一个种还是多个种? 简化基因组及其形态学证据揭示中国白桫椤植物的物种多样性分化

物种是生物多样性的基本单元, 生殖隔离被认为是物种形成的关键; 然而物种并不是静止的而是处于不断的分化演变之中, 已经稳定成型但尚未到达分化后期的物种可能存在不完全的生殖隔离。对于物种的认识不能单从某一侧面或局部特征来界定, 而应通过“整合物种概念”来确定物种地位。Flora of China记载了中国产白桫椤属(Sphaeropteris) 2种, 即白桫椤(S. brunoniana)和笔筒树(S. lepifera), 并认为原产中国海南的海南白桫椤(S. hainanensis)和白桫椤为同一物种而将其并入白桫椤; 但海南白桫椤在形态上已出现了分化。为探讨白桫椤及其近缘物种的亲缘关系和物种多样性分化的情况, 本文采集到9个居群共21个样本, 通过GBS简化基因组测序技术获得单核苷酸变异位点(SNP), 进行系统发育树的构建和主成分及遗传结构的分析, 并结合叶片数量性状的统计分析和孢子形态的观察测量。结果表明, 海南白桫椤不仅与云南产白桫椤的基因型不同, 且在叶片特征和孢子纹饰上有明显差异; 但两个居群的生殖隔离较弱, 在广西沿海地区形成杂交产物, 其叶片特征为亲本的中间类型。因此, 我们认为海南白桫椤是由于地理隔离而形成的一个处在分化路上的物种, 建议恢复其物种地位; 广西产白桫椤为自然杂交群体, 应另处理为独立的自然杂交分类群——广西白桫椤(S. brunoniana × hainanensis)。     

中国桫椤科植物叶绿体trnL内含子和trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列的系统发育分析

运用对PCR产物直接测序和克隆后测序的方法测定了蚌壳蕨科1种和桫椤科11种(其中桫椤分别测定19株：小羽桫椤测定2株)植物的叶绿体trnL基因内含子和trnL-trnF基因间隔区序列。12种植物相应的长度介亍l004-l082之间,A T平均含量60．9％,G C平均含量39．1％。计算了不同种间以及种内不同个体间序列的碱基差别(转换值／颠换值)和Kimura遗传距离。序列数据经排列后分别进行最简约法、最大似然法和邻接法分析,结果显示：(1)白桫椤、海南白桫椤和大羽桫椤构成的分支最早和该科内其余植物组成的另一分支分歧,而后者又进一步分为刃个亚分支,分别和桫椤亚属、黑桫椤亚属对应,支持夏群的分类处理：(2)大桫椤～狭羽桫椤～毛轴桫椤～篦齿桫椤、多羽桫椤一白桫椤～海南白桫椤以及小羽桫椤一桫椤各自构成独立、自然的末端分支,再参照分支内植物间的遗传距蔼取值,建议将此3个末端分支依次归并为3种：大桫椤、白桫椤和桫椤;(3)白桫椤属在科内处于基部位置,桫椤属奇桫椤亚属和黑桫椤亚属为衍生分支,赞同Tryon关于桫椤科进化和囊群盖起源的假说。     

桫椤科三种植物配子体发育的研究

用土壤培养桫椤Alsophila spinulosa(Wall.exHook.)R.M.Tryon、中华桫椤A.costularis Baker和白桫椤Sphaeropteris brunoniana(Hook.)R.M.Tryon的孢子,利用光学显微镜对其配子体发育的各个阶段进行了观察,包括孢子形态及其萌发、原丝体发育特点、片状体和生长点的形成及分化、假根特征、精子器和颈卵器的分化及发育,以及原叶体感染真菌后的显微特征。初步讨论了桫椤科不同属(种)间的配子体发育的系统学意义和有性世代的濒危原因。     

中国黑桫椤属植物(桫椤科)一新组合种

根据来自叶绿体trnL内含子和DNAtrnL F间隔区序列等的证据 ,滇南桫椤Al sophilaaustro yunnanensisS .G .Lu将组合到黑桫椤属Gymnosphaera之下更趋合理。因此 ,本文报道中国黑桫椤属植物一新组合种 :滇南黑桫椤Gymnosphaeraaustro yunnanensis (S .G .Lu)S .G .LuetC .X .Li。     

