安徽黄精属植物分类研究

报道了安徽黄精属植物 ,确认安徽该属植物为 11种 ,其中 1种是新种 ,3种是《安徽植物志》尚未记载的地理分布新记录     

最早的基干陆龟——安徽龟(Anhuichelys Yeh,