黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定六堡茶中黄曲霉毒素B1的研究

目的建立以多壁碳纳米管作为QuEChERS吸附剂,高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定六堡茶中黄曲霉毒素B_1的分析方法。方法采用乙腈提取,并在样品提取液中加入分散固相基质净化后进行测定。结果在2.6~41.6μg/kg浓度范围内具有良好线性关系,黄曲霉毒素B_1的回收率为83.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)4.7%,n=10,方法检测限为2.6μg/kg。结论该法有较好的灵敏度,能够满足六堡茶中黄曲霉毒素B_1测定的要求。     

黄曲霉菌株(Q101)的筛选、鉴定及产毒条件的研究

据报道,黄曲霉毒素M_1(AFTM_1)的致癌性仅次于黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFTB_1)。AFTM_1是AFTB_1的代谢产物。目前对AFTB_1在动物体内的代谢过程和作用机制的研究很重视。AFTM_1标准品在流行病学调查及食品(特别是乳制品、肉类等)卫生检测工作中的需要量较     

黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌的筛选及鉴定

筛选黄曲霉毒素生物防控菌,为黄曲霉毒素的生物防控提供支持。以花生原产地土壤为材料,采用牛津杯法筛选所需菌株。对筛选出的拮抗菌株进行抑制产毒曲霉菌株的生长、产孢、降解黄曲霉毒素实验。筛选出2株黄曲霉毒素生防细菌,编号21-1-2、17-3,经鉴定,拮抗菌21-1-2为枯草芽胞杆菌,拮抗菌17-3为地衣芽胞杆菌。分别对拮抗菌对曲霉孢子萌发的抑制、抑制黄曲霉的生长和菌丝延长以及减少黄曲霉毒素的产生、对黄曲霉毒素的分解作用等几个方面进行研究,结果表明,拮抗菌可以明显抑制产毒曲霉孢子的萌发、生长、菌丝的延长,减少黄曲霉毒素的产生以及分解黄曲霉毒素。     

黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因pks1的鉴定及其对生长发育和侵染性的影响

【目的】分生孢子色素是真菌细胞壁的重要成分,对真菌的生长发育极为重要,并有助于真菌抵御各种环境胁迫。本研究鉴定了黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因,并研究了分生孢子色素对黄曲霉生长发育及其对抗紫外照射和侵染能力的影响。【方法】通过已知真菌孢子色素合成基因蛋白序列同源比对确定了黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因及其所在的基因簇,利用同源重组策略对目标基因进行敲除,获得了该色素合成基因缺失的突变菌株,并研究该基因敲除后对表型、产孢、菌核形成、黄曲霉毒素产生、抗紫外照射和侵染性等影响。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,黄曲霉pks1基因缺失菌株的分生孢子颜色变为白色,生长速度、孢子产量、菌核形成和黄曲霉毒素B_1的产生均没有显著性变化,但该基因的缺失导致孢子对紫外线照射的抵御能力明显减弱,降低了黄曲霉对玉米和花生种子的侵染能力。【结论】pks1(AFLA_006170)基因是黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成的关键基因,影响黄曲霉分生孢子对紫外线照射等不利环境因子的抵抗能力和对粮食种子的侵染能力。     

曲霉属黄绿组的一个产毒新种

本文报道曲霉属黄绿组(通常称黄曲霉群)的一个产毒新种肇庆曲霉(Aspergillus zhaoqingensis sp.nov.)。该菌分离广东肇庆土壤,在形态上近于米曲霉(A.oryzae),但作为该组的关键分类特征分生孢子纹饰很不相同:本种的分生孢子明显的粗疏粗糙至具不规则的脊状突起而米曲霉则为光滑或稍粗糙。本种能产生黄曲霉毒素B_1而米曲霉则不产生。本菌亦不同于组内其它菌种。文中对与黄曲霉密切相关诸种也作了简短的讨论。     

利用拮抗物生物防治黄曲霉毒素

黄曲霉是引起粮食霉变的主要真菌之一,粮食和饲料在储藏过程中易受其污染[1]。黄曲霉最大的危害是其产生的次级代谢物黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxins),黄曲霉毒素不仅能引起人类及各种动物的急慢性中毒,而且具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用。因此,如何有效地防止黄曲霉毒素污染花生等农产品已成为一个亟待解决的     

黄曲霉毒素B_1的提取与纯化

我们从霉玉米中分离出产黄曲霉毒素B_1(以下简称AFTB_1)能力强的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus Q_(2-3)),以玉米为培养基进行大量培养后,由培养物中提取出AFTB_1结晶。结晶纯度与国外同类产品相同。本文报告提取与纯化方法和检测方法。     