中国产桫椤类配子体在不同基质胁迫下的形态畸变多样性研究

为了明确土壤污染对中国产桫椤科植物的生殖影响,以探讨中国桫椤类乃至其他濒危蕨类濒危的内在原因。该研究以中国产9种桫椤植物为材料,采用各植物原产地地表土壤培养孢子至配子体成熟,全程比较观察配子体畸变类型,统计畸变率;并分别取3个属的代表种笔筒树、大叶黑桫椤和中华桫椤的孢子,以MS培养基为对照,分别用5mg·kg^-1Pb^2+和1mg·kg^-1Cd^2+单因素胁迫培养配子体,比较观察各组的配子体形态畸变类型,统计畸变率。结果表明:(1)中国产桫椤类9种植物配子体培养过程中共出现17种形态畸变类型,其中4种为分化畸变,7种为假根畸变,4种为细胞畸变,2种为性器畸变。(2)不同培养基——对照组(MS培养基)、原产地土壤、Cd^2+胁迫、Pb^2+胁迫对中国产桫椤科9种植物配子体的平均畸变比例分别是2.28%、12.61%、31.58%和33.58%。(3)9种桫椤的配子体畸变类型及其畸变率均与培养基的胁迫程度呈正相关关系,其配子体发育都受到了产地土壤污染的严重伤害。(4)3种桫椤属植物配子体对土壤环境胁迫的耐受力强弱为黑桫椤属>白桫椤属>桫椤属。(5)桫椤科配子体的形态畸变多样性与胁迫条件之间具有稳定的对应关系。     

中国桫椤科植物的分类

本文记载了我国14种和2变种桫椤科植物及其分布。根据叶柄基部的鳞片,叶轴背面 两侧的气囊体,叶轴的颜色,囊群盖以及孢子数目等性状,把它们安排在2属2亚属中,并讨论了各类群之间可能的演化关系。     

湖南省首次发现桫椤及其区系意义

桫椤是湖南省目前发现的唯一乔木状蕨类(在我国蕨类形成高大乔木状者唯桫椤科的桫椤属和白桫椤属Sphaeropteris的部分种)。桫椤孢子体呈树状,主干一般高达1—3米(在热带或南半球有高达20米的)。叶顶生如伞状;叶柄和叶轴粗壮,深棕色,有密刺;叶片矩圆形,长     

4种桫椤初生叶的形态发育及其系统学意义

用腐叶土培养海南白桫椤(Sphaeropteris hainanensis)、阴生桫椤(Alsophila latebrosa)、刺桫椤(A.spinulosa)和滇南桫椤(A.austroyunnanensis)的孢子,获得有性生殖苗.观察并比较了幼孢子体最初4枚叶片形态发生的详细过程,据此讨论了其种属划分的合理性及相关的系统学意义.     

滇南桫椤的系统位置:来自叶绿体trnL内含子和DNA trnL-F间隔区序列的证据

为了探讨滇南桫椤Alsophilaaustroyunnanensis的系统位置 ,我们对该植物与中华桫椤Alsophilacostularis的叶绿体DNAtrnL内含子和trnL F间隔区序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定。滇南桫椤的trnL内含子、trnL F间隔区序列的长度分别为 5 70bp ,36 2bp ;中华桫椤的trnL内含子、trnL F间隔区序列的长度分别为 5 72bp ,36 1bp。结合已经发表的其他桫椤科植物的相应序列进行系统发育分析 ,用简约法和邻接法构建的系统发育树基本一致。结果表明 :1)所分析的桫椤科植物构成一个单系群 ;2 )滇南桫椤与Gymnosphaerapodophylla、Gymnosphaerapectinata、Gymnosphaerapseudogigantea、Gymnosphaeratinganensis、Gymnosphaeragigantea关系较近 ,聚成一支系 ;3)中华桫椤与Cyatheatsangii、Alsophilaspinulosa关系较近 ,聚成一支系。本文系统发育分析的结果支持将滇南桫椤归入黑桫椤属Gymnosphaera。     

广西河池发现大片桫椤

最近,在广西河池市大山塘林场发现有大片的桫椤植物群落,多生于杉木人工林下,特别是在杉木林缘形成大面积桫椤群落,生长茂密(见右图)。据林场职工反映:该场建于1957年9月,当时营造杉木林时,林地都经过全垦整地,造林后又于1978年进行人工间伐,那时没有发现桫椤生长,但在间伐后;林地内有充分的光照,透光度达20％,气温暖和,湿度适中,为桫椤孢子传播、萌发及生长发育创造了有利条件,因而形成了杉木林下及林缘的桫椤植物群落。     

