微生物染料脱色研究进展*

近年来,利用微生物对各种染料及染料废水脱色的研究报道很多,包括细菌、真菌等,脱色机制包括吸附脱色和降解脱色。综述了国内外有关这两大类微生物脱色研究的最新进展,对各种脱色机制在实际染料废水处理中的应用现状和研究方向进行了讨论。     

微生物对偶氮染料的脱色及其基因工程研究进展

偶氮染料广泛应用在纺织印染、造纸印刷等行业中。染料废水的排放将会导致严重的环境污染,使用微生物处理染料废水是解决此问题的有效方法。该文概述了微生物对偶氮染料的脱色的研究,包括细菌对偶氮染料的脱色,真菌对偶氮染料的脱色,脱色产生的芳香胺并进一步被降解,以及基因工程技术在微生物对偶氮染料脱色的研究进展。     

微生物染料脱色技术研究与应用

系统综述了近年来利用细菌、真菌、基因工程菌以及混合菌群对染料脱色的最新研究进展，对各类微生物的脱色机制、技术研发现状以及在染料废水处理领域的应用前景和研究方向进行了讨论。     

茅草菇菌丝球对铬黑T的脱色降解性能及毒性评价

【目的】利用真菌茅草菇菌丝球对染料铬黑T (EBT)进行脱色和降解,探究在不同环境条件下对染料脱色性能的影响及作用机制。【方法】采用单因素分析探究真菌的最佳脱色能力,分光光度法测定真菌酶活,小麦种子萌发、大肠杆菌接触抑制试验及秀丽隐杆线虫毒性试验测定脱色前后废水的毒性。【结果】茅草菇菌丝球受摇床温度和转速影响较小,在pH 5、28℃、120 r/min下,400 mg/L的EBT溶液脱色率为97.14%。研究表明,茅草菇菌丝球在脱色过程中主要分泌3种木质素酶,即木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶,其最大酶活分别为(134.15±9.93)、(64.1±2.98)和(12.43±0.34) U/L。推断了染料降解的潜在路径,证实EBT的去除是通过生物吸附与降解的协同作用实现的。最后对脱色后的染料废水进行了多级毒性评价,包括植物毒性、微生物毒性和动物毒性,结果表明,脱色后的染料废水毒性显著降低。【结论】该研究对探讨生物法处理工业染料废水具有重要参考价值。     

微生物对三苯基甲烷类染料脱色的研究进展

三苯基甲烷染料广泛应用于纺织印染、医药、生物染色、造纸、皮革、食品及化妆品等领域, 常见的有作为抗菌剂的孔雀石绿和结晶紫等。由于其特殊的化学结构, 在环境中较稳定且难以降解脱色, 因此其生物脱色降解的研究可为印染废水处理和染料污染环境的生物修复提供理论依据。本文从细菌、放线菌、真菌及藻类等微生物对三苯基甲烷类染料降解脱色研究新进展做综述。通过分析不同微生物脱色三苯基甲烷类染料的中间产物来探讨其降解机理和降解途径, 同时论及功能酶的分离纯化、酶学特性及其编码基因的克隆表达新进展, 并分别从基础理论和应用两方面对微生物降解三苯基甲烷类染料未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

撕裂蜡孔菌在开放体系中对甲基橙染料的静态脱色研究

为了评价撕裂蜡孔菌处理偶氮染料的应用潜力,用性能稳定的甲基橙染料为材料,采用批次试验在开放性体系中研究了染料初始浓度、菌丝生物量、温度、p H等因素对该菌脱色能力的影响,运用菌丝体反接、染液光谱扫描、菌丝体显微观察等方法探讨了菌丝体脱色的可能机制,利用植物萌发试验进行了染料和脱色后溶液的毒性测试。结果表明,撕裂蜡孔菌在开放的静止体系中能够对甲基橙高效脱色,其最适脱色温度为35℃,最佳脱色p H值在6左右。菌丝对甲基橙的脱色表现在吸附和产酶降解两个方面,脱色过程中染料对菌丝体本身的影响较少。植物毒性分析显示撕裂蜡孔菌脱色48h后的产物对植物的毒性比甲基橙本身更强,若要彻底降解可能需要较长时间。本研究可为染料脱色工艺提供新的菌种。     

脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌

近年来,随着印染与染料工业的发展,染料的数量和品种不断增多,由染料废水造成的污染呈增加的趋势,开发环境友好、高效、快速、低成本的染料废水处理方法是当前研究的热点。国内外常用的偶氮染料废水处理的方法可以分为物理法、化学法和生物法。传统的物化法虽然效果好,但较高的成本以及严重的二次污染,限制了其在实际中的应用,生物法以廉价、高效与环境友好等优势而广为应用。目前利用微生物处理偶氮染料废水的应用和研究居于首位,许多研究者致力于高效脱色偶氮染料微生物的筛选、分离和驯化[1-2]。本刊2014年第12期刊登了解井坤、花莉等的文章《脱水污泥中脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的驯化分离》[3]。作者以脱水污泥作为脱色偶氮染料功能菌群的新来源,经驯化分离获得降解混合偶氮染料的高效降解菌株若干,菌株所制备干粉也可在无外源碳源的条件下完全脱色金橙I,研究表明脱水污泥是耐胁迫工程菌株的理想种质来源。近年来该研究团队利用研究所得菌株,对脱水污泥处理不同偶氮染料废水的微生物群落结构进行了基于分子生物学的分析,得到了偶氮染料结构和功能群落结构组成的信息,研究结果表明偶氮染料结构同降解菌群落组成有对应关系,不同偶氮染料驯化下的混合微生物更倾向于形成以优势种群为主的特定微生物群落结构,而群落多样性在偶氮染料的脱色作用中不是主要因素[4];基于脱污污泥中分离得到的偶氮染料脱色菌种构建的聚氨酯泡沫固定化微生物体系,能够快速、反复用于偶氮染料废水的脱色[5]。由于实际偶氮染料废水的成分十分复杂,针对不同的偶氮染料废水构建特定的高效脱色微生物群落结构在实际中的应用有待进一步探究;其次本研究在固定化微生物的脱色过程中,采用的是较小的反应器,对于反应器放大后的脱色效果也需要进一步的研究。进行了脱色偶氮染料废水的微生物燃料电池体系的搭建和运行,证明分离株能够有效进行胞外电子传递,在脱色偶氮染料的同时实现产能资源化,同时说明脱水污泥也可作为保外电子呼吸菌的种质来源[6-7];在MFC同步脱色产电性能的研究中,虽然MFC加速了偶氮染料的脱色,但是其产电水平整体偏低,达不到有效利用水平,所以如何进一步提升产电能力从而到达有效利用水平也是亟待解决的问题。     

混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解条件研究

目的:探讨混合培养体系对染料的脱色和降解的条件,为实际应用奠定一定基础.方法:利用4株细菌和4株丝状真菌组建了一真菌细菌混合物培养体系,考察了该混合培养体系对各单一依染料的脱色与降解情况,初步研究了其对混合染料脱色与降解的工艺条件,包括接种比例、处理时间、氧气供应、接种顺序等.结果:真菌与细菌同时接种,且接种比例为2:1,振荡培养到3h就达到很高的脱色率和降解率,12h时脱色率和降解率分别达到98.36%和89.89%;而且该混合培养体系对高浓度染料有较强的耐受性,在染料浓度高达320 mg/L时,脱色率和降解率仍高达97.03%和74.03%.结论:得到了该混合培养体系对染料脱色和降解的最佳工艺条件.     

白腐真菌对染料废水脱色及降解的研究

染料废水是最难处理的工业废水之一,近年来许多学者就白腐真菌对染料废水的脱色进行了广泛的研究,系统介绍了白腐真菌对染料脱色和降解作用的研究进展,脱色机理及其影响因素,旨在为以后真菌对染料废水的脱色及降解提供参考和依据。     

粗毛栓菌菌丝球非灭菌条件下对12种染料的脱色研究

以新型白腐真菌——粗毛栓菌Trametes gallica为材料,研究了优化后的该菌菌丝球在非灭菌条件下对直接染料、中性染料、三苯甲烷类染料以及蒽醌类染料共12种染料的脱色能力、脱色机制,以及pH、温度、染料初始浓度等参数对该菌菌丝球脱色效果的影响。结果表明,优化条件下制备的粗毛栓菌菌丝球脱色活力良好,4℃下保存20d后仍保持有原脱色活力的95%;活菌丝球比死菌丝球对染料具有更强的耐受性和更好的脱色效果;非灭菌条件下活菌丝球对12种染料的适宜脱色条件为pH3.0–5.0、25℃、染料浓度为50mg/L、处理36–60h,该条件下粗毛栓菌菌丝球在60h内脱色率均在55%以上,其中粗毛栓菌菌丝球对亚甲基蓝脱色率最高可达到96.40%。紫外可见光谱分析和显微观察结果表明,48h内粗毛栓菌菌丝球在非灭菌条件下对12种染料的脱色是由吸附引起,无二次污染物的产生。粗毛栓菌的这些优良特性显示了其在工业染料废水处理中的广阔应用前景。     

Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review

In recent years, there has been an intensive research on fungal decolorization of dye wastewater. It is becoming a promising alternative to replace or supplement present treatment processes. This paper examines various fungi, living or dead cells, which are capable of decolorizing dye wastewaters; discusses various mechanisms involved; reports some elution and regeneration methods for fungal biomass; summarizes the present pretreatment methods for increasing the biosorption capacity of fungal biomass; discusses the effect of various factors on decolorization.     