黄曲霉毒素对家庭自制酱品的污染

经过自然发酵后制作的家庭自制酱品,极易被外界产毒的黄曲霉菌株污染。为了调查黄曲霉菌所产生的毒素对家庭自制酱品的污染情况,自1977年起,连续三年收集了160份农户自制酱品,测定了黄曲霉毒素中致癌性最强的B_2含量。现将结果报告如下。     

Aflatoxin production by entomopathogenic isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus

Fourteen isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus and 2 isolates of Aspergillus flavus isolated from the mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari were analyzed for production of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in liquid culture over a 20-day period. Twelve Aspergillus isolates including 11 A. parasiticus and 1 A. flavus produced aflatoxins which were extracted from both the mycelium and culture filtrate. Aflatoxin production was detected at day 3 and was detected continually for up to day 20. Aflatoxin B1 production was greatest between 7 and 10 days and significantly higher quantities were produced by A. flavus compared to A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production was not a stable trait in 1 A. parasiticus isolate passaged 50 times on agar. In addition to loss of aflatoxin production, an associated loss in sporulation ability was also observed in this passaged isolate, although it did maintain pathogenicity against S. sacchari. An aflatoxin B1 concentration of 0.16 micrograms/mealybug (14.2 micrograms/g wet wt) was detected within the tissues of infected mealybugs 7 days after inoculation. In conclusion, the ability of Aspergillus isolates to produce aflatoxins was not essential to the entomopathogenic activity of this fungus against its host S. sacchari.     

Reduction of aflatoxin B1 in chicken feed by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus oligosporus and their combination

Aflatoxin B1 is a toxigenic and carcinogenic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. An approach to prevent aflatoxin contamination in feed was carried out by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) and Rhizopus oligosporus (Ro). Aspergillus flavus was cultured together with Sc, Ro and their combination (ScRo) in chicken feed. The aflatoxin B1 content was observed at day 0, 5, 10 and 15. The result showed that aflatoxin B1 contaminations in feed were reduced by Sc, Ro and ScRo addition. The highest reduction of aflatoxin B1 content was shown at day 5 for all treatments with Sc, Ro and ScRo. The best activity of reducing aflatoxin B1 was shown by Ro. Although the ability of reducing aflatoxin B1 of Sc, Ro or ScRo was not significantly different, Sc or Ro gave the better result than ScRo and they are better used individually.     

Effect of C6 to C9 alkenals on aflatoxin production in corn, cottonseed, and peanuts.

The effect on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus-inoculated corn, cottonseed, and peanuts in static culture in the presence of gaseous phase C6 to C9 alkenals was investigated. Aflatoxin B1 production was stimulated in corn at the lowest alkenal concentration (1-microliters level) tested. Aflatoxin B1 was completely eliminated at the highest alkenal concentrations (20-microliters level) tested in both treated corn and cottonseed cultures.     

Effect of C6 to C9 alkenals on aflatoxin production in corn, cottonseed, and peanuts.

The effect on aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus-inoculated corn, cottonseed, and peanuts in static culture in the presence of gaseous phase C6 to C9 alkenals was investigated. Aflatoxin B1 production was stimulated in corn at the lowest alkenal concentration (1-microliters level) tested. Aflatoxin B1 was completely eliminated at the highest alkenal concentrations (20-microliters level) tested in both treated corn and cottonseed cultures.     

Factors influencing the inhibition of aflatoxin production in corn by Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niger, a mold commonly associated with Aspergillus flavus in damaged corn, interferes with the production of aflatoxin when grown with A. flavus on autoclaved corn. The pH of corn-meal disks was adjusted using NaOH-HCl, citric acid-sodium citrate, or a water extract of A. niger fermented corn. Aflatoxin formation was completely inhibited below pH 2.8-3.0, irrespective of the system used for pH adjustment. When grown in association with A. flavus NRRL 6432 on autoclaved corn kernels, A. niger NRRL 6411 lowered substrate pH sufficiently to suppress aflatoxin production. The biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 or its conversion to aflatoxin B2a were eliminated as potential mechanisms by which A. niger reduces aflatoxin contamination. A water extract of corn kernels fermented with A. niger caused an additional inhibition of aflatoxin formation apart from the effects of pH.     

