共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
酸沉降影响下物质循环及其不平衡研究;酸沉降对土壤理化性质的影响;森林水化学方面的研究;酸沉降下重金属的活化研究;酸沉降对植物生长的影响研究;酸沉降和气候变化对森林的影响;模拟酸雨对土壤理化性质和植物生长的影响;酸沉降下土壤风化问题的研究;运用模型对酸化问题的研究;森林土壤人为和自然的酸化;酸沉降临界负荷的研究;酸沉降和其它污染物对植物的联合影响;酸化土壤恢复研究等方面介绍了酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状,并阐明了今后研究的方向及应该注意的问题。 相似文献
2.
采用盆栽方法,研究了Cu(0~1500 mg·kg-1)和酸雨(pH 2.5~5.6)复合胁迫对酸模Cu富集、生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明:酸模根和地上部Cu的积累量随土壤Cu浓度增大而增加,且根>茎叶,酸雨能促进酸模对Cu的吸收;随着土壤中Cu浓度和酸雨强度的增加,酸模的生物量逐渐下降,根和叶中MDA含量增加,且与Cu处理浓度显著正相关,根和叶中SOD和POD活性则均呈先上升后下降的趋势.酸模对Cu和酸雨有很强的耐受能力,在酸雨地区Cu污染土壤修复中具有很好的应用潜力. 相似文献
3.
酸雨对水生态系统的影响 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
水体酸化是一个渐进而复杂的过程 ,引起水体酸化的因素很多 ,如酸沉降、工农业酸性废水的排放、有机物生化降解、不适当施肥产生的多余含氮化合物的氧化、森林砍伐和收获农作物 (意味着从土壤中吸收盐基离子 ,释放氢离子 )等 ,其中酸沉降是引起水体酸化的主要原因。酸雨是酸沉降的主要形式。人类早在 1 9世纪中叶就发现了“酸雨” ,但直到 2 0世纪60年代以后随着酸雨污染范围不断扩大及其对生态系统影响的不断加剧 ,有关酸雨的形成机理、危害及防治措施的研究才得到重视。酸雨导致水体酸化这种现象首先大范围的出现在瑞典和挪威 ,之后又出现… 相似文献
4.
土壤酸化及其生态效应 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
自然条件下的土壤酸化是一个非常缓慢的过程。近几十年来,在人类活动的影响下,原本缓慢的自然酸化过程不断加快。土壤酸化加速带来的一系列负面效应正迫使人们必须对土壤酸化加以重视。本文首先介绍了土壤酸化的自然过程和人为因素引起的土壤酸化,阐述了土壤盐基饱和度、土壤酸缓冲体系、酸沉降、化学肥料、植物、土地利用方式等对土壤酸化的影响;然后总结了土壤酸化带来的一系列生态效应,如植物生长受到抑制、土壤生物群落结构改变、土壤重金属有效性升高、水体质量下降等;最后从施用酸性土壤改良剂和种植耐逆高效优质植物两个方面,论述了酸性土壤的可持续利用策略,并对土壤酸化将来的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
5.
磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd<0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9% ~ 50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效. 相似文献
6.
钙、硅对酸雨胁迫下小麦生长和养分吸收的影响 总被引:24,自引:9,他引:15
采用盆栽试验方法研究了在模拟酸雨胁迫下施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠对红壤酸化、土壤活性铝和速效养分含量以及小麦生长、养分吸收与积累的影响.结果表明,短期内(2 个月) 喷施pH3 .0 的酸雨对红壤酸化有一定的促进作用,但对小麦生长无显著不良影响,反而因酸雨中含有N、S、K 等营养元素,可起到一定的促进作用.施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠具有抑制土壤酸化、降低活性铝的作用,但碳酸钙用量应控制在2 .0g·kg -1 以下,否则将降低土壤磷的生物有效性,抑制小麦生长.与此相反,硅酸钠的施用则大幅度提高土壤有效磷含量,促进小麦对P 的吸收和利用,同时也有利于N、K 等元素的利用,从而显著促进作物生长.此外,Si 还具有显著提高作物抗麦蚜危害的能力 相似文献
7.
为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd<0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明: 在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%~50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效. 相似文献
8.