Evidence on manganese peroxidase and tyrosinase expression during decolorization of textile industry dyes by Trichosporon akiyoshidainum

Textile dyes are engineered to be resistant to environmental conditions. During recent years the treatment of textile dye effluents has been the focus of significant research because of the potentially low cost of the process. Mechanisms of biological textile dye decolorization depend greatly on the chemical structure of the dye and the microorganisms used. While basidiomycetous filamentous fungi are well recognized for dye decolorization through ligninolytic enzymes, reports on textile dye decolorization mechanisms of basidiomycetous yeasts have been scarce. Decolorization of several textile dyes by Trichosporon akiyoshidainum occurs during the first 12 h of cultivation. This fast decolorization process could not be solely related to siderophore production or dye sorption to biomass; it was shown to be a co-metabolic process. T. akiyoshidainum could use glucose, sucrose, and maltose as alternative carbon sources, and urea as an alternative nitrogen source with similar decolorization rates. The activity of two enzymes, manganese peroxidase and tyrosinase, were induced by the presence of dyes in the culture media, pointing to their potential role during the decolorization process. Manganese peroxidase titers reached 666 U l⁻¹ to 10538 U l⁻¹, while tyrosinase titers ranged between 84 U l⁻¹ and 786 U l⁻¹, depending on the dye tested. The present work provides a useful background to propose new eco-friendly alternatives for wastewater treatment in textile dying industries.     

白囊耙齿菌对茜素红脱色条件优化及其毒性变化检测

白囊耙齿菌Irpex lacteus是分离自倒木上的一株可以分泌漆酶和锰过氧化物酶的白腐真菌。利用I. lacteus对固体条件下的活性黑、活性红、结晶紫、茜素红和孔雀石绿进行脱色能力的检测,通过单因素和正交试验优化I. lacteus对茜素红的脱色条件,并以3种作物发芽率为指标测定茜素红被I. lacteus脱色前后的毒性变化。结果显示,I. lacteus对5种染料均可脱色,其中对茜素红染料的脱色更为彻底;单因素和正交试验优化I. lacteus对茜素红的脱色条件为：pH 7.0、葡萄糖10.0g/L、硫酸铵0.66g/L、接种量2片（Φ=8.0mm）、100.0mL三角瓶装液20.0mL,优化条件下I. lacteus对茜素红脱色10d时的脱色率为88.26%,与未优化前的脱色率相比提高了60.50%;茜素红染料被I. lacteus脱色前后毒性大小排序为：染料原液>染料脱色后>PDB培养基处理,表明茜素红染料存在一定的毒性,I. lacteus脱色茜素红后可以使其毒性减弱。通过本研究,为I. lacteus在茜素红等染料废水脱色以及降低染料废水毒性方面的应用奠定基础。     

开放条件下烟管菌XX-2对孔雀石绿染料的高效降解

[目的]评价白腐真菌Bjerkandera adusta XX-2处理孔雀石绿染料废水的能力,为其在染料废水中的应用提供参考依据.[方法]采用批次实验在开放条件下研究通气、pH、温度、染料初始浓度、培养时间、碳源、氮源、金属离子、盐度等因子对该菌降解孔雀石绿的影响.同时利用植物萌发、微生物抑菌和水生动物致死实验对降解产物进行毒性测试.[结果]B.adusta XX-2菌株在开放的非灭菌条件下也能高效降解孔雀石绿.例如,在初始浓度为120 mg/L且以孔雀石绿为唯一营养源的条件下降解率也能达到60％.静置培养和摇动培养呈现出几乎相同的降解率,这可以为技术应用节约动力成本.最适降解pH与温度分别为7.0和25℃.在上述参数体系的优化基础上,分别进行了碳源、氮源与金属离子的添加优化实验,结果显示低浓度的碳源(如柠檬酸钠)、氮源(如氯化铵)和金属离子(如Zn2+)均可大大提高B.adusta XX-2对孔雀石绿的脱色效率.同时B.adusta XX-2的降解也能在很高的盐浓度下进行.毒性测试表明降解后的染料对植物、微生物、水生生物的毒性大大减少.[结论]B.adusta XX-2菌株在处理染料废水方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

Isolation and characterization of a Klebsiella oxytoca strain for simultaneous azo-dye anaerobic reduction and bio-hydrogen production

A facultative anaerobic bacteria strain GS-4-08, isolated from an anaerobic sequence batch reactor for synthetic dye wastewater treatment, was investigated for azo-dye decolorization. This bacterium was identified as a member of Klebsiella oxytoca based on Gram staining, morphology characterization and 16S rRNA gene analysis. It exhibited a good capacity of simultaneous decolorization and hydrogen production in the presence of electron donor. The hydrogen production was less affected even at a high Methyl Orange (MO) concentration of 0.5 mM, indicating a superior tolerability of this strain to MO. This efficient bio-hydrogen production from electron donor can not only avoid bacterial inhibition due to accumulation of volatile fatty acids during MO decolorization, but also can recover considerable energy from dye wastewater.     

