64份淮山种质资源品质性状分析

对64份淮山种质资源品质性状进行了分析,结果表明:铁、氨基酸、总皂甙、锌含量的变异系数较大,分别为66.2%、59.9%、44.09%、42.77%;3种类型的淮山种质资源,其淀粉含量差异较大,褐苞薯蓣(23.52%)参薯(20.48%)薯蓣(12.93%);因子分析结果显示,淀粉和蛋白质含量累计贡献率达66.786%,可用这2个主成分较好地代替6个品质特性来评价与评判淮山品质;相关性分析表明,淀粉含量与总皂甙含量呈显著正相关,蛋白质含量与总皂甙含量呈极显著正相关,淀粉、蛋白质含量这2个主成分与总皂甙含量之间存在相互促进的效用;聚类分析表明,整个淮山资源可分为3大类,分别为高淀粉型、低淀粉型、高铁型。淮山种质资源品质性状分析,可为日后进行淮山种质资源的创新利用、新品种的选育提供可靠的依据。     

我国北方冬小麦主要推广品种品质性状研究

在河北保定生态条件下,研究了京、冀,鲁,豫等北方小麦主产省份近年来育成的15个小麦推广品种的16种品质性状和产量表现。结果表明;这些品种可分为2大类,第1类为优质型品种,加工品质表现较好,其中豫麦34表现既优质又高产,中优9507具有突出的优良品质特性;第2类品种为高产型品种,产量高但品质性状较差,不同性状具有各自的遗传变异特点,仍需要通过各种途径扩大和丰富我国小麦育种材料品质和产量性状的变异性,沉降值作为重要品质性状,遗传力较高,与大多数面粉,面团品质参数显著相关,在育种早代选择中应予重视,基于所有品种的相关分析得出产量与沉降值,粉质仪测定参数存在负相关,但以10个优质品种为材料的分析结果表明,产量与品质性状以及品质必状间的不利相关被打破,使对生产有利的性状得到了协调与结合改良。     

水稻直链淀粉和蛋白质突变系筛选及其与主要农艺性状的关联分析

研究利用重离子辐照杂交籼稻9311创建农艺性状突变体库,使用化学方法筛选直链淀粉、蛋白质突变材料,并分析籽粒品质性状与农艺性状之间的相关性,为后续筛选直链淀粉、蛋白质突变体工作奠定基础。结果显示:在169份直链淀粉、蛋白质突变体中,直链淀粉含量变幅范围是7.64%~32.37%,其中高含量直链淀粉突变体材料有11份,低含量直链淀粉突变体材料有5份;蛋白质含量变幅范围是7.05%~13.79%,其中高蛋白突变体有34份,低蛋白突变体有3份。从169份突变体中筛选出直链淀粉、蛋白质含量都有梯度差异的突变体材料,筛选出材料的农艺性状分析结果表明:在直链淀粉、蛋白质突变体材料的农艺性状中,每穗实粒数、有效穗数、结实率和株高这四个农艺性状与籽粒品质性状间有关联,变异系数分别为37.53%、30.72%、24.70%、15.38%。相关性结果表明:直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量呈负相关,直链淀粉含量与农艺性状呈正相关,蛋白质与农艺性状呈负相关,其中蛋白质含量和每穗实粒数、结实率呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.504、-0.592。     

26个金苦荞品系品质性状与农艺性状的遗传变异分析

金苦荞是近些年创制的苦荞与金荞麦种间杂交形成的双二倍体杂种半多年生新荞麦种类(Fagopyrum tatari-cymosum),为了探讨该荞麦种类的农艺性状和品质性状的遗传规律,以26个高产金苦荞品系为材料,对其品质性状和农艺性状进行了遗传变异研究、相关性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：(1)金苦荞品质性状的变异系数大小表现为醇溶蛋白含量>谷蛋白含量>黄酮含量>总蛋白含量>球蛋白含量>清蛋白含量>淀粉含量。(2)金苦荞农艺性状的变异系数大小表现为主茎分枝数>基部20 cm内节数>主茎粗>籽粒面积>千粒重>主茎节数>株高>籽粒长宽比>籽粒宽>籽粒长>果壳率>籽粒周长>籽粒直径。(3)相关性分析中,黄酮含量与清蛋白含量呈显著正相关;醇溶蛋白含量与主茎节数、基部20 cm内节数、主茎粗呈显著或极显著正相关,与千粒重、籽粒面积、周长、宽、直径呈显著或极显著负相关;淀粉含量与籽粒面积、长、直径呈显著正关系。(4)聚类分析将26个金苦荞品系分为了3个类群,其中类群I属于高淀粉、矮秆、多分枝、低果...     

籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间不同遗传体系的条件遗传相关分析

选用稻米蛋白质含量等品质差异较大的7个籼型不育系(A)及相应的保持系(B)与5个籼型恢复系(R)杂交,组成7×5不完全双列杂交组合。应用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株基因的遗传主效应以及基因型×环境互作效应的数量性状遗传模型及非条件和条件分析方法,研究了籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,进一步揭示了籼稻糙米重、稻米直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间遗传相关性的影响。非条件分析的结果表明,除了与糙米厚的相关性未达到显著水平以外,蛋白质含量与其它稻米外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均达极显著水平,其中与糙米宽间的相关性表现为正值,其余为负向相关。条件分析的结果显示,糙米重和直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均可产生较大的影响。糙米重主要通过基因型×环境互作效应影响蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,其中对蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚间遗传相关性的影响主要表现为负向作用,而对蛋白质含量与糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间遗传相关性的影响则表现为正向作用。稻米直链淀粉主要通过细胞质遗传主效应和母体加性效应影响蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间的遗传相关性,而对蛋白质含量与糙米宽间的相关性影响主要表现为负向作用。     

不同生态环境与播种期下小麦籽粒品质变异规律的研究

选用 6个不同品质类型小麦品种在 4个生态点进行分期播种试验, 系统分析了不同生态环境下小麦籽粒产量与品质的变异特征及其与主要气候生态因子间的关系。结果表明 :生态点、品种以及地点×品种互作对籽粒产量、千粒重、蛋白质、湿面筋和淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值的影响均达到显著水平 ;不同播种期处理对产量与淀粉含量的影响达到极显著水平, 而播种期×品种互作对千粒重、降落值、淀粉含量及沉降值的效应达到显著水平 ;地点×播种期×品种互作仅对产量、湿面筋、淀粉含量与沉降值有显著的影响。在 4个不同生态点中, 南京点的籽粒蛋白质与湿面筋含量最低, 但淀粉含量最高 ;徐州点的产量和千粒重最大 ;泰安点的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量最高, 沉降值最小 ;保定点的产量、千粒重最小, 但沉降值最大。不同播种期处理下, 适播与晚播的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值都显著高于早播, 而早播期的产量和千粒重最大。各小麦品种在不同地点与播种期下产量与品质性状的变异中以降落值的变异系数为最大, 淀粉的变异为最小。开花至成熟期的日均温与淀粉含量呈线性负相关, 与产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量及降落值呈二次曲线相关关系 ;日温差与产量和千粒重呈二次曲线相关关系, 籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量、沉降值及降落值则随昼温差的增加线性递增 ;开花至成熟期降雨量与产量、千粒重都呈现先升后降的二次曲线相关关系, 而与籽粒蛋白质含量和降落值呈现线性负相关关系 ;籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量与降落值随开花至成熟期的累计日照时数呈现线性正相关关系。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)品质性状多样性分析

本文以黄淮麦区 100个小麦品种(系)为材料,对19个蛋白质品质和淀粉品质性状进行了多样性分析.结果表明,100个小麦品种(系)存在丰富的多样性.蛋白质性状的多样性指数(H′)为1.44～2.33,其中蛋白质含量性状(GMP含量、蛋白质含量、干和湿面筋含量)的H′均大于2;变异系数为10.18%～101.13%,其中粉质仪参数的变异系数均在70%以上.淀粉性状的多样性指数为0.86～2.96,其中直链淀粉含量、降落值、稀懈值的H′均大于2;变异系数为4.26%～25.28%,其中降落值、低谷粘度和稀懈值的变异系数超过20%.采用离差平方和聚类法,根据蛋白质性状和淀粉性状将100个品种(系)分别划分为具有不同特点的4个类别,为小麦品质改良提供了参考.     

