首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到17条相似文献,搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
森林采伐对森林景观的长期影响模拟   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS),模拟了小兴安岭友好林业局在有无采伐方案下400年内森林景观的动态变化,并利用统计软件APACK计算代表性树种的分布面积、年龄级和反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数.结果表明:与无采伐相反,采伐下的火干扰模式为高频率小面积低强度火烧;采伐对各种群的分布面积影响不大,但显著改变了种群的年龄结构,主要表现为降低了过熟林的分布面积,而增加了其他年龄级森林的分布面积;采伐降低了各树种的聚集度,导致森林景观一定程度上的破碎化.  相似文献   

2.
干扰对森林景观变化的影响是一个长期的过程,传统的定位观测很难探究大空间尺度上干扰对森林景观的长期影响,模型模拟是目前常用的研究方法.本研究采用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS),模拟大兴安岭呼中林区在无采伐、皆伐、渐伐和择伐共4种预案下300年内森林景观的长期动态变化.选取落叶松和白桦为典型代表,以平均斑块面积、物种面积比例、聚集度以及年龄结构为指标,探讨不同采伐方式对森林景观的长期影响.结果表明:采伐降低了落叶松的面积比例,提高了白桦的面积比例,不同采伐方式之间差异不明显;采伐降低了落叶松的聚集度,提高了白桦的聚集度,皆伐预案高于其他预案;采伐在模拟前期降低了落叶松的平均斑块面积,提高了白桦的平均斑块面积;采伐提高了落叶松和白桦的中幼龄林比例,皆伐预案下白桦中幼龄林面积增加最明显.采伐使森林生态景观破碎化,皆伐预案下森林景观破碎化最为严重.建议,在采伐强度相同的条件下,尽量采用择伐方式,降低森林采伐对森林生态系统的影响,进而促进森林生态系统健康稳定的发展.  相似文献   

3.
兴安落叶松老头林对大兴安岭森林景观变化的影响研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
采用空间直观景观模型LANDIS ,以大兴安岭呼中林业局为研究区 ,研究对老头林进行采伐和不进行采伐预案下的森林景观变化动态。结果表明 ,在对老头林不进行采伐预案下 ,各物种的过熟林分布面积要高于进行采伐预案下的分布面积。老头林的存在能使森林景观组分和格局具有更高的稳定性 ,对采伐等干扰具有更大的抗性。因此 ,保护老头林对于大兴安岭森林的可持续发展具有重要的生态学意义。  相似文献   

4.
应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了落叶松毛虫对呼中林区森林景观的长期影响,利用统计软件APACK计算了落叶松毛虫、代表性树种的分布面积以及反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数和森林斑块的平均面积,模拟了300年(1990—2290年)内有无落叶松毛虫干扰预案下大兴安岭呼中林区森林景观的动态变化.结果表明:研究区落叶松毛虫的分布面积呈先增加后降低的趋势;在落叶松毛虫干扰预案下,落叶松在模拟前150年的分布面积、平均斑块面积均低于无干扰预案,聚集度指数在前190年低于无干扰预案;干扰预案下白桦的分布面积和平均斑块面积百分比均高于无干扰预案,聚集度指数只在模拟的80~190年高于无干扰预案;樟子松的分布面积、聚集度指数和平均斑块面积在干扰预案下略低于无干扰预案.落叶松毛虫在一定程度上导致森林景观的破碎化.  相似文献   

