人血小板生成素氨基端功能区cDNA的克隆及其定点突变

以Nested－PCR方法从人肝cDNA基因文库中扩增出编码人血小板生成素（hTPO）前153个氨基酸的氨基端功能区cDNA;在扩增中,采用非连续多核甘酸定点突变的方法．将翻译起始的七个氨基酸的原核中不常用的密码子同又突变成使用频率较高的密码子,以便于其在大肠杆菌中表达。序列测定证实了预期的结果。     

L—乳酸脱氢酶基因克隆及功能分析

构建了一株产D,L-乳酸的乳杆菌(Lactobaeillus sp．)MD—1的基因库。利用乳酸脱氢酶和丙酮酸裂解酶缺陷的Escherichia coli FMJ144作为宿主,通过互补筛选分离克隆到乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhL)。核酸序列分析表明,该基因以ATG为起始密码子编码316个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,预测的分子量为33．84kD;5′端存在典型的启动子结构,3′端的终止子是不依赖于ρ因子的转录终止子。ldhL编码的蛋白质有3个保守区域,其中Gly13～Asp50保守区域是NADH的结合位点,Asp73～Ile100和Asn123～Arg154保守区是酶的活性部位。该ldhL和其他乳杆菌的ldhL基因和编码的氨基酸序列相似性较低,核苷酸序列相似性最高仅为64．1％,氨基酸序列相似性最高仅为68．9％,是新的L—乳酸脱氢酶基因。     

密码子中的密码:密码子偏好性与基因表达的精细调控

同义突变由于不改变编码蛋白质的氨基酸序列,常被认为是"沉默"突变.实际上,同义密码子的选择在进化尺度上是受到限制的,从而致使同义密码子的使用频率存在差异,称为密码子偏好性.密码子偏好性在转录、转录后加工、mRNA稳定性、翻译起始、延伸、蛋白折叠等方面都起着精细调节的作用.因此,同义突变在很多情况下可导致癌症等各类疾病的发生.本综述在分子机制层面简述了近年来关于密码子偏好性对翻译和转录过程调节作用的进展,以及对于基础研究及医学方面的意义.     

拟密码子适应指数方法的设计及应用

密码子适应指数(codon adaptation index,CAI)测量的是生物体内某个基因所用密码子与高表达基因所用密码子的相符合程度,是反映密码子偏好性的一个重要指标。文章根据拟氨基酸编码方法首次提出拟密码子适应指数(quasi-codon adaptation index,Q-CAI)。首先,通过氨基酸编码方法,得到密码子使用具有偏好性,并运用MATLAB分析其碱基组成,发现醋酸菌、大肠杆菌和双歧杆菌的密码子偏好使用c/g结尾,GC整体含量也比较高。随后,利用CAI模型方法进一步证明密码子具有偏好性。最后,利用文中提出的Q-CAI方法,得到醋酸菌、大肠杆菌和酵母菌所有序列的Q-CAI运算结果,发现它们都比CAI运算结果数值更高、更明显,而且双歧杆菌、枯草杆菌和链球菌的Q-CAI运算结果也普遍比CAI运算结果数值高,说明Q-CAI方法能更有效地评价密码子偏好性。文中所使用的6个单细胞物种的90条序列是从NCBI中下载,分析结果说明了Q-CAI方法比CAI方法更具有优越性,是衡量密码子偏好性的有效方法,对研究物种的基因突变有重要参考意义。     

E.coli核糖体蛋白质S12依赖链霉素突变抑制λN基因表达的分子机制

本文利用ＰＣＲ方法克隆了Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＴ８３依赖链霉素（ｓｔｅｒｐｔｏｍｙｅｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ,Ｓｍ＾ｄ）菌株中编码突变的核糖体蛋白质Ｓ１２的ｒｐｓＬ＾ｄ基因,并进行了ＤＮＡ序列分析,发现第４２位密码子由编码赖氨酸（Ｌｙｓ,Ｋ）的ＡＡＡ变为编码谷氨酰胺（Ｇｌｎ,Ｑ）的ＣＡＡ。依据Ｇａｒｎｉｅｒ原理预测了突变对Ｓ１２蛋白质二级结构形成趋势的影响,结果表明,突变使第４２位氨基酸及其相连肽段的β－转折     

木霉几丁质酶基因克隆及植物转化载体构建

利用PCR技术从绿色木霉LTR-2(Trichoderma virede)基因组DNA中扩增到一段序列,测序结果表明,该编码基因片段大小为 1 508 bp,其中包括一个 1 459 bp的开放阅读框,起始密码子位于 45 bp,终止密码子位于 1 501 bp,共编码氨基酸 424 个.在Genbank中进行序列比对,发现该序列同已发表的Trichoderma viride 42 ku几丁质酶氨基酸序列具有99%的同源性.将该片段同pCAMBIA1300中的35S启动子和35S-polyA终止子连接后,插入载体pCAMBIA1302多克隆位点中,构建成植物转化载体,最后将构建好的载体pCHI1302-42通过转化导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404中,为进一步构建转基因植物奠定了基础.     

