基于线粒体Cyt b基因序列变异的克孜河塔里木裂腹鱼和斑重唇鱼遗传多样性

采用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)序列,分析了采自新疆克孜河3个群体(斯木哈纳SM、牙师YS、卡拉贝利KL)的塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)41尾个体及1个斑重唇鱼(Diptychus maculates)群体(斯木哈纳)23尾个体的种群遗传多样性和遗传结构.结果显示,塔里木裂腹鱼检测到6个碱基变异位点,定义了4种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数及核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.525 4和0.001 16.分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果提示,塔里木裂腹鱼的遗传变异全部发生于群体内部;群体间Kimura-2-parameter遗传距离、分化指数(F<,st><0.085 25)和基因流(N<,m>>3.18)都显示3个群体没有种群分化,属于单一种群.斑重唇鱼检测出7个变异位点,定义了8个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性指数与核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.830 1和0.001 13.研究表明,克孜河的塔里木裂腹鱼和斑重唇鱼均处于很低的遗传多样性水平,物种维持力较弱.     

三个地理种群的董氏须鳅遗传多样性及种群历史动态

研究采用线粒体DNA Cyt b和D-loop基因分析西辽河、松花江和穆棱河3条水系董氏须鳅(Barbatula toni)的遗传多样性和种群结构, 并探讨其种群演变历史。结果表明: 3条水系119个董氏须鳅样本共检测出57个单倍型, 各群体间不存在共享单倍型; 3个董氏须鳅地理群体均呈现出较高的单倍型多样性(0.805—0.926)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.00095—0.00458); AMOVA分子方差分析、群体间分化指数(F_ST)、系统发育树及单倍型网络图均表明3个地理种群已经出现高度分化, 群体间遗传变异占总变异的79.45%, 遗传分化显著(P<0.01)。中性检验和错配分析表明, 松花江和穆棱河群体历史上发生了群体快速扩张。参考鳅科鱼类Cyt b基因0.68—0.84%/Ma的进化速率, 估算3个地理群体的分歧时间为1.082—0.669 Ma前, 松花江和穆棱河群体扩张时间为0.071—0.047 Ma前, 推测我国董氏须鳅在中更新世期随冰期迁移至不同避难所, 形成各地理群体, 并于晚更新世早期经历了群体扩张事件。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的龙头鱼群体遗传结构分析

在我国黄海、东海和南海海岸带上, 选取青岛、南通、舟山、三门、宁德、泉州和湛江共7个群体164尾龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)为研究对象, 通过PCR扩增共获得长度为1112 bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b (Cyt b)基因序列, 共检测到32个变异位点, 其中单变异位点27个, 简约信息位点1个。164条序列定义了29个单倍型, 平均单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.3026±0.0479和0.000371±0.000379, 其中泉州群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均最低。分析比较了不同龙头鱼群体间遗传变异情况, 发现群体间平均遗传距离为0.00035, 遗传分化指数F_ST值均小于0.05, 群体间没有发生明显的遗传分化。AMOVA分析结果显示龙头鱼群体遗传差异主要来源于群体内个体间的变异。中性检验的Tajima’s D和Fu’s F_s统计值均为负值且显著偏离中性, 核苷酸不配对分布图呈现明显的单峰分布, 表明龙头鱼历史上经历了群体扩张事件, 参考已知海洋鱼类Cyt b基因2%每百万年的进化速率, 估算群体扩张发生的时间大约在0.08—0.32百万年前的第四纪更新世中晚期。     