5.
罗旭  梁宇  贺红士  黄超  张庆龙 《生态学报》2019,39(20):7656-7669
气候变化及相应火干扰在不同尺度上影响着我国大兴安岭地区森林动态,且在未来的影响可能继续加剧。为了提高森林生态功能和应对气候变暖,国家在分类经营基础上全面实施抚育采伐和补植造林,效果较好,但抚育采伐对森林主要树种的长期影响知之甚少,其在未来气候下的可持续性也有待进一步评估,同时,探讨造林措施对未来森林的影响也显得尤为重要。本文运用森林景观模型LANDIS PRO,模拟气候变化及火干扰、采伐和造林对大兴安岭地区主要树种的长期影响。结果表明:1)模型初始化、短期和长期模拟结果均得到了有效验证,模拟结果与森林调查数据之间无显著性差异(P0.05),基于火烧迹地数据的林火干扰验证亦能够反映当前火干扰的效果,模型模拟结果的可信度较高;2)与当前气候相比,气候变暖及火干扰明显改变了树种组成、年龄结构和地上生物量,B1气候下研究区森林基本上以针叶树种为主要树种,A2气候下优势树种向阔叶树转变;3)与无采伐预案相比,当前气候下,抚育采伐使落叶松的林分密度和地上生物量分别降低了(165±94.9)株/hm~2和(8.5±5.1) Mg/hm~2,增加了樟子松、白桦和云杉等树木株数和地上生物量(3.3—753.4株/hm~2和0.2—4.0 Mg/hm~2),而对山杨的影响较小;B1和A2气候下抚育采伐显著改变林分密度,降低景观尺度地上生物量,进而表现为不可持续;4)B1气候下,推荐实施中低强度造林预案(10%和20%强度),在A2气候下,各强度造林均可在模拟后期增加树种地上生物量。  相似文献   

6.
大兴安岭50年来严格的火控制政策已经极大地改变了自然火格局,同时也改变了森林的物种组成和年龄结构。理解大兴安岭森林对长期火控制的响应是制定森林可持续发展的依据之一。本文应用LANDIS模型模拟了大兴安岭森林景观对自然火(1950年以前)和灭火(1950年以后)的长期响应(300年)。结果表明:灭火显著增加了落叶松面积,增加其过熟林面积,减少其幼龄林面积;同时也显著减少白桦面积,减少其幼龄林面积;灭火延长火烧轮回期,火烧次数减少,灾难性火灾发生的机率增加,火险在模拟的50年内迅速上升到高火险等级。在自然火格局下,火险在整个模拟过程中保持较低的等级。所以如果现行的高强度灭火政策继续实施的话,必须要制定大范围的可燃物管理措施(计划火烧、粗可燃物处理等),以降低灾难性火灾发生的机率。计划火烧加粗可燃物去除将成为可燃物管理和森林可持续经营的首选措施。如何评价大兴安岭地区可燃物处理措施的效果,在保持木材生产和生态作用稳定的条件下,最大程度地降低火险也是亟待解决的问题。  相似文献   

7.
大兴安岭林区50年来实施的森林防火政策导致森林火烧轮回期延长,可燃物累积,所以需要将森林可燃物的管理纳入到森林防火政策中。本研究构建10种可燃物处理预案,5种为计划火烧预案(PB02, PB04, PB06, PB08, PB10),另5种为机械清除+计划火烧预案(PR02, PR04, PRP6, PR08, PR10, 用无处理预案(notreat)作对照。采用空间直观森林景观模型LANDIS,从火烧面积、不同强度火烧面积和林火强度动态特征来说明不同可燃物处理预案的长期效果(300年)。结果表明,计划火烧虽然可以减少总火烧面积,但随着处理面积的增加,减少幅度不大,对于降低高强度火烧面积效果不显著;机械清除+计划火烧可以有效地减少火烧面积,降低火烧强度 [将高强度火(4、5级)降低为低强度火(1、2级)]。建议森林可燃物处理必须长期进行,以达到降低林火强度、减少灾难性火灾发生的机率的目的。  相似文献   

8.
应用空间直观的森林景观干扰演替模型(LANDIS)模拟了2000—2200年间小兴安岭友好林区4种森林管理预案(无采伐、皆伐、择伐Ⅰ和择伐Ⅱ)下的森林景观变化,并结合景观尺度的生境适宜度指数(HSI)模型评估了不同管理预案对研究区松鼠生境的影响.结果表明:研究期间,无采伐下松鼠适宜生境面积的增幅最快,而勉强适宜生境的降幅最快;皆伐下,松鼠适宜生境面积的增幅最慢,而勉强适宜生境的后期降幅最小;择伐Ⅰ下松鼠适宜生境面积的增幅高于择伐Ⅱ,而其勉强适宜生境面积的降幅低于择伐Ⅱ.整体而言,松鼠生境最优化的管理方案依次为无采伐、择伐Ⅰ、择伐Ⅱ和皆伐.  相似文献   

