,计算浓度。结果抗性消除表型能稳定遗传,耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌与敏感鼠伤寒沙门菌都含有6条主要的外膜蛋白条带,两者相比,发现耐药菌的外膜蛋白在约57、53、30 kDa处减弱或缺失,总的蛋白浓度也低于后者。结论鼠伤寒沙门菌耐药性与外膜蛋白的减弱或缺失有关。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌VI型分泌系统效应因子Rhs生物学特性分析

【背景】细菌的Ⅵ型分泌系统作为杀死真核捕食者或原核竞争对手的“武器”,其杀伤作用是通过释放有毒物质即效应因子来实现。尽管已发现一些效应因子,但大多数效应因子的功能仍然未知。【目的】研究rhs基因编码的效应因子Rhs对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响。【方法】利用Red同源重组的方法构建鼠伤寒沙门菌rhs基因缺失株及相应的基因回补株。通过试验分析比较亲本株与缺失株、回补株在生化特性、生物被膜形成、耐药性、细菌间竞争、抗血清补体杀菌能力、组织载菌量及感染小鼠后炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β释放量上的差异。【结果】效应因子Rhs不影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生化代谢、生物被膜形成、耐药性及抗血清补体杀菌能力。细菌种间竞争试验中,基因缺失株CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2的竞争指数(competition index,CI)值分别为0.85、0.77和0.87,毒力均被轻度致弱。体内组织载菌量试验中,CVCC541Δrhs1、CVCC541Δrhs2和CVCC541Δrhs1-2基因缺失株在小鼠肝脏和脾脏中的细菌数均较亲本株明显下降(P<0.05);机体...     

鼠伤寒沙门菌greA/B基因缺失株的构建及生物学特性

沙门菌作为一种常见的人畜共患病原体,可导致多种食源性疾病,其中鼠伤寒沙门菌(SalmonellaTyphimurium,STM)是关键血清型之一,其研究与防控对公共卫生具有重要意义。【目的】探究greA和greB基因对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性和致病性的影响。【方法】运用Red同源重组技术构建greA和greB基因缺失株及其回补株,并对其生长特性、生物被膜形成能力、对Caco-2细胞的黏附及侵袭能力进行检测;利用小鼠模型评估了greA和greB基因缺失对STM致病性的影响。【结果】成功构建了突变株STM LT2ΔgreA和STM LT2ΔgreB;与野生株相比,greA和gre B基因的缺失均不影响其生长速度,但导致STM的生物被膜形成能力、黏附力、侵袭力均有所下降;greA和greB缺失降低了STM对小鼠肝、脾的定殖力,并使得STM的LD50分别上升了39.81倍和2.5倍。【结论】greA和greB基因的缺失均可降低鼠伤寒沙门菌的致病性,本研究结果为进一步揭示沙门菌的致病机理提供了理论基础。     

利用Red重组系统敲除鼠伤寒沙门氏菌VI型分泌系统相关基因

【背景】沙门氏菌是一种重要的人畜共患病原菌,可引起广泛的胃肠炎以及伤寒、副伤寒,其致病机制一直未被阐明。基因敲除技术在研究沙门氏菌致病性方面发挥了重要作用,然而目前的敲除技术仍存在费时、成功率低的问题。研究发现鼠伤寒沙门氏菌含有VI型分泌系统,其组成成分之一溶血素共调节蛋白(Hemolysin-coregulated protein,Hcp)可能在其致病过程中发挥了重要作用。【目的】拟通过对3个编码Hcp蛋白的基因进行敲除,在鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中建立一套方便快捷的重组系统,从而用于沙门氏菌致病性的研究。【方法】以pKD4为模板,扩增两端带有目的基因同源序列的卡那霉素抗性基因片段,将片段导入含重组酶系统的目的菌,重组后再导入质粒pCP20消除抗性基因片段,达到无痕敲除的效果。【结果】对3个单独的hcp基因及其组合进行了敲除,得到了所需的基因缺失株,并总结出了一些实验过程中可能遇到的问题的解决方案。【结论】Red重组系统可用于鼠伤寒沙门菌的基因敲除,通过优化同源片段的长度、PCR模板浓度、L-阿拉伯糖加入时间、实验过程中的温度等实验条件,提高Red重组系统在沙门氏菌中的重组效率。此方法简单、快速,重组效率高,值得推广。     

Immunosuppression induced by Salmonella involves inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation in murine T lymphocytes