脓肿分支枝杆菌embB基因耐乙胺丁醇的分析

目的 分析脓肿分支枝杆菌的embB基因,以探讨其耐乙胺丁醇的分子机制.方法 用16S rRNA基因序列分析法鉴定5株脓肿分枝杆菌临床株,测定乙胺丁醇对临床株及标准株( ATCC 19977)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).PCR扩增embB基因的全序列,将所测序列进行生物信息学分析.结果 乙胺丁醇对5株脓肿分支杆菌标准株和临床株的MIC均为128μg/mL.,属高度耐药.从脓肿分支枝杆菌的标准株和临床株均扩增出约3200 bp片段,与GenBank中脓肿分支枝杆菌标准株的embB基因大小一致.5株临床株与标准株比较,其核苷酸序列存在9个点突变,在突变位点所编码的氨基酸序列中,仅第18位、87位、770位密码子编码与标准株不同的氨基酸.6株脓肿分支枝杆菌的embB基因与对EMB敏感的结核分支杆菌标准株(H37RV)的相应基因序列比较,第303-305位密码子的核苷酸序列存在差异,但仅第303、304位核苷酸编码的氨基酸序列不同,第306位密码子的核苷酸序列无差异.结论 脓肿分支杆菌对乙胺丁醇的耐药并非embB基因的突变所致,为embB基因天然存在结构的不同,属于天然耐药.结构的差异与第306位密码子无关,可能与第303、304密码子有关.     

猪肺炎支原体P46基因的突变及序列分析

目的:将猪肺炎支原体P46基因中编码Trp的密码子TGA突变为TGG,为P46蛋白的研究及猪肺炎支原体抗体检测方法的建立奠定基础.方法:参考GenBank登录的猪肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Mhp)P46基因序列,利用Primer 5.0软件设计合成一对引物,对猪肺炎支原体强毒株F60 P46基因的编码区进行扩增,后又设计了三对突变引物,通过重叠延伸PCR(SOE-PCR)对猪肺炎支原体P46基因的三个位点进行定点突变.结果:得到的序列与GenBank中登录的P46基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列进行序列比较,结果表明它们有较高的同源性.突变后测序结果表明已成功将猪肺炎支原体P46基因中编码Trp的密码子TGA突变为TGG.结论:已成功突变Mhp P46基因并且序列比较显示其与其它序列同源性较高     

亚心型扁藻叶绿体psbA基因的克隆及序列分析

psbA基因是叶绿体基因组中一个重要的光调控基因,编码光和系统Ⅱ反应中心的D1蛋白。根据叶绿体基因组序列高度保守的特性,利用菜茵衣藻（Chlamydomonasreinhardtii）psbA基因的保守序列（基因登录号：HQ667991．1）设计引物,采用PCR步移的方法从亚心型扁藻（Platymonassubcordiformis）基因组DNA中克隆到psbA基因全长（基因登录号：KF528742）。序列分析表明,亚心型扁藻psbA基因全长1939bp,编码区长度为1062bp,推导编码353个氨基酸,包括4个赖氨酸残基。有效密码子数显示脚删基因具有明显的密码子偏好性,并且偏好使用以A／T结尾的密码子。相对同义密码子使用度表明25个密码子在编码使用时具有偏好性,其中20个密码子以A／T碱基结尾,占到80％。其终止密码子使用了TAG。     

寻找水稻DNA编码与非编码区边界方法的比较研究

在分析DNA序列复杂度、预测基因编码区和非编码的DNA边界识别等问题中,以熵为基础构造的离散量度量提供了一种强有力的工具。为改进寻找水稻基因编码与非编码区边界的效率,本文提出了两个新的离散量度量（α-KL离散量与α-Jensen-Shannon 离散量）,根据密码子的GC含量对氨基酸对应密码子构建了粗粒化向量。 比较了融合Jensen-Shannon 离散量、Jensen-Renyi 离散量、α-KL离散量和α-Jensen-Shannon 离散量等不同向量所获得的精度,结果表明,在对水稻基因编码区‘终止子’的识别效率上,构建的密码子粗粒化向量融合新引进的度量方法比Bernaola等人的方法(2000)提高了4~5倍。     