XYLEM ANATOMY AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE OF COSTA RICAN BLECHNUM FERNS

Hydraulic conductivities of stems, stipes, and elongate leaf stipes were determined for greenhouse-grown Blechnum (B. fraxineum, B. fragile, B. buchtienii, B. sprucei) and Salpichlaena (S. volubilis) plants collected in tropical rain forests of Costa Rica. Organ conductivity was examined in relation to morphology and tracheid characteristics in order to gain an understanding of factors influencing water flow. Hydraulic conductivity of plant organs was determined by measurement of transpiration rates, leaf areas, and water potential gradients. Erect stemmed species develop larger whole plant water potential gradients than elongate stemmed species for a similar transpiration rate. Elongate leaves develop even smaller water potential gradients for a given transpiration rate. Stems have larger hydraulic conductivities but smaller leaf-specific conductivities (LSCs) than stipes. Small conductivities and small LSCs are associated with short, erect stems. Elongate structures have large conductivities and large LSCs. Of the tracheid characteristics examined, the most important characteristics determining the magnitude of organ hydraulic conductivity are diameter, pit aperture area between tracheids, taper length, and cell length. Large conductivities of S. volubilis climbing leaf stipes are associated with very large-diameter tracheids (some > 200 μm), large tracheid number, exceptionally long tracheids (some > 4 cm), large pit aperture area between tracheids, short tracheid taper, and smooth tracheid lumen walls. Hagen-Poiseuille estimates of hydraulic conductivity range from 1.1 to 3.3 times the measured values. Conductivity of stipes is highly correlated with leaf area supplied by stipes. Conductivities of stems and elongate leaf stipes also correlate with leaf area supplied by these structures. Estimated hydraulic conductivities of field-grown Blechnum and Salpichlaena demonstrate that larger conductivities are associated with larger plants. This study contributes toward our knowledge of fern water relations and extends previous growth form/hydraulic architecture characterizations by providing a more comprehensive comparison of closely related species. In addition, this study provides evidence for the relative importance of tracheid characteristics in determining the magnitude of organ hydraulic conductivity.     

中国产瓦韦属植物叶柄与根状茎的比较解剖研究

详细观察了已发表的６０种瓦韦属植物叶柄和根状茎的横切面。瓦韦属植物叶柄维管束要数最多７条,最少２条,其中２个较粗,其余较细,排成一字型,三角型,四角型,半轮型等。根状茎上的维管束条数最少５条,最多１６条,属于网状中柱,维管束不规则环形排列,夏绿种类厚壁组织较少或没有,常绿种类厚壁组织较多。     

A Remarkable New Species of Liparis (Orchidaceae) from China and Its Phylogenetic Implications

In the present study, we formally describe Liparis pingxiangensis as a new species from Guangxi, China on the basis of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is easily distinguished from closely related species by strongly curved column without column wings, and broadly rhombic-elliptic lip with 2 uncinate calli at the base. In particular, it differs most markedly from its congeners in possessing two pollinia attached by long and prominent caudicles (not stipes), to a distinct sticky disc. This type of pollinarium, as far as we know, is not found in any other species of Liparis, and is also unique among the orchids with waxy pollinia. We then proceeded to a phylogenetic analysis to ascertain the systematic position of this enigmatic species. Molecular study based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data supports L. pingxiangensis as a distinct species, which forms an independent lineage sister to L. nervosa and its allies (93% BS, 1.00 BPP). In the light of previous work, the findings have important implications for a better understanding of the well-supported pattern mainly based on vegetative features in Malaxideae.     

