广西十万大山地区的鱼类区系及其动物地理学分析

于1998年和1999年对广西西南部十万大山地区的鱼类区系进行了调查。十万大山是我国大陆最南端的山脉,该地区共有野生鱼类102种,由于南北坡河流分属不同水系,两地的鱼类组成有很大差异。北坡各支流均汇入明江（珠江水系的一个支脉）,其鱼类组成具有明显的珠江水系特点,在中国动物地理区划上属华南区珠江亚区。南坡各水系多独流入海,鱼类组成与珠江和海南岛诸水系均有较大共性,反映出地史上这些水系之间曾有着广泛的交流和联系,但与海南岛亚区的鱼类区系成分更为接近,动物地理区划应归属海南岛亚区。     

珠江的鱼类区系及其动物地理区划的讨论

本文根据珠江水系实地调查的结果,对珠江淡水鱼类区系的组成、形成原因及其在动物地理区划中的位置进行了讨论,否定了前人将南岭山脉作为东洋区和古北区在东亚的分界线的观点,认为这两个大区的界线应向北推移到秦岭山脉,并且指出珠江水系的鱼类区系元大部分隶属于东洋区的南东亚亚区,而其西江上源的一小部分应划归南亚亚区。     

赣东北地区鱼类区系特征及我国东部地区动物地理区划

本文依据赣东北鱼类区系的特征,结合古地史资料,从历史时空的角度分析其区系的形成和演化;进而对我国东部地区淡水鱼类动物地理区划进行了讨论并指出：赣东北以及整个长江中下游地区应隶属于东洋区;南岭──武夷山──天台山──仙霞岭可构成东洋区南东亚亚区内次一级地理区划的分界线,即华东小区和华南小区的分界线;洞庭湖水系、鄱阳湖水系和钱塘江水系应享有相同的区划级别,同处于东洋区南东亚亚区华东小区内。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇8个水系及间9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇与间合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇和间样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇和间之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间与唇达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇和间地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇和间种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇种群、间种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mt DNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

新疆北部地区动物地理区划的几个问题

新疆北部地区的动物地理区划,至今没人专门做过。在郑作新、张荣祖(1959)提出的我国最早的全国动物地理区划中,正确地把准噶尔盆地动物区系划归古北界中亚亚界蒙新区的西部荒漠亚区,并指出它同东部草原区系有明显区别,也与天山区系很不相同,把后者单独划为天山山地亚区。同时,根据阿尔泰区系与东北大兴安岭动物区系相似,而把它附在东北亚界东北区的大兴安岭亚区。张荣祖、赵肯堂(1978)对全国区划做了修改,但有关新疆北部的区划部分全无更动。     

北洛河流域食蚜蝇科区系分析

依据世界动物地理区划及中国动物地理区划,对北洛河流域的食蚜蝇科昆虫进行区系分析。北洛河流域在动物地理区划上隶属于古北界的华北亚区,该区分布有食蚜蝇科昆虫52种,隶属于2亚科11族29属,其中包括2个中国新纪录种和7个陕西新纪录种。其区系组成特点是：古北界有17种,占总数的32.70%,古北界和东洋界共有种有35种,占总数的67.31%。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇鱼骨(Hermibarbus labeo)和间鱼骨(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇鱼骨（Hermibarbus labeo）和间鱼骨（Hermibarbus medius）的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇鱼骨8个水系及间鱼骨9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇鱼骨与间鱼骨合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇鱼骨样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇鱼骨和间鱼骨样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇鱼骨和间鱼骨之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间鱼骨与唇鱼骨达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间鱼骨种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇鱼骨和间鱼骨种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇鱼骨种群、间鱼骨种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mtDNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

青藏高原动物地理区的地位和东部界线问题

本文从历史时空的角度分析了青藏高原地区发生的鱼类区系的变化过程,和高原鱼类区系演化的相对独立性,认为这一鱼类区系的分化直接反映了高原隆升事件,并应当在动物地理区划上得到客观反映,即将青藏高原作为一个独立的区划单元。由于青藏高原的隆升和造成古北区、东洋区分化的第三纪末、第四纪初的全球性气候变冷在时间上相近、波及的范围都巨大,共同促成了欧亚大陆古北区、东洋区和青藏高原区特有类群的分化,作为对这些地史事件反映的青藏高原区、古北区和东洋区,在动物地理区划上应该具有相同的地位．另外,依据高原鱼类的分布范围和青藏高原对非高原鱼类的阻碍作用,讨论了青藏高原的界限及其划分问题。     

青藏高原鱼类区系特征及其形成的地史原因分析

本文以作者大量实地考察资料为基础,对青藏高原鱼类区系特征进行深入分析和归纳,提出青藏高原鱼类6科26属114种的名录及各水系间鱼类共有属种的比较图。首先阐述了青藏高原鱼类区系组成的单纯性与复杂水系的概况,进而找出青藏高原与新疆等干旱地区间的鱼类区系和高原内部各水系间的鱼类区系的相互联系。第二部分,通过分布特征的分析确定青藏高原鱼类分布的三大特点,即在外泄河流上有明显的地理分界;在东南外围水域中呈点状分布,在垂直高度上有明显的地带性。最后,基于区系特征的分析,联系有关古地理、古气候和鱼类化石资料,探讨了形成青藏高原鱼类区系的地史原因。认为适应于温暖水域生活的原始鲃类和鳅类,在早第三纪时已广布于东亚和中亚地区。青藏高原现代鱼类区系不是由一个起源中心辐射或跨阻传布所形成的,而是通过喜马拉雅运动的三次重大地质历史事件产生隔离,导致青藏高原鱼类与其它地区鱼类的分离而形成的,其分别是:1.喜马拉雅地槽闭合引起“西康群山”再次隆起构成中亚与东亚鱼类区系的分离;2.喜马拉雅山隆起引起中亚与南亚鱼类区系间分离;3.阿尔金山等山脉再度隆起构成中亚地区青藏高原鱼类区系的分离,最后完成青藏高原这一独特的鱼类区系的雏形。 此外也论述了青藏高原鱼类区系东部分界线实际     

云南西双版纳甲壳动物分布及区系特点(节肢动物门:甲壳动物总纲)

根据以往多年及近期对西双版纳甲壳动物包括介形类,枝角类,挠足类,陆生等足类,虾类,蟹类等的研究结果,将其种类组成,地理分布及区系特点予以分析探讨,指明该地区在世界动物地理区划中,应归入南亚－东南亚亚区中的印支－巽他分区,在中国动物地理区划占应为一个独立的小区。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.