大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

玉米对生基因转育对主要农艺性状影响的研究

本研究利用对生基因转育获得的对生与互生近等基因系及其杂交组合,分析了对生基因转育对玉米主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明对生自交系的产量性状一般低于互生自交系;对生系的油脂和淀粉含量高于互生系,而在蛋白质、赖氨酸和色氨酸含量上两者差异不明显;对生基因转育对玉米产量和品质性状间的相关性无不良影响。因此,对生基因的转育不影响玉米的产量和品质性状的同步改良。     

播期和种植密度对强、中筋冬小麦蛋白质组分及品质性状的影响

采取裂裂区试验设计,研究了播期和种植密度对强筋小麦临优145和中筋小麦临优2018蛋白质组分和品质性状的影响.结果表明：适期播种的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均最高;推迟播期,强筋品种的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显增加,而中筋品种变化不明显;强筋品种的品质性状受播期影响程度高于中筋品种.适期播种,小麦籽粒蛋白质、麦谷蛋白与湿面筋、沉降值、稳定时间、软化度和评价值呈显著或极显著正相关;推迟播期,醇溶蛋白与湿面筋含量呈显著正相关.播期变化引起的蛋白质各组分所占比例的改变是改善小麦品质性状的重要原因.在试验种植密度范围内（225万株·hm-2、300万株·hm^-2和375万株·hm^-2）,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量变化不明显,密度对强筋品种的品质性状有一定调节作用;在低密度条件下（225万株·hm^-2）中筋品种的品质性状最佳.     

豌豆品质性状近红外模型建立及区域差异分析

探讨了傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术(FT-NIRS)检测豌豆蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪和总多酚含量的可行性。用化学方法测定190份豌豆种质的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪以及总多酚含量,采集其子粒与粉末的近红外光谱,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立两种光谱与成份含量预测模型。豌豆粉末模型结果优于子粒模型,其中蛋白质和淀粉的粉末模型的预测残差(RPD)为5.88、5.82,相关系数r2达到0.99、0.99,具有很好的预测性能。对其中产地信息详细明确的150份豌豆种质的品质性状与产地进行两步聚类分析,明确得到3种类型,其特点分别为:类群1低蛋白质含量,类群2高总多酚含量,类群3高蛋白质、高淀粉和高脂肪含量。进一步分析了豌豆品质性状随播种期、经度、纬度、海拔高度的变化情况。结果表明,近红外光谱技术可对豌豆种质资源的部分品质性状进行快速筛选鉴定,聚类分析结论、地理坐标与播期对豌豆种质主要品质性状的影响规律,都可为收集高品质性状豌豆种质资源提供可靠依据。     

Genetic diversity of bread wheat genotypes in Iran for some nutritional value and baking quality traits

Genetic variation among 78 irrigated bread wheat genotypes was studied for their nutritional value and baking quality traits as well as some agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under normal and terminal drought stress conditions in Kermanshah, Iran during 2012–2013 cropping season. The results of combined ANOVA indicated highly significant genotypic differences for all traits. All studied traits except grain yield, hectoliter weight and grain fiber content were significantly affected by genotype × environment interaction. Drought stress reduced grain yield, thousand kernel weight, gluten index, grain starch content and hectoliter weight and slightly promoted grain protein and fiber contents, falling number, total gluten and ratio of wet gluten to grain protein content. Grain yield by 31.66% and falling number by 9.20% attained the highest decrease and increase due to drought stress. There were negative and significant correlations among grain yield with grain protein and fiber contents under both conditions. Results of cluster analysis showed that newer genotypes had more grain yield and gluten index than older ones, but instead, they had the lower grain protein and fiber contents. It is thought that wheat breeders have bred cultivars with high grain yield, low protein content, and improved bread-making attributes during last seven decades. While older genotypes indicated significantly higher protein contents, and some of them had higher gluten index. We concluded from this study that it is imperative for breeders to pay more attention to improve qualitative traits coordinated to grain yield.     