Alginate content and composition ofMacrocystis pyrifera from New Zealand

Tissue samples ofMacrocystis pyrifera from 2 sites in southern New Zealand and harvested over a period of 12 months were analysed for alginate content and composition (M:G ratio). Plants were divided into three frond classes of different length and each frond was further separated into age categories of blades and stipes (viz young, mature and old blades; mature and old stipes). Within each size class, younger blades had higher alginate content than older blades. Stipes did not show such variation with age. Alginate from younger blades and stipes had higher proportions of mannuronic acid residues than those from old blades and stipes. The range of M:G ratios for age categories of either blades or stipes from longer fronds was greater than those for smaller fronds. Alginate content and M:G ratios of stipes were always higher than for blades. The difference between M:G ratios of blades and stipes was greater for smaller fronds than for longer ones. Differences between collection sites and seasonal trends are also discussed.author for correspondence     

Pigmented Bacteriostatic Substances and Amino Acids Produced by Phlebopus sulphureus and Phlebopus lignicola

The pigmented bacteriostatic substances and ninhydrin-reactive compounds produced in culture by sporophores, stipes, and residual medium of Phlebopus sulphureus and P. lignicola were studied chromatographically. Acetone extracts of both species demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, the maximal inhibition zone being 13 mm. The chloroform extract was inactive. Six compounds, mainly yellow, extracted in ethyl alcohol and separated by chromatography, were common to the sporophore of P. sulphureus and the stipes of P. lignicola. Eight amino acids, mainly sulfur-containing, were identified chiefly from the mature sporophore of P. sulphureus.     

Undulograptus dicellograptoides n. sp., an abnormal diplograptid from the Late Arenig of western Newfoundland, Canada

The unusual diplograptidUndulograptus dicellograptoides n. sp. from the late ArenigUndulograptus dentatus Zone of western Newfoundland is described from isolated material. The species bears two reclined stipes and resembles a species of the stratigraphically younger genusDicellograptus. The dicellograptid to dicranograptid rhabdosome form appeared several times independently in the Diplograptina.     

Reinterpretations of clypeus and maxilla in Psocoptera, and their significance in phylogeny of Paraneoptera (Insecta: Neoptera)

Morphology of the head and mouthparts in Psocoptera was investigated, and revised interpretations for clypeus and maxilla were proposed. The convex plate in the frontal region of the head capsule is the postclypeus, rather than the frons; the galea is clearly differentiated from the stipes and the origin of the stipito-lacinial muscle is partly shifted from the stipes to the base of the galea; the cardo is completely fused with the stipes without any suture or sulcus. Brief discussions on the evolution of piercing and sucking mouthparts and on the phylogeny of Paraneoptera were provided, based on these revised interpretations.     

A novel mechanism of abscission in fronds of Lemna minor L. and the effect of silver ions

Lemna minor L. (duckweed) forms colonies through vegetative propagation because mother fronds remain connected for some time with their daughter fronds by stipes. The colony size is controlled by abscission of stipes at a specific preformed abscission zone. Application of silver ions (Ag(+) ) enhances the rate of frond abscission, thus resulting in smaller colonies. The mechanism behind this process has not yet been identified. Silver caused an abscission response that saturated after 7 h of treatment. The half-maximal effective concentration was 0.72 μm Ag(+) for the standard clone, L. minor St. Other clones of the same species show sensitivities that differ by one order of magnitude. Transmission electron microscopy revealed: (i) large numbers of vesicles close to the plasmalemma in cells adjacent to the abscission zone, which proves a vesicular type secretory activity; and (ii) a moderately electron-dense secretion accumulated in the enlarging intercellular spaces, and seemed to flow from the adjacent cells towards the abscission zone. We assume that increasing pressure causes this material to push apart the cells, thereby causing the break in the abscission zone of the stipe. This is a novel mechanism of abscission that has not previously been described. The same mechanism occurs in stipes of both control and Ag(+) -treated samples. Silver ions only accelerate the process leading to abscission of stipes, without affecting the mechanism involved.     

Ecological effects of harvesting Lessonia (Laminariales,Phaeophyta) in central Chile

Lessonia nigrescens and L. trabeculata are economically important canopy-forming kelps in Chile. Experimental harvesting of stipes above the first dichotomy reduces stipe movement and inter-stipe friction, allowing the development of a heavy epiphytic load and increased grazing. Complete stipe removal leads to holdfast death as neither species is able to simultaneously regenerate all stipes. The invertebrate fauna inside the holdfast does not respond to upper canopy changes, but mortality does occur in partial or complete plant removals. Kelp removal also affects inter-plant distances, results in increased access of grazers to the outside and inside of kelp holdfasts, reduces recruitment of other algal species, and modifies the morphology of L. trabeculata such that the plants become more susceptible to removal by water movement.