中国东部沿海中小型河流鱼类的整体遗传多样性评价——以曹娥江为例

研究将曹娥江作为东部沿海中小型河流代表, 基于线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)分子标记对其鱼类的整体遗传多样性水平进行了评估。结果表明, 21个种26个群体鱼类Cyt b基因的单倍型多样性指数(h)和核苷酸多样性指数(π)水平分别为0.074—0.987和0.00019—0.00520, 物种间遗传多样性水平差异较大; 比较不同江段鱼类遗传多样性水平发现, 曹娥江鱼类的单倍型多样性指数水平从河口到中下游再到上游逐渐降低(P<0.05)。比较同一物种的遗传多样性水平发现, 曹娥江鱼类的核苷酸多样性指数水平低于长江、珠江等大型河流鱼类的相应指数水平(P<0.05), 提示曹娥江鱼类的整体遗传多样性处于中等偏下水平, 鱼类资源亟需科学的保护和修复。进一步分析人为扰动因素对曹娥江鱼类遗传多样性水平的影响发现, 敏感型鱼类的单倍型多样性指数水平显著低于中等耐受型鱼类(P<0.05); 麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和刺鳅(Mastacembelus aculeatus)3种鱼类的上游镜岭群体单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数水平均低于其中游仙岩群体的相应指数水平。结果提示, 水体污染、过度捕捞可能是造成目前曹娥江鱼类遗传多样性水平较低的主要原因。研究结果将为曹娥江乃至东部中小河流的鱼类资源的管理、保护和开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

基于SSU rDNA序列的网状车轮虫群体遗传结构及多样性研究

基于SSU rDNA序列对当前分布于我国的网状车轮虫(Trichodina reticulata Hirschman & Partsch, 1955)的群体遗传结构与多样性进行了研究。遗传结构研究结果表明: 20个样本共检测到9个单倍型, 含4个共享单倍型与5个特有单倍型, 其中鲫来源的Hap3是最大的共享单倍型; 草鱼来源的Hap8和小黄黝鱼来源的Hap9暂被视为湖北武汉和西藏地区各自特有的单倍型; 同时推测鲫来源的单倍型Hap1为祖先单倍型。结合ML系统发育树分析推测, 在多宿主的进化历程中, 鲫寄生的网状车轮虫可能是分化最早的群体, 且草鱼寄生的网状车轮虫在起源上来自于鲫。遗传多样性结果显示, 所有群体均呈现较高的单倍型多样性(H_d≥0.5)与较低的核苷酸多样性(P_i＜0.005), 且鲫来源的单倍型多样性显著高于草鱼来源, 但核苷酸多样性(P_i)明显低于后者。遗传分化(F_st)与基因流(N_m)研究结果表明, Group A(鲫来源)与Group B(草鱼来源)群体间相对独立且已经达到了极度分化程度, 群体内基因层面的交流较少。综合中性检验与核苷酸单倍型错配分析认为, Group A(鲫来源)未发生过种群扩张, Group B(草鱼来源)则存在过早期的种群扩张历史。     

新疆3种雅罗鱼线粒体DNA控制区序列的差异和系统进化关系

对分布在新疆的准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)、贝加尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis)和高体雅罗鱼(Leuciscus idus)3个鱼种共24尾个体的线粒体DNA D-loop控制区核苷酸序列进行了测定,获得24条长度为667—669bp的同源基因序列。3种雅罗鱼之间的序列差异在6．39％—9．89％之间,贝加尔雅罗鱼与高体雅罗鱼种间序列同源性高,变异程度小;贝加尔雅罗鱼与准噶尔雅罗鱼种间序列同源性最低,变异程度最大。所采集的贝加尔雅罗鱼两个地理群体(赛里木湖和额尔齐斯河)内mtDNA的平均核苷酸碱基序列差异为1．07％和1．08％;两群体间的序列差异为1．07％,显示两个地理群体间无明显分化。DNA序列数据显示,这3种鱼类线粒体DNAD-loop序列变异丰富,24尾个体呈现独自的单倍型。同源基因序列平均含AT碱基64．1％,GC碱基35．9％,显示准噶尔雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼、高体雅罗鱼的线粒体DNAD-loop区核苷酸组成的不均一性。分子系统树提示,贝加尔雅罗鱼与高体雅罗鱼亲缘关系较近,准噶尔雅罗鱼是3种雅罗鱼中较古老的鱼种。     