Inheritance of seed yield and quality traits in peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Summary A half diallel analysis involving nine cultivars showed that additive as well as non-additive gene effects were important for the inheritance of seed yield per plant, 100-seed weights, protein content and potassium per cent. For remaining traits non-additive genetic components were important. Overdominance was observed for all traits except for 100-seed weight, which expressed partial dominance. Parents PMR-T10, EC21857, EC109182, T163 and EC109189 were good general combiners for seed yield, seed weight and quality traits. In general there was a good relationship between per se performance and the gca effects of the parents for all traits. Cross combinations such as LMR8 x EC109182,LMR8 x PMR-T10,LMR8 x EC21857,PMRT10 x EC21857 and P23 x EC21857 were found promising. The seed yield was positively correlated with other quality traits. Protein had a positive correlation with methionine and phosphorus. All the values of correlation co-efficients were non-significant except for yield with potassium, 100-seed weight and protein with methionine, indicating that yield and quality attributes can be improved simultaneously by simple selection procedures.     

Variation in feed quality traits for beef cattle in Steptoe?×?Morex barley population

Barley is a major feed source for livestock in the western regions of North America. Feed quality of beef cattle has been neglected as a selection criterion because of lack of understanding of the feed characteristics that could be responsive to selection and would improve feedlot performance. A Steptoe × Morex population was planted in irrigated and rain-fed environments, and collected data were used to evaluate the genetic variation in dry matter and starch digestibilities, acid detergent fiber, protein and starch contents, and to map quantitative trait loci controlling the variation in these traits. Transgressive genotypes indicate the wide genetic variation of these traits. High heritability estimates for these traits suggest that early selection for these traits during breeding would be achievable. A total of 32 main effect QTL and five epistatic QTL were identified which conditioned feed traits on different barley chromosomes. QTL for acid detergent fiber and starch contents overlapped on chromosome 6H at the Nar7 locus. Tight negative correlation between the two traits suggest the usability of Nar7 as anchor marker in marker-assisted selection programs to develop barley with low acid detergent fiber and high starch content.     

Statistical epistasis between candidate gene alleles for complex tuber traits in an association mapping population of tetraploid potato

Association mapping using DNA-based markers is a novel tool in plant genetics for the analysis of complex traits. Potato tuber yield, starch content, starch yield and chip color are complex traits of agronomic relevance, for which carbohydrate metabolism plays an important role. At the functional level, the genes and biochemical pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism are among the best studied in plants. Quantitative traits such as tuber starch and sugar content are therefore models for association genetics in potato based on candidate genes. In an association mapping experiment conducted with a population of 243 tetraploid potato varieties and breeding clones, we previously identified associations between individual candidate gene alleles and tuber starch content, starch yield and chip quality. In the present paper, we tested 190 DNA markers at 36 loci scored in the same association mapping population for pairwise statistical epistatic interactions. Fifty marker pairs were associated mainly with tuber starch content and/or starch yield, at a cut-off value of q ≤ 0.20 for the experiment-wide false discovery rate (FDR). Thirteen marker pairs had an FDR of q ≤ 0.10. Alleles at loci encoding ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase (Rca), sucrose phosphate synthase (Sps) and vacuolar invertase (Pain1) were most frequently involved in statistical epistatic interactions. The largest effect on tuber starch content and starch yield was observed for the paired alleles Pain1-8c and Rca-1a, explaining 9 and 10% of the total variance, respectively. The combination of these two alleles increased the means of tuber starch content and starch yield. Biological models to explain the observed statistical epistatic interactions are discussed.     

子莲新品种‘武植子莲1号’和‘武植子莲2号’产量与营养品质分析

对子莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.）新品种‘武植子莲1号’和‘武植子莲2号’与其他12个主栽子莲品种的莲子产量和品质性状进行分析,并通过隶属函数分析法对他们的营养品质性状进行综合评价。结果显示：不同子莲品种的产量和营养品质性状差异显著,同一品种在不同发育时期莲子的可溶性糖和淀粉含量等营养指标差异较大;鲜莲子的可溶性糖含量显著高于成熟莲子,而蛋白质和淀粉含量显著低于成熟莲子。与12个主栽子莲品种相比,‘武植子莲1号’在产量上较为突出,成熟莲子的淀粉含量达52.15%,是生产天然淀粉的优良品种;‘武植子莲2号’鲜莲子的直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量低,可溶性糖含量达23.43%,适合鲜食。隶属函数分析结果表明,‘武植子莲1号’和‘武植子莲2号’的综合营养品质较好,具有很高的应用价值。     