9.
基于LANDIS-II的陕西黄龙山森林景观演变动态模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
应用空间直观景观模型LANDIS-II模拟了陕西黄龙山森林景观在不考虑风、火、病虫害及采伐等干扰因素前提下300a(2004—2304年)的自然演替进行动态,采用景观格局统计软件APACK计算了林区内优势树种所占的面积百分比以及反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数,分析了各个树种在模拟的时间尺度上龄级组成的变化趋势。结果表明:油松是针叶树中的优势种,辽东栎是阔叶树中的优势种;在演替后期油松取代辽东栎成为所占面积比例最大的优势树种;油松和辽东栎的相对聚集度较其它几类树种小;随着模拟年代的推进,树种年龄结构发生显著变化,呈现出复杂多样的异龄林空间分布格局。  相似文献   

10.
土壤通用流失方程(USLE)已被广泛应用于大尺度的土壤侵蚀预测.在以往的土壤侵蚀研究中,由于只能获得静态的植被图,土壤通用流失方程只能用于土壤侵蚀的静态估算.空间直观景观模型能在大尺度上模拟植被动态,为土壤通用流失方程提供动态的植被因子,从而使土壤侵蚀的动态模拟成为可能.本研究结合空间直观景观模型LANDIS和土壤通用流失修正方程,以大兴安岭呼中林区为研究区。动态地模拟未来650年内有采伐和无采伐预案下的土壤侵蚀量;同时以无火无采伐预案下的土壤侵蚀为对比值.结果表明,土壤侵蚀量随时间变化呈周期性的波动,其波动程度在无火无采伐预案下最小,而在有火无采伐预案下最大;采伐对土壤侵蚀的影响没有火对土壤侵蚀的影响在空间上表现得明显,但是其累积效果则比火的影响强;降低采伐所产生的裸露土能有效降低年平均土壤侵蚀量,但是对土壤侵蚀动态变化的影响不明显;虽然采伐增加使平均土壤侵蚀量增加,但是也同时使土壤侵蚀的年际变化更趋于平稳.  相似文献   

11.
气候变化将会对森林树种结构、空间结构以及林龄结构等产生重大影响,准确预测森林景观演替对未来气候变化的响应,不仅能够为科学管理森林生态系统提供理论依据,而且对制定生物多样性保护与珍稀物种保护策略也具有重要意义。本文运用LANDIS Pro 7.0与LINKAGES模型,模拟天宝岩国家级自然保护区8个树种在2种不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下未来300年的森林植被演替动态,分析森林景观格局变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:毛竹、马尾松、猴头杜鹃、长苞铁杉以及杉木的潜在面积分布与景观格局指数对气候变化的响应较为显著。在气候变化情景下,各树种的景观分维度均介于1.03—1.08,保护区内各景观斑块相对简单规则。毛竹、猴头杜鹃和杉木聚集度下降趋势明显而斑块密度显著上升,长苞铁杉随演替进行面积逐渐减少而聚集度相对较高且斑块密度剧增,马尾松斑块密度缓慢增加而聚集度先降后升,随气候变化这些树种的景观完整度都遭到了不同程度的破坏,且在RCP8.5气候情景下景观破碎化更严重。而气候变化对阔叶林与柳杉的影响则较小,且阔叶林在演替期间斑块密度下降而聚集度稳中有增,潜在面积分布呈现出良好的...  相似文献   