长江中上游银[鱼句]线粒体DNA遗传多样性分析

银[鱼句]（Squalidus argentatus）是长江常见小型鱼类,分布广泛于干支流,资源量较大。本研究采用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因序列对长江中上游干流江津、荆州、监利、洪湖、黄石江段及支流赤水河、湘江等7个江段共217尾银[鱼句]样品的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,银[鱼句]群体Cyt b基因序列分别检出了81个变异位点和97个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性（Hd）和核苷酸多样性（Pi）分别为0.966和0.008 6。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,长江中上游银[鱼句]群体存在显著遗传分化。群体间两两比较分析发现,赤水河群体与其他群体基因交流程度低,遗传分化显著,其他群体间没有显著遗传分化。中性检验结果不支持银 历史上发生过群体扩张。     

长江上游干流及赤水河蛇遗传多样性与种群历史分析

通过分析76尾来自长江上游干流宜宾(14尾)、合江(30尾)及支流赤水河(32尾)蛇(Saurogobio dabryi)种群的线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列,研究蛇3个地理种群的遗传多样性及种群历史。用于分析的Cyt b序列长1 097 bp,含变异位点28个,其中简约信息位点18个。76尾个体共检测到26个单倍型,整体呈现较高的单倍型多样性(Hd=0.872)和较低的核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.004 0)。三个种群共享较多的单倍型。基于单倍型构建的系统发育树及NETWORK网络关系图显示:所有来自长江上游干流和赤水河的单倍型不能按照地理分布各自聚类,而是相互混杂聚在一起;网络关系图呈星状分布,未检测到原始单倍型和进化中心。此外,基于单倍型频率分析得到的三个种群间的遗传分化指数FST值较低(分别为﹣0.0293、0.0280和0.0258)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,整体上长江上游干流及赤水河蛇种群变异主要来源于种群内,种群内的变异占总变异的80.00%,表明长江上游干流及赤水河蛇种群属于同一种群,蛇各地理种群间基因交流频繁。中性检验、错配分析及BSP(Bayesian skyline plot)分析显示,整体上长江干流及赤水河蛇种群在距今0~0.025 Ma(百万年)期间发生过种群扩张现象。     

基于线粒体D-loop区和Cyt b基因分析广西禾花鲤三个群体遗传结构

研究基于线粒体D-loop区和Cyt b基因部分序列, 分析了广西全州、融水、环江三地禾花鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的遗传结构。在3个群体中共鉴定到19种D-loop与Cyt b序列的组合单倍型, 总的单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.916±0.010和0.008±0.004, 禾花鲤线粒体DNA具有单倍型多样性高和核苷酸多样性低的特点。环江群体单倍型多样性最低, 但是核苷酸多样性却最高, 反映了环江群体存在最明显的谱系混杂。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示遗传变异主要来源于群体内部(71.54%), 禾花鲤三个群体间有显著的遗传分化(F_st=0.285; P<0.01)。系统发育分析表明, 多数样本的线粒体单倍型属于华南鲤(C. carpio rubrefusus)类型, 同时三地禾花鲤中均检测到一定频率的西鲤(C. carpio carpio)或远东鲤(C. carpio haematopterus)类型的线粒体单倍型, 提示禾花鲤可能受到鲤养殖品种的杂交渐渗。研究初步揭示了广西禾花鲤的种质资源现状, 为禾花鲤这一地方特色“稻鱼共作”品种的选育和苗种管理提供了必要的依据。     

铜鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异和遗传多样性

采用PCR和DNA测序技术研究长江中上游野生铜鱼的遗传多样性和群体遗传学特征,从9个采样点共获得100尾铜鱼,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区的片段序列为946bp。在100个序列中,共检测出变异位点47个(其中增添/缺失位点8个),单倍型41种。9个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.9257±0.0162和0.004178±0.002337,表现出较贫乏的遗传多样性。群体间的分化指数(FST值)、平均基因流(Nm)、分子方差分析(AMOVA)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明9个铜鱼地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未明显发生群体遗传分化。另外,共享单倍型比例较高,约为34%(14/41)。单倍型的UPGMA分子系统树和简约网络图显示单倍型的聚类与地理分群没有相关性。上述结果表明9个铜鱼地理群体属于同一种群。       

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.