不同时期鸡胚原始生殖细胞分离的研究

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心,酶解离两种方法在鸡胚孵化的第14期、19期、28期,分离、培养鸡胚中的原始生殖细胞(PGCs)。探索PGCs分离、培养的适宜时期及方法,以期获得较多数量,较高活力的PGCs作介导生产转基因鸡。结果表明：1．提取、分离PGCs的最佳时期依次为19期、28期。2．两种分离方法均能分离到一定数量的PGCs细胞。但在19期和28期,酶解离法分离到的PGCs的相对数量较多,存活时间较长,是一种较适宜的分离方法。     

鸡胚原始生殖细胞的分离和鸡鸭嵌和体的制备

探索了鸡胚12～17期血液中的原始生殖细胞(PGCs)迁移数量变化规律,将其在液氮中冷冻保存.并以Ficoll密度梯度离心、MiniMACS磁气分离、滤膜三种方法对PGCs进行分离,结果发现12～17期血液中均有PGCs存在,13期达到高峰约47.1±10.5个/μl,在血液中比例为0.0126%.冷冻保存3个月后解冻成活率达80%以上.三种分离方法所得的分离效果分别为95.7%、39.2%、63.0%,纯度为27.5%、8.4%、3.1%.将分离的原始生殖细胞以微注射法转移至14～15期麻鸭胚胎中制备了鸡鸭种间嵌和体,获得8只雏鸭(8/110).以鸡W染色体探针原位杂交法在早期鸭胚性腺中检测到鸡原始生殖细胞,嵌和率达84.2%(16/19).表明鸡原始生殖细胞能够迁移定居到鸭胚性腺中,并有可能增殖分化成有功能的配子.     

鸡鸭异种间嵌合体的制备

本研究采集孵化14期鸡胚血液中的原始生殖细胞,在液氮中冷冻保存三个月后,解冻成活率达80％以上。以Ficoll密度梯度离心将其从血液中分离纯化,分离获得纯度为27.5%,平均每枚胚胎可获得近50个PGCs。将分离的PGCs 100-200个以微注射法转移至15期早期麻鸭胚胎中制备了鸡鸭种间嵌合体,孵出8（6♂,2♀）只雏鸭,总孵化率为7.3%（8／110）。以鸡W染色体特异性DNA探针原位杂交法在早期鸭胚性腺中检测鸡PGCs。在被检测的21个鸭胚的性腺中,16个有不同程度的阳性信号,嵌合率达76.2%(16/21)。实验结果表明鸡原始生殖细胞能够迁移并定居到鸭胚性腺中,并有可能在鸭性腺中增殖分化成有功能的配子。     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞体外培养

以14-15期鸡胚血液为材料,采用Ficoll密度梯度离心方法,提取鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cells,PGCs),在无基质细胞和基质细胞上分别进行体外培养。从实验结果可以看出：在含有胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)、鸡血清(chicken serum,CS)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、人胰岛素样生长因子(hIGF-1)、小鼠白血病抑制因子(mLIF)和青,链霉素双抗的M199培养液中培养时,鸡PGCs最多能够存活4天：当采用细胞因子和5天鸡胚胎性腺基质细胞共培养时能存活23代且每代细胞增殖可达近10倍。提纯后的PGCs细胞冻存复苏后,经台盼蓝染色鉴定存活率可达80％左右。     

鸡胚胎生殖细胞在鼠胚成纤维细胞饲养层上的生长

目的:探讨以鼠胚成纤维细胞为饲养层分离、培养鸡胚胎生殖细胞的方法和条件。方法:分离、培养12.5～13.5d鼠胚成纤维细胞。分离孵化5.5d鸡胚原始生殖细胞,原代培养时不使用饲养层,与性腺基质细胞共培养;继代培养时将其置于鼠胚成纤维细胞饲养层上,在含生长因子、分化抑制因子的培养体系中培养胚胎生殖细胞。结果:鼠胚成纤维细胞可连续传代18代以上(4个月),3～15代细胞可以用作饲养层细胞。分离的鸡胚胎生殖细胞在饲养层上可增殖形成典型胚胎生殖细胞集落,并能连续在体外培养超过9代。集落未分化标志高碘酸希夫反应(PAS)呈强阳性,体外分化实验表明胚胎生殖细胞具有多能性。结论:用鼠胚成纤维细胞作为饲养层能获得可连续增殖的胚胎生殖细胞。     

饲养层及细胞因子对鸡PGCs体外培养的影响

原始生殖细胞(PGCs)具备发育全能性,而且数量较多,与数量较少的内细胞团(ICM)相比更有利于进行分离克隆.不同动物的PGCs的生长条件不同,因此建立适宜的培养体系是PGCs培养的关键.对饲养层细胞及细胞因子对鸡PGCs体外培养的影响作了简单的介绍.     