12.
Gap-phase replacement is a general phenomenon found in forest ecosystems, worldwide. Different tree species can be expected to produce different sizes of gaps when they die. Species also vary in their regeneration success in gaps of different sizes. In this paper, the gap-phase interactions among tree species in a forest stand are simulated by a role-type stand model called ROPE. By incorporation of environmental effects on tree height, ROPE can simulate forest composition and stand leaf area under different climate conditions. The model was developed for forest ecosystems in northeastern China and was used to simulate the forest landscape structures under current climate conditions and under four climate change scenarios for greenhouse gas related warming. These scenarios were obtained from general circulation models developed by different atmospheric research centers. Korean pinebroadleaf mixed forest and larch forest are the major stand types in the study area under present conditions. Under the four climate change scenarios, Korean pine-broadleaf mixed forest would be expected to occur only on the higher parts of large mountains. Larch forest only would be found north of the study area. Broadleaf forest would become the dominant vegetation over the study area. Use of the Kappa statistic to test for similarity in spatial maps, indicates that each climate change scenario would result in a significant change of forest distributions.Supported by The United States National Science Foundation Grant BSR-8702333 to University of Virginia.  相似文献   

13.
Production of woody biomass for bioenergy, whether wood pellets or liquid biofuels, has the potential to cause substantial landscape change and concomitant effects on forest ecosystems, but the landscape effects of alternative production scenarios have not been fully assessed. We simulated landscape change from 2010 to 2050 under five scenarios of woody biomass production for wood pellets and liquid biofuels in North Carolina, in the southeastern United States, a region that is a substantial producer of wood biomass for bioenergy and contains high biodiversity. Modeled scenarios varied biomass feedstocks, incorporating harvest of ‘conventional’ forests, which include naturally regenerating as well as planted forests that exist on the landscape even without bioenergy production, as well as purpose‐grown woody crops grown on marginal lands. Results reveal trade‐offs among scenarios in terms of overall forest area and the characteristics of the remaining forest in 2050. Meeting demand for biomass from conventional forests resulted in more total forest land compared with a baseline, business‐as‐usual scenario. However, the remaining forest was composed of more intensively managed forest and less of the bottomland hardwood and longleaf pine habitats that support biodiversity. Converting marginal forest to purpose‐grown crops reduced forest area, but the remaining forest contained more of the critical habitats for biodiversity. Conversion of marginal agricultural lands to purpose‐grown crops resulted in smaller differences from the baseline scenario in terms of forest area and the characteristics of remaining forest habitats. Each scenario affected the dominant type of land‐use change in some regions, especially in the coastal plain that harbors high levels of biodiversity. Our results demonstrate the complex landscape effects of alternative bioenergy scenarios, highlight that the regions most likely to be affected by bioenergy production are also critical for biodiversity, and point to the challenges associated with evaluating bioenergy sustainability.  相似文献   

14.
The study of forest landscape change requires an understanding of the complex interactions of both spatial and temporal factors. Traditionally, forest gap models have been used to simulate change on small and independent plots. While gap models are useful in examining forest ecological dynamics across temporal scales, large, spatial processes, such as seed dispersal, cannot be realistically simulated across large landscapes. To simulate seed dispersal, spatially explicit landscape models that track individual species distribution are needed. We used such a model, LANDIS, to illustrate the implications of seed dispersal for simulating forest landscape change. On an artificial open landscape with a uniform environment, circular-shaped tree species establishment patterns resulted from the simulations, with areas near seed sources more densely covered than areas further from seed sources. Because LANDIS simulates at 10-y time steps, this pattern reflects an integration of various possible dispersal shapes and establishment that are caused by the annual variations in climate and other environmental variables. On real landscapes, these patterns driven only by species dispersal radii are obscured by other factors, such as species competition, disturbance, and landscape structure. To further demonstrate the effects of seed dispersal, we chose a fairly disturbed and fragmented forest landscape (approximately 500,000 ha) in northern Wisconsin. We compared the simulation results of a map with tree species (seed source locations) realistically parameterized (the real scenario) against a randomly parameterized species map (the random scenario). Differences in the initial seed source distribution lead to different simulation results of species abundance with species abundance starting at identical levels under the two scenarios. This is particularly true for the first half of the model run (0–250 y). Under the random scenario, infrequently occurring and shade tolerant species tend to be overestimated, while midabundant and midshade tolerant species tend to be underestimated. The over- and underestimation of species abundance diminish when examining long-term (500 y) landscape dynamics, because stochastic factors, such as fire, tend to make the landscapes under both scenarios converge. However, differences in spatial patterns, and especially species age-cohort distributions, can persist under the two scenarios for several hundred years. Received 24 November 1998; accepted 17 March 1999.  相似文献   