同义密码子用语的位置依赖

研究了在大肠杆菌编码区不同位置上的同底密码子用语,发现许多氨基酸的密码子用语在转译起始区有显著的变化,仅有少数氨基酸在转译区有较弱的变化,由于密码子用语与基因表达关系密切。这些结果与实验发现的编码区5‘端密码子用对表达的重要性是一致的。更进一步的结果还暗示了哪些密码子在特定位置的使用可能会影响基因表达。     

不具有3-碱基周期性的编码序列初探

对120个较短编码序列(＜1 200 bp)的Fourier频谱进行分析表明,3-碱基周期性在短编码序列中并不是绝对存在的.统计分析提示,编码序列有无3-碱基周期性与序列的碱基组成和分布、所编码蛋白质氨基酸的选用和顺序以及同义密码子的使用都有一定的关系.一般地,非周期-3序列中A+U含量高于G+C含量,周期-3序列的情况则相反;非周期-3序列中碱基在密码子三个位点上的分布比周期-3序列中的分布均匀;非周期-3序列密码子和氨基酸的使用偏向没有周期-3序列的大.在利用Fourier分析方法预测DNA序列中的基因和外显子时,应充分考虑到这些现象.     

GC constituents and relative codon expressed amino acid composition in cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins

The genomic as well as structural relationship of phycobiliproteins (PBPs) in different cyanobacterial species are determined by nucleotides as well as amino acid composition. The genomic GC constituents influence the amino acid variability and codon usage of particular subunit of PBPs. We have analyzed 11 cyanobacterial species to explore the variation of amino acids and causal relationship between GC constituents and codon usage. The study at the first, second and third levels of GC content showed relatively more amino acid variability on the levels of G3 + C3 position in comparison to the first and second positions. The amino acid encoded GC rich level including G rich and C rich or both correlate the codon variability and amino acid availability. The fluctuation in amino acids such as Arg, Ala, His, Asp, Gly, Leu and Glu in α and β subunits was observed at G1C1 position; however, fluctuation in other amino acids such as Ser, Thr, Cys and Trp was observed at G2C2 position. The coding selection pressure of amino acids such as Ala, Thr, Tyr, Asp, Gly, Ile, Leu, Asn, and Ser in α and β subunits of PBPs was more elaborated at G3C3 position. In this study, we observed that each subunit of PBPs is codon specific for particular amino acid. These results suggest that genomic constraint linked with GC constituents selects the codon for particular amino acids and furthermore, the codon level study may be a novel approach to explore many problems associated with genomics and proteomics of cyanobacteria.     

15种氨基酸随机肽库的小盒式DNA编码文库的构建

采用小盒式DNA编码文库的构建策略,选取在进化上可能起源较早的15种氨基酸,按照其简并密码子合成了一个为10个随机氨基酸编码的小盒式DNA模板,经过连续3轮的PCR扩增、酶切及连接的小盒式文库组装过程,成功构建了一个文库容量达1.31×10¹²/ml,随机编码区长达97个氨基酸的小盒式DNA编码文库。     

The relationship between synonymous codon usage and protein structure in Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens

The role of silent position in the codon on the protein structure is an interesting and yet unclear problem. In this paper, 563 Homo sapiens genes and 417 Escherichia coli genes coding for proteins with four different folding types have been analyzed using variance analysis, a multivariate analysis method newly used in codon usage analysis, to find the correlation between amino acid composition, synonymous codon, and protein structure in different organisms. It has been found that in E. coli, both amino acid compositions in differently folded proteins and synonymous codon usage in different gene classes coding for differently folded proteins are significantly different. It was also found that only amino acid composition is different in different protein classes in H. sapiens. There is no universal correlation between synonymous codon usage and protein structure in these two different organisms. Further analysis has shown that GC content on the second codon position can distinguish coding genes for different folded proteins in both organisms.     