Intrafungal distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

This research examines the distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare cultured on Czapek agar (21 days, 28 degrees C). Total aflatoxin levels in conidia and sclerotia varied considerably both within (intrafungal) and among strains. Aspergillus flavus NRRL 6554 accumulated the highest levels of aflatoxin (conidia: B1, 84000 ppb; G1, 566000 ppb; sclerotia: B1, 135000 ppb; G1, 968000 ppb). Substantial aflatoxin levels in conidia could place at risk those agricultural workers exposed to dust containing large numbers of A. flavus conidia. Cellular ratios of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin G1 were nearly identical in conidia and sclerotia even though levels of total aflatoxins in these propagule types may have differed greatly. Aflatoxin G1 was detected in sclerotia of all A. flavus strains but in the conidia of only one strain. Each of the A. parasiticus strains examined accumulated aflatoxin G1 in both sclerotia and conidia. These results are examined in the context of current evolutionary theory predicting an increase in the chemical defense systems of fungal sclerotia, propagules critical to the survival of these organisms.     

Partial characterization of the mode of action of benzoic acid on aflatoxin biosynthesis.

Aflatoxin production by a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus was greatly reduced by benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in synthetic media. The reduction was accompanied by the appearance of a yellow pigment. Spectral analyses partially characterized this pigment as closely related to an acetyl derivative of a versiconal-type compound. A cell-free extract prepared from A. flavus grown in synthetic media was active in converting this yellow compound into aflatoxin B1 in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at 25 degrees C (pH 7.4). In the presence of benzoic acid and its salt or autoclaved cell-free extract, conversion of yellow compound to aflatoxin B1 was prevented. These results suggest that the yellow compound is an intermediate in the secondary metabolic cycle involved in aflatoxin B1 production. Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, or autoclaving the cell-free extract appear to have respectively blocked or denatured an enzymatic step late in the biosynthetic pathway of aflatoxin B1.     

Quantitative trait loci for low aflatoxin production in two related maize populations

Aflatoxin B(1) formed by Aspergillus flavus Fr:Link has been associated with animal disease and liver cancer in humans. We performed genetic studies in progenies derived from maize inbred Tex6, associated with relatively low levels of aflatoxin production, crossed with the historically important inbred B73. (Tex6 x B73) x B73 BC(1)S(1) and Tex6 x B73 F(2:3) mapping populations were produced and evaluated in 1996 and 1997 in Champaign, Ill. Ears were inoculated 20 to 24 days after midsilk using a pinboard method and a mixture of conidia of A. flavus Link:Fr. isolates. Aflatoxin B(1) levels in harvested ears were determined using an indirect competitive ELISA. Molecular markers were assayed on the populations and used to generate maps. Molecular marker - QTL associations for lower levels of aflatoxin production were determined using multiple regression (MR) and composite interval analysis with multiple regression (CIM MR). MR revealed sets of markers associated with lower aflatoxin production in 1996 and 1997, and CIM MR detected a smaller subset of loci significant in 1997. QTLs for lower aflatoxin were attributed to both Tex6 and B73 parental sources. Environment strongly influenced the detection of QTLs for lower aflatoxin production in different years. There were very few chromosome regions associated with QTLs in more than 1 year or population with MR analysis, and none with CIM MR analysis. In 1997, QTLs for lower aflatoxin were detected with CIM MR in bins 5.01-2 and 5.04-5 in the BC(1)S(1) population, and in bins 3.05-6, 4.07-8 and 10.05-10.07 in the F(2:3) population. These QTL associations appear the most promising for further study.     

Growth of, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of either Lactococcus lactis or lactic acid and at different initial pH values

Aspergillus parasiticus was grown in a modified Lab-Lemco tryptone broth both as a single culture and in association with Lactococcus lactis. Total aflatoxin (B1 + G1) production was higher in the mixed cultures. This stimulation persisted when different batches of media, inoculation procedures and makes of ingredients were used. Aflatoxin yields increased in media with an initial pH of 4.2 compared with a pH close to neutrality. Hydrochloric and/or lactic acid had little effect. The substitution of half the carbon content of the medium by lactate resulted in stimulation or reduction on aflatoxin production when the initial pH was 4.2 or 6.8, respectively.     

Growth of, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of either Lactococcus lactis or lactic acid and at different initial pH values

L uchese , R.H. & H arrigan , W.F. 1990. Growth of, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of either Lactococcus lactis or lactic acid and at different initial pH values. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 512–519.
Aspergillus parasiticus was grown in a modified Lab-Lemco tryptone broth both as a single culture and in association with Lactococcus lactis . Total aflatoxin (B1 + G1) production was higher in the mixed cultures. This stimulation persisted when different batches of media, inoculation procedures and makes of ingredients were used. Aflatoxin yields increased in media with an initial pH of 4.2 compared with a pH close to neutrality. Hydrochloric and/or lactic acid had little effect. The substitution of half the carbon content of the medium by lactate resulted in stimulation or reduction on aflatoxin production when the initial pH was 4.2 or 6.8, respectively.