15.
Domestic and foreign renewable energy targets and financial incentives have increased demand for woody biomass and bioenergy in the southeastern United States. This demand is expected to be met through purpose‐grown agricultural bioenergy crops, short‐rotation tree plantations, thinning and harvest of planted and natural forests, and forest harvest residues. With results from a forest economics model, spatially explicit state‐and‐transition simulation models, and species–habitat models, we projected change in habitat amount for 16 wildlife species caused by meeting a renewable fuel target and expected demand for wood pellets in North Carolina, USA. We projected changes over 40 years under a baseline ‘business‐as‐usual’ scenario without bioenergy production and five scenarios with unique feedstock portfolios. Bioenergy demand had potential to influence trends in habitat availability for some species in our study area. We found variation in impacts among species, and no scenario was the ‘best’ or ‘worst’ across all species. Our models projected that shrub‐associated species would gain habitat under some scenarios because of increases in the amount of regenerating forests on the landscape, while species restricted to mature forests would lose habitat. Some forest species could also lose habitat from the conversion of forests on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks. The conversion of agricultural lands on marginal soils to purpose‐grown feedstocks increased habitat losses for one species with strong associations with pasture, which is being lost to urbanization in our study region. Our results indicate that landscape‐scale impacts on wildlife habitat will vary among species and depend upon the bioenergy feedstock portfolio. Therefore, decisions about bioenergy and wildlife will likely involve trade‐offs among wildlife species, and the choice of focal species is likely to affect the results of landscape‐scale assessments. We offer general principals to consider when crafting lists of focal species for bioenergy impact assessments at the landscape scale.  相似文献   

16.
呼中林区森林景观的历史变域模拟及评价   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在大兴安岭地区呼中区,将物种的年龄和分布信息进行随机化处理后,应用空间直观景观模型LANDIS对森林景观进行长时间(2500a)模拟,取物种演替稳定时间段作为模拟历史变域的数据来源.分别在景观水平和年龄类型水平上利用景观指数空间分析、主成分分析和核密度估计方法分析景观格局历史变域的模拟结果,并在二维空间坐标内,将研究区1990年、2000年森林景观特征与之比较.结果表明,各树种面积比例在模拟900a后都达到稳定状态,可作为无干扰条件下森林景观特征的历史变域;由于长期采伐,研究区1990年景观的斑块面积和破碎化程度都偏离了该历史变域,其中,过熟林偏离最明显,其斑块面积远小于历史变域,破碎化程度非常严重;虽然1990年后的采伐管理方案比之前的更为合理,但2000年的森林景观仍旧继续偏离历史变域.  相似文献   

17.
不同针阔树种造林比例下小兴安岭森林景观的动态模拟   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用空间直观森林景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了不同针、阔树种造林比例(P1,100%阔叶树;P2,70%阔叶树、30%针叶树;P3,50%阔叶树、50%针叶树;P4,30%阔叶树、70%针叶树;P5,100%针叶树)和采伐后完全依赖天然更新(P6)6种预案下2001—2201年小兴安岭友好林业局森林景观的动态变化.结果表明:人工更新造林措施可以有效地促进研究区森林资源的恢复,但单一营造针叶树的预案会使其阔叶树的面积百分比低于P6预案,而单一地营造阔叶树会导致该预案下针叶树的面积百分比低于P6预案;随着针叶树种造林比例的增加,针叶树(红松和落叶松)所占面积比例随之增加;随着阔叶树种造林比例的增加,阔叶树(蒙古栎)所占面积亦随之增加;人工更新造林措施减少了研究区白桦的分布面积.不同的造林措施不仅改变树种所占的面积百分比,还影响其空间格局:随着针叶树种造林比例的增加,针叶树(红松和落叶松)的聚集度指数随之增加;随着阔叶树种造林比例的增加,阔叶树(蒙古栎)的聚集度指数随之增加;人工更新造林措施对白桦的聚集度指数无明显影响.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号