The new incorporation bio-treatment technology of bromoamine acid and azo dyes wastewaters under high-salt conditions

The accelerating effect of quinones has been studied in the bio-decolorization processes, but there are no literatures about the incorporation bio-treatment technology of the bromoamine acid (BA) wastewater and azo dyes wastewaters under high-salt conditions (NaCl, 15%, w/w). Here we described the BA wastewater as a redox mediator in the bio-decolorization of azo dye wastewaters. Decolorization of azo dyes was carried out experimentally using the salt-tolerant bacteria under the BA wastewater and high-salt conditions. The BA wastewater used as a redox mediator was able to increase the decolorization rate of wastewater containing azo dyes. The effects of various operating conditions such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH on microbial decolorization were investigated experimentally. At the same time, BA was tested to assess the effects on the change of the Oxidation–Reduction Potential (ORP) values during the decolorization processes. The experiments explored a great improvement of the redox mediator application and the new bio-treatment concept.     

Microbial decolorization and degradation of synthetic dyes: a review

The synthesis of dyes and pigments used in textiles and other industries generate the hazardous wastes. A dye is used to impart color to materials of which it becomes an integral part. The waste generated during the process and operation of the dyes commonly found to contain the inorganic and organic contaminant leading to the hazard to ecosystem and biodiversity causing impact on the environment. The amount of azo dyes concentration present in wastewater varied from lower to higher concentration that lead to color dye effluent causing toxicity to biological ecosystem. The physico-chemical treatment does not remove the color and dye compound concentration. The decolorization of the dye takes place either by adsorption on the microbial biomass or biodegradation by the cells. Bioremediation takes place by anaerobic and/or aerobic process. The anaerobic process converts dye in toxic amino compounds which on further treatment with aerobic reaction convert the intermediate into CO₂ biomass and inorganics. In the present review the decolorization and degradation of azo dyes by fungi, algae, yeast and bacteria have been cited along with the anaerobic to aerobic treatment processes. The factors affecting decolorization and biodegradation of azo dye compounds such as pH, temperature, dye concentration, effects of CO₂ and Nitrogen, agitation, effect of dye structure, electron donor and enzymes involved in microbial decolorization of azo dyes have been discussed. This paper will have the application for the decolorization and degradation of azo dye compound into environmental friendly compounds.     

一株新型苯胺蓝降解菌MP-13的代谢特征

[背景]三苯甲烷类染料的广泛使用对我国生态环境构成了极大危害,亟待开发一种经济、高效和环境友好型的染料废水处理技术。目前,利用微生物处理染料废水被认为是一种环境友好型的方法。[目的]通过解析菌株MP-13对苯胺蓝的降解特性,为该菌株在染料废水治理中的应用提供核心理论与技术依据。[方法]从食木白蚁肠道中筛选一株苯胺蓝脱色菌,对其进行16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,确定其基本生物学特征,然后通过FTIR、GC/MS等分析手段解析该菌对苯胺蓝的降解特征。[结果]菌株MP-13经鉴定为土白蚁特拉布尔希氏菌(Trabulsiella odontotermitis),该菌对苯胺蓝降解的最适温度、pH和转速分别为35℃、8.0和180 r/min,苯胺蓝浓度为200 mg/L时最大脱色率可达97.3%,且对苯胺蓝的耐受浓度可达1 500 mg/L。此外,FTIR和GC/MS的结果表明苯胺蓝被降解为小分子芳香族化合物。[结论]Trabulsiella odontotemitis MP-13对苯胺蓝有较强降解能力和较高耐受性,可作为染料废水生物修复的潜在菌株资源。     

Autocatalysis in Reactive Black 5 biodecolorization by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodopseudomonas palustris</Emphasis> W1

Autocatalysis in biological decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by Rhodopseudomonas palustris W1 was investigated in batch assays. An improvement of 1.5-fold in decolorization rate of RB5 was obtained by supplementing decolorization metabolites from 200 mg l(-1) RB5. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetric analysis revealed that the constituent of dye precursors, from azo bonds breakage, with quinone-like structure and reversible oxidation-reduction activity can be used as redox mediators and was responsible for the catalytic reduction of RB5. The required amount of metabolites for catalytic decolorization was quite small, indicating its possible application in real textile wastewater treatment. Furthermore, decolorization metabolites of RB5 were shown as effective in catalyzing anaerobic decolorization of Direct Yellow 11, an azo dye without autocatalyic activity.