Abstract It is well known that facultative intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella suppress the host immune system. In the present study we attempted to clarify the mechanism responsible for the suppression of T-cell proliferation in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium . The proliferation of murine spleen cells stimulated with a T-cell mitogen such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (ConA) was significantly suppressed when the mice were infected with S. typhimurium , but not with Eschirichia coli . The suppression of T-cell proliferation did not necessarily parallel the level of interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion, and was not restored by treatment with a calcium ionophore, indomethacin or IL-2. Only phorbol 12-myristate-13 acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), caused a slight recovery of cell proliferation with an augmentation of IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, Western blotting using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies showed that the mitogen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of 120-, 106-, 94-, 68- and 57-kDa proteins in murine splenic T-cells was inhibited by S. typhimurium infection. Also, the inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation was not restored by treatment with PMA. These results suggest that the suppression of T-cell proliferation induced by Salmonella infection may be regulated by inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation in T-cells, although the inhibition is not associated with PKC activation and subsequent IL-2 secretion of T cells.     

小鼠对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染免疫应答的研究进展

小鼠鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染后,会引发一系列的肠道和全身性的疾病,这是一种类似于人感染伤寒沙门氏菌的疾病。在感染的早期,天然免疫系统能迅速对入侵的细菌做出反应,吞噬细胞的活化以及炎症因子的产生能在一定程度上抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的增殖,而在感染的后期,对于有效地控制和消灭细菌,获得性免疫是必要的。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的感染能诱导特异性CD4+和CD8+T细胞的增殖,从而引发强烈的免疫应答,在此过程中也会产生大量的B细胞。特异性T细胞以及B细胞介导的免疫反应能有效地抵御细菌的侵染。总而言之在天然免疫系统和获得性免疫系统协调作用下,实现了对宿主的免疫保护。     

Polyparasitism and its impact on the immune system

Parasitic infections are common in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world and concomitant infection, polyparasitism, is the rule rather than the exception in such areas. At the immunological level, different parasites induce quite different responses characterised, for example, by protozoa that polarise responses towards Th1, whilst helminths are strong Th2 and regulatory T cell inducers. The question of how the co-existence of such parasites within the same host might influence the immunological responses to each species and, more importantly, whether such interactions affect resistance, susceptibility or clinical outcome, needs to be addressed in well-designed studies of sufficient power. The current paper discusses what we know as well as the gaps in our knowledge of polyparasitism.     

Genetic variability among archival cultures of Salmonella typhimurium

The existence in our laboratory of over 10000 Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cultures sealed in agar stab vials for 33-46 years offers an opportunity for evolutionary and mutational studies. In each of 77 vials examined, 10(3)-10(5) colony forming units per vial were recovered (less than 0.01% of the original population) even after decades of undisturbed storage. Considerable genetic variability was observed in these populations. Three genetic variables, chromosome fragment size as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, extensive mutational reversions from nutritional auxotrophy to prototrophy, and differences in protein content as assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were measured.     

Susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi to oxygen metabolites

Abstract The susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and of S. typhi 1079 to oxygen metabolites were compared. S. typhimurium LT2 and S. typhi 1079 were killed to an equal extent (about 40%) by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase (200 mU/ml) system. Among the various scavengers of oxygen metabolites, catalase alone inhibited the killing of S. typhimurium LT2 and S. typhi 1079 by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, indicating that hydrogen peroxide contributed to the killing of Salmonellae . The respiratory burst of murine macrophages was efficiently triggered by the ingestion of S. typhimurium LT2, S. typhimurium SL1102, and S. typhi 1079 and all to the same extent. However, in the range of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide produced by murine macrophages, neither S. typhimurium LT2 nor S. typhi 1079 were killed. Only S. typhimurium SL1102, a rough mutant of S. typhimurium LT2, was markedly susceptible under these conditions. The findings suggest that both S. typhimurium LT2 and S. typhi 1079 are resistant to oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms.     

Distinction of emigration by telotroch formation and death by predation in peritrich ciliates: SEM observations on the remaining stalk ends

Iron uptake mechanisms were investigated in different species of Salmonella isolated from environmental waters. All strains examined were able to grow in the presence of high concentrations (10 mM) of the iron chelator EDDA. All strains excreted phenolate and hydroxamate siderophores, as assessed by bioassays and chemical tests. Bioassays with different indicator strains showed that all Salmonella strains can cross-feed other Enterobacteria, as well as mutants of Salmonella typhimurium deficient in the Enterobactin system, suggesting that this siderophore may be produced by the environmental Salmonella strains. The siderophore aerobactin may also be produced by one of the strains, according to the bioassays results. The same pattern of outer membrane proteins are synthesized under iron-limiting conditions in all species tested, which suggests a similarity of iron uptake systems in many species of Salmonella. This system could be also of great importance in the survival of these bacteria in natural waters, as well as in possible pathogenic mechanisms.