应用人工模拟酸雨控制实验,探讨鼎湖山国家级自然保护区三种南亚热带主要植被类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的土壤有机碳组分,包括土壤总有机碳(TOC)、土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、土壤不易氧化有机碳(NROC),在不同模拟酸雨处理梯度:对照CK(pH4.5的天然湖水)、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0处理下的响应特征。结果表明:上层土壤(0~20cm)易氧化有机碳、不易氧化有机碳和总有机碳含量与森林类型密切相关,大小顺序均表现为混交林阔叶林马尾松林。经25个月模拟酸雨处理,鼎湖山森林土壤酸化有加剧的趋势;CK、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0四个处理下土壤上层剖面易氧化有机碳含量分别为阔叶林(7.14、8.29、8.74、9.84g·kg-1)、混交林(8.58、8.53、10.28、10.36g·kg-1)和马尾松林(3.90、4.49、4.74、5.48g·kg-1),三个林型土壤易氧化有机碳含量呈现随模拟酸雨强度增加而升高的趋势;森林土壤总有机碳和不易氧化有机碳含量变化缓慢,在各酸梯度处理下差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示,长期的酸雨作用使土壤酸化不断加剧,易氧化有机碳对酸雨的响应更敏感,但其在酸雨下积累的趋势不利于土壤总有机碳的存埋,但关于酸雨对土壤总有机碳的影响仍然需要长期的实验监测。 相似文献
9.
土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气环境之间进行碳交换的主要途径,在全球碳循环和碳平衡中占有极其重要的地位。全球变化背景下,由于人类活动而导致日益严重的酸雨问题,其对土壤呼吸的影响越来越受到国内外学者的广泛关注。酸雨导致土壤酸化,对土壤微生物代谢活动、植物地上地下生长以及凋落物分解等产生影响,进而影响土壤呼吸。该文综述了模拟酸雨对森林生态系统和农田生态系统土壤呼吸影响的三种结果,即抑制、促进和无影响;酸雨影响土壤呼吸的差异受到酸雨酸性、酸雨处理持续时间以及植被类型、植物生长季节、植被演替阶段以及土壤理化性质等生物和非生物因素的综合影响。低强度和高强度酸雨都倾向于降低土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。从影响土壤呼吸的四个关键的生物因子,即光合作用、凋落物、微生物、根系生物量,分析了模拟酸雨影响土壤呼吸的潜在机制;但是酸雨影响土壤呼吸的过程复杂,使得土壤呼吸对酸雨的部分响应机理仍存在不确定性。在此基础上总结了现有研究存在的不足,提出了今后需要给予重点关注的四个方面的研究:(1)不同类型生态系统对酸雨响应的研究;(2)土壤各组分呼吸对酸雨响应的研究;(3)模拟酸雨与其他外界因素的共同作用研究;(4)与土壤呼吸相关的生物因子对酸雨响应的研究。 相似文献
10.
宁夏枸杞柱头和萌发花粉中钙分布特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
用焦锑酸钾沉淀法对宁夏枸杞柱头和花粉中的钙离子分布进行了研究.结果显示,宁夏枸杞柱头表皮有一覆盖层,其中有许多含钙沉淀颗粒的小泡,当花粉落到柱头后从覆盖层中吸水,在萌发孔的表面上聚集了较多的钙沉淀颗粒.同时,花粉内部出现许多含钙的小液泡,使花粉体积增大,内部产生膨压,花粉萌发;生长在覆盖层中的花粉管顶端穿过覆盖层小泡时,附近聚集了较多的钙沉淀颗粒,在花粉管壁上也附着较多的细小钙沉淀颗粒.萌发的花粉粒中由大液泡占据,在其亚顶端的细胞质中,聚集较多钙沉淀颗粒的线粒体膨大形成了一些含钙沉淀颗粒的小液泡,由这些小液泡融合形成的大液泡,将花粉管细胞质挤到其顶端,使其极性生长.这是首次发现在植物柱头覆盖层中有钙离子的现象,从体内证明了钙离子在花粉萌发过程中的现象.讨论了枸杞柱头组织中钙的分布和花粉管的萌发与生长的关系. 相似文献
11.
《Critical reviews in biotechnology》2013,33(3-4):257-270
AbstractColonization of plant roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can greatly increase the plant uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen. The most prominent contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to plant growth is due to uptake of nutrients by extraradical mycorrhizal hyphae. Quantification of hyphal nutrient uptake has become possible by the use of soil boxes with separated growing zones for roots and hyphae. Many (but not all) tested fungal isolates increased phosphorus and nitrogen uptake of the plant by absorbing phosphate, ammonium, and nitrate from soil. However, compared with the nutrient demand of the plant for growth, the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to plant phosphorus uptake is usually much larger than the contribution to plant nitrogen uptake. The utilization of soil nutrients may depend more on efficient uptake of phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium from the soil solution even at low supply concentrations than on mobilization processes in the hyphosphere. In contrast to ectomycorrhizal fungi, nonsoluble nutrient sources in soil are used only to a limited extent by hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Side effects of mycorrhizal colonization on, for example, plant health or root activity may also influence plant nutrient uptake. 相似文献
12.