基于古菌酪氨酰tRNA合成酶非天然氨基酸插入的研究进展

构筑蛋白质的编码信息存在于高度保守的密码子表中,而生物体仅利用20种天然氨基酸,就能排列组合出不同的蛋白质来行使多种生物学功能。通过合成生物学的飞速发展,使得在蛋白质合成中可控地引入非天然氨基酸成为可能。这极大地拓展了蛋白质的结构和功能,并为生物学工具的开发和生物生理过程的研究提供了便利。具有活性基团的非天然氨基酸可以广泛地应用于蛋白质结构研究、蛋白质功能调控以及新型生物材料构建和医药研发等诸多领域。基因密码子拓展技术利用正交翻译系统,通过重新分配密码子改造中心法则,可以在蛋白质的指定位点引入非天然氨基酸。系统地介绍了目前提升密码子拓展技术插入非天然氨基酸效率的方法,包括tRNA以及氨酰tRNA合成酶的各种突变方法和翻译辅助因子的改造。汇总了利用古细菌酪氨酰tRNA合成酶插入的非天然氨基酸和突变位点并总结了密码子拓展技术在生物医药领域的前沿进展。最后讨论了该项技术目前所面临的挑战,如可利用的密码子数量不多、正交翻译系统的种类有限和非天然氨基酸多插效率低下。希望能够帮助研究者建立适合的非天然氨基酸插入方法并推动密码子拓展技术进一步发展。     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of a Streptomyces griseosporeus proteinaceous alpha-amylase inhibitor (HaimII) gene.

The coding region of the alpha-amylase inhibitor (HaimII) gene from the producing strain Streptomyces griseosporeus YM-25 was localized on an 800-base-pair DNA segment. The nucleotide sequence of a 1,191-base-pair region including the HaimII gene was determined by the dideoxy-chain termination method. The nucleotide sequence data predicted an open reading frame of 363 base pairs starting with an ATG initiation codon and ending with a TGA translational stop codon. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence indicated that the presumptive pre-HaimII protein extends 37 amino acids to the amino terminus and 6 amino acids to the carboxyl terminus of the mature HaimII protein. The pre-HaimII protein is believed to be processed both during and after secretion. Two forms of the inhibitor, which have a higher molecular weight than that of the HaimII protein isolated from S. griseosporeus, were partially purified from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces lividans containing the cloned HaimII gene.     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the nonstructural protein genes of Semliki Forest virus.

The nucleotide sequence coding for the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus has been determined from cDNA clones. The total length of this region is 7381 nucleotides, it contains an open reading frame starting at position 86 and ending at an UAA stop codon at position 7379-7381. This open reading frame codes for a 2431 amino acids long polyprotein, from which the individual nonstructural proteins are formed by proteolytic processing steps, so that nsPl is 537, nsP2 798, nsP3 482 and nsP4 614 amino acids. In the closely related Sindbis and Middelburg viruses there is an opal stop codon (UGA) between the genes for nsP3 and nsP4. Interestingly, no stop codon is found in frame in this region of the Semliki Forest virus 42S RNA. In other aspects the amino acid sequence homology between Sindbis, Middelburg and Semliki Forest virus nonstructural proteins is highly significant.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of the Erythrina corallodendron lectin cDNA.

Examination of the hemagglutinating activity of extracts from seeds of Erythrina corallodendron at various maturation stages revealed that the level of lectin increases markedly past mid-maturation. Seeds at this stage of maturation served as a source of mRNA for the construction of an expression cDNA library in the vector lambda Zap, which generates fusion proteins with an N-terminal portion of beta-galactosidase. The library was screened with rabbit polyclonal anti-ECorL antiserum. Four immunopositive clones were isolated. Western blot analysis of cell extracts from one of the clones (pIEcL-B) showed a 36 kDa protein that reacted with the antiserum, as well as with a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the lectin. DNA sequence analysis by the chain termination method revealed that clone pIEcl-C has an insert of 1017 bp with the entire coding sequence of ECorL, beginning with an initiation codon ATG at position 26 and ending with stop codon TAA at position 868. This fragment encodes a polypeptide of 281 amino acids consisting of a signal leader sequence of 25 amino acids and a mature protein of 256 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence from this fragment is identical to the sequence of the first 244 amino acids of ECorL, as determined at the protein level, except at 7 positions.     

A combined empirical and mechanistic codon model

The evolutionary selection forces acting on a protein are commonly inferred using evolutionary codon models by contrasting the rate of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitutions. Most widely used models are based on theoretical assumptions and ignore the empirical observation that distinct amino acids differ in their replacement rates. In this paper, we develop a general method that allows assimilation of empirical amino acid replacement probabilities into a codon-substitution matrix. In this way, the resulting codon model takes into account not only the transition-transversion bias and the nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio, but also the different amino acid replacement probabilities as specified in empirical amino acid matrices. Different empirical amino acid replacement matrices, such as secondary structure-specific matrices or organelle-specific matrices (e.g., mitochondria and chloroplasts), can be incorporated into the model, making it context dependent. Using a diverse set of coding DNA sequences, we show that the novel model better fits biological data as compared with either mechanistic or empirical codon models. Using the suggested model, we further analyze human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease sequences obtained from drug-treated patients and reveal positive selection in sites that are known to confer drug resistance to the virus.