Correlation studies on yield and fibre traits in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Summary Two diverse parents of upland cotton namely J.34 and I.C. 1926 were crossed. A comparison between biparental intermated progenies and F₃ families indicated alteration of correlation coefficient between yield and halo length. The significant negative correlation in F₃ population between these two attributes changed to a positive but non significant one in biparental intermated progenies. A change in correlation coefficients was expected due to breakage of linkage upon intermating. An increase in the correlation coefficients could also be expected when linkages are predominantly in the repulsion phase. It is suggested that intermating in early generations coupled with selection of desirable segregants may prove a useful method for improving yield and quality simultaneously. The diallel selective mating system may also supplement intermating to improve yield and quality in cotton.Part of Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Haryana Agricultural University. Hissar-125004, India     

Morpho-physiological and molecular characterization of drought tolerance traits in Gossypium hirsutum genotypes under drought stress

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting lint yield and fibre quality in cotton. With increase in population, degrading natural resources and frequent drought occurrences, development of high yielding, drought tolerant cotton cultivars is critical for sustainable cotton production across countries. Six Gossypium hirsutum genotypes identified for drought tolerance, wider adaptability and better fibre quality traits were characterized for various morpho-physiological and biochemical characters and their molecular basis was investigated under drought stress. Under drought conditions, genotypes revealed statistically significant differences for all the morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. The interaction (genotype × treatment) effects were highly significant for root length, excised leaf water loss and cell membrane thermostability indicating differential interaction of genotypes under control and stress conditions. Correlation studies revealed that under drought stress, relative water content had significant positive correlation with root length and root-to-shoot ratio while it had significant negative correlation with excised leaf water loss, epicuticular wax, proline, potassium and total soluble sugar content. Analysis of expression of fourteen drought stress related genes under water stress indicated that both ABA dependent and ABA independent mechanisms of drought tolerance might be operating differentially in the studied genotypes. IC325280 and LRA5166 exhibited ABA mediated expression of stress responsive genes and traits. Molecular basis of drought tolerance in IC357406, Suraj, IC259637 and CNH 28I genotypes could be attributed to ABA independent pathway. Based on physiological phenotyping, the genotypes IC325280 and IC357406 were identified to possess better root traits and LRA5166 was found to have enhanced cellular level tolerance. Variety Suraj exhibited good osmotic adjustment and better root traits to withstand water stress. The identified drought component trait(s) in specific genotypes would pave way for their pyramiding through marker assisted cotton breeding.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12298-020-00890-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

苦荞重组自交系群体籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状分析

为揭示影响苦荞籽粒黄酮含量的主要因素,获得高黄酮含量的苦荞种质,该文以“小米荞×晋荞2号”重组自交系(RILs)群体为材料,采用酶标仪检测籽粒黄酮含量,调查了百粒重、籽粒长宽比、株高、分枝数及籽粒产量等性状的变异,并探究籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状之间的相关关系,比较了不同粒色、不同粒型苦荞株系的籽粒黄酮含量的差异,基于聚类分析筛选了高黄酮含量和高产优异株系。结果表明:(1)父本‘晋荞2号’的籽粒黄酮含量、籽粒产量、百粒重和籽粒长宽比均极显著高于母本‘小米荞’;RILs群体中籽粒黄酮含量的范围是1.34%~3.05%,变异系数为12.23%;产量性状的变异系数范围在9.38%~25.17%,其中籽粒产量最大,百粒重次之,籽粒长宽比最小;籽粒黄酮含量和产量性状呈现连续地近似正态分布,并存在明显的双向超亲现象。(2)苦荞籽粒黄酮含量与产量性状均不存在显著相关性;籽粒产量与百粒重、株高存在极显著正相关。(3)不同粒色和不同果壳类型的株系间籽粒黄酮含量差异不显著。(4)在欧式距离为17.6~20.6处,219个株系可聚为6类,其中C3类群和C6类群籽粒黄酮含量最高,均值分别为2.39%和2.35%,C2类群在籽粒产量、株高、分枝数、百粒重、籽粒长宽比等方面表现良好。