Dry mass partitioning and nitrogen uptake by Eucalyptus grandis plants in response to localized or mixed application of phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Corina Graciano Eduardo A. Tambussi Elisa Castán Juan J. Guiamet 《Plant and Soil》2009,319(1-2):175-184
Plants respond to nutrient rich patches by changing root morphology and physiology. The aim of this paper was to analyze shoot and root growth of Eucalyptus grandis plants fertilized with the same amount of phosphorus applied in two different ways: thoroughly mixed in the soil or localized in a single hole near the plant. Localized fertilization increased root mass in the zone where fertilizer was applied, but total root mass was not altered by the type of fertilization application. With mixed fertilization plant growth was less than with localized fertilization, and plants showed nitrogen deficiency. Nitrogen uptake was measured in a split-root hydroponics system where phosphate was applied to the whole root system or in part of it. Growth of plants receiving phosphorus in the whole root system was limited by nitrogen uptake, as was revealed by low leaf N and low nitrate uptake. In conclusion, the positive effect of localized application of phosphorus must be ascribed not only to higher phosphorus but also to sustained nitrogen assimilation. 相似文献
13.
Fertilization of a swale plant community with various levelsand combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium resultedin increased plant growth. Nitrogen addition produced the greatestincrease in biomass. At some high nitrogen levels, phosphoruslimited plant production. Potassium fertilization did not influenceplant growth. Phosphorus fertilization decreased the levelsof soil calcium, magnesium and manganese. A shore-perpendiculargradient in apparent saltwater inundation influenced soil pHand the concentrations of iron, phosphorus, and magnesium. Fertilizer effects, swale Scirpus americanus, Spartina patens, nitrogen limitation 相似文献
14.
探讨长期不同施肥制度对农田土壤、植物生态系统的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示该系统能量平衡和养分循环,实现农业生态系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考意义。以位于黄土高原半干旱地区的长武国家黄土高原农业生态实验站长期施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、施氮磷肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、氮肥配施有机肥(NM)、磷肥配施有机肥(PM)、氮磷肥配施有机肥(NPM)8个处理,分析了黄土旱塬典型农田土壤-微生物-植物生态系统中C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量变化规律。研究结果表明:1)长期单施有机肥和化肥配施有机肥处理可显著提高土壤和有机质C、N、P含量。2)氮、磷肥的输入显著降低了土壤和小麦C∶N、N∶P,施P显著降低了有机态C∶P和小麦C∶P;有机肥配施对微生物生物量和小麦C∶N∶P的影响更为明显。3)长期有机肥配施条件下土壤养分和小麦化学计量比存在较强的相关关系。微生物生物量碳与有机C、N、P呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量氮与土壤N、P总量呈显著正相关,微生物生物量磷与土壤C、N、P总量含量呈显著负相关;植株碳含量与微生物... 相似文献
15.
Summary The application of selectively working cation exchangers in a soil contaminated with heavy metals such as lead, copper and zinc caused a significant increase of the plant weight and the plant length of maize. The calcium and magnesium percentage of the plant has clearly been influenced by the cation exchangers, whereas the potassium content was especially influenced by an additional fertilization and not by the cation exchangers. The sodium and phosphate content varied very little, the same holds for the manganese and the iron content. Almost no significant differences have been noticed with regard to the total amount of chlorophyll.Similar treatments with cation exchangers highly influence the growth of beans, comparable after two consecutive cultures by means of the plant weight and the cumulative yields. This reaction on the input of cation exchangers in a contaminated soil is much more outspoken when compared to a monocotyledon. A significant positive correlation between the cumulative yield and the pH of the soil has also been noticed. 相似文献
16.