鸡种系嵌和体的研制及其AFLP检测

利用密度梯度离心等方法从孵化51-56 h的石歧杂鸡胚血液中提取PGCs,用自制的玻璃注射针将PGCs注射到孵化2.5 d的H系受体鸡胚中制备种系嵌和体鸡;通过筛选AFLP引物建立起家禽嵌和体的AFLP检测方法;经检测20个发育的PGCs受体鸡胚中有８个种系嵌和体,嵌和率为40%。     

慢病毒载体导入种蛋内鸡胚技术研究

种蛋内鸡胚含有潜在的胚胎干细胞(BCs)或原生殖细胞(PGCs),是目前主要的转基因鸡研究方法。采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST-GFP慢病毒表达载体,白来航鸡与伊萨鸡种蛋,结合种蛋赤道面开窗专利技术,对含这两种细胞胚的转基因技术进行了比较研究:转染白来航鸡囊胚,孵化13天时,GFP基因的PCR检出率为64.7%,孵化率极低;转染孵化72h伊萨鸡胚血液循环中PGCs,实验蛋孵化率为35.0%,在出壳后死亡的3只小鸡肝脏中,GFP基因的PCR检出率为100%,存活的4只鸡中有3只在12月龄的血液样品中,经PCR扩增出了GFP基因;转染孵化72～79h白来航鸡胚PGCs,7批次实验的平均孵化率为21.1%,能在赤道面窗口注射胚的种蛋比率,以73～77h胚龄的最高,为75.0%～92.9%,注射病毒组出壳雏鸡血液DNA中,GFP基因PCR检出率为44.4%。两种方法比较,PGCs方法在实验蛋孵化率、胚定位在赤道面窗口率等方面有较强优势。因此为种蛋内胚细胞的转基因鸡技术研究提供了系统、可操作性强的方法。     

从原始生殖细胞分离克隆鸡胚胎生殖细胞的研究

从孵化 5 5天的鸡胚生殖腺中分离得到大量原始生殖细胞 (PGCs)集落 ,这些集落的细胞经多次克隆传代具有胚胎生殖细胞 (EG)的诸多特征 ,如有连续传代的能力 (传至第 9代 ) ,细胞集落有典型鸟巢状结构 ,PAS染色阳性 ,AKP染色阳性 ,在无饲养层无分化抑制因子LIF时可以自发分化成几种细胞类型 ,包括成纤维细胞、神经细胞、自律细胞等 ,悬浮培养时具有形成类胚体的能力。上述发现表明该细胞具EG细胞的诸多特性 ,为类EG细胞     

第二十八期鸡胚原始生殖细胞的冷冻保存

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心 ,提取第 2 8期 (孵化 13 2h)性腺中的PGCs ,对其应用不同的冷冻保护剂和不同的平衡方法进行冷冻保存 ,并于复苏后进行体外培养。复苏后的PGCs用台盼蓝染色检测其存活率 ,结果发现 :从第 2 8期性腺中获取的PGCs在同一种冷冻保护液下 ,采用不同的平衡方法进行冷冻 ,对PGCs的存活率有显著影响 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;平衡方法相同 ,在不同冷冻保护液条件下 ,冷冻保护液III的冻存效果最好 ,与其他保护液之间存在显著 (P <0 .0 5 )或极显著 (P <0 .0 1)差异。冷冻保护液V和冷冻保护液VI二者对PGCs的冻存效果次之。冷冻保护液I、冷冻保护液II和冷冻保护液IV三者对PGCs的冻存效果最差。PGCs经体外培养 2 4小时后再进行冷冻保存 ,复苏后其存活率、体外培养存活时间均极 (P <0 .0 1)显著短于分离后直接冷冻的PGCs。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.