渭北旱塬矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮积累与空间分布特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着苹果矮砧密植栽培模式的迅速发展,揭示矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮的积累与分布特征对果园科学施肥具有重要意义。本研究以不同树龄(6 a、9 a、12 a)的矮砧密植苹果园为对象,在树下、株间、行间以及树干与行间的中间点位置采集土样,分析土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和矿质氮的积累与分布特征。结果表明:0~300 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量随果园树龄的增大而增加,不同树龄的果园之间差异显著,表现为6 a<9 a<12 a,硝态氮累积量由1729 kg·hm-2增长到3771 kg·hm-2;而各树龄果园的铵态氮含量较低,对矿质氮的积累与空间分布特征基本不构成影响。在垂直方向上,硝态氮存在两个累积峰,第2个累积峰所在的土层深度随果园树龄的增大由180 cm下移到220 cm;在水平方向上,行间位置的硝态氮含量随果园树龄的增大由27 mg·kg-1增长到138 mg·kg-1,涨幅超过400%,各树龄果园之间差异显著。综上,各树龄果园均存在氮肥施用过量和硝态氮淋溶严重的问题,生产中应减少果园的氮肥施用量,同时应在施肥位置布设防渗措施阻止硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶。 相似文献
17.
The effects of application of nitrogen as calcium nitrate, urea or ammonium sulphate at two rates through the trickle irrigation
system on pH and nutrient status of the wetted volume of soil below the emitters and on growth and nutrition of courgette
(zucchini) plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) was investigated.
Soil acidification, caused by nitrification, occurred to a large extent in the volume of soil immediately below the emitters
in the urea and ammonium sulphate treatments. Acidification was greater at the high rate of N addition and more pronounced
with ammonium sulphate than urea. A significant amount of applied urea appeared to move through the soil as urea and consequently,
at the same rate of N addition, levels of ammonium were lower directly below the emitter and those of nitrate were higher
further away from the emitters for the urea than ammonium sulphate treatments. Soil acidification below the emitters resulted
in significant decreases in levels of exchangeable Ca, Mg and K and increases in levels of exchangeable Al, EDTA-extractable
Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu and bicarbonate-extractable P.
Vegetative growth and harvestable yields of courgettes were increased by both irrigation and nitrogen applications. Vegetative
growth was generally greater at the low rate of N addition than at the high one and generally followed the order calcium nitrate
> urea > ammonium sulphate. However, fruit yields followed the order urea > ammonium sulphate > calcium nitrate and were larger
at the high rate of N for urea and ammonium sulphate treatments and unaffected by rate for the calcium nitrate treatments.
It is suggested that with fertigation, the form of applied N can have significant physiological effects of plant growth and
yields because N may be applied into the root zone on numerous occasions during the growing season. 相似文献
18.
Effects of free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) on nitrogen assimilation and growth of winter wheat under nitrate and ammonium fertilization 下载免费PDF全文
Martin Erbs Lena Kollhorst Christin‐Kirsty Baillie David Kaufholdt Martin Kücke Hans‐Joachim Weigel Christian Zörb Robert Hänsch Remy Manderscheid 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(1):e40-e54
19.
15N-labelled ammonium nitrate was applied to spring barley growing on a Cambisol soil in western Switzerland. Immobilization, plant uptake and disappearance of inorganic nitrogen were followed at frequent intervals. Fertilizer nitrogen disappeared shortly after its application, mainly through immobilization by soil microorganisms and absorption by the crop. Some of the added nitrogen was probably denitrified as a result of humid conditions during the first days after fertilizer application. At the end of the growing season, 31% of the added nitrogen was recovered from the aerial barley plants, and 56% was immobilized by microorganisms. Most of the fertilizer nitrogen not used by the crop was immobilized in the upper 0–30 cm soil layer. This prevented downward movement of nitrate and limited nitrogen losses. Fertilizer efficiency was mainly determined by the competition between crop uptake and microbial immobilization. Careful consideration of the time of fertilization, taking into account plant growth and weather conditions, can result in an increase in fertilizer efficiency and minimal pollution. 相似文献
20.
不同施肥模式对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为探明施肥处理对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,分析有机肥(M)、化肥(CF)、化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、化肥配施有机肥加覆盖(CFMM)及不施肥(CK)处理土壤真菌群落结构和数量特征.结果表明:施肥显著影响真菌群落结构与多样性,表层(0~20 cm)土壤中M、CFMM处理与CK,亚表层(20~40 cm)土壤中CF、CFMM处理与CK之间真菌群落结构均存在明显差异;且表层土壤中CF、CFMM处理真菌Shannon指数和均匀度指数显著低于CK.M、CFM处理表层土壤真菌数量显著高于CK.土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和速效钾含量显著影响了真菌群落结构的变异;全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量与真菌数量均呈显著正相关.表明雷竹林表层和亚表层土壤中真菌群落对施肥处理的响应存在明显差异,表层土壤真菌群落明显受有机质添加的影响,而亚表层则对化肥投入较为敏感;施肥对真菌群落多样性的影响主要集中在表层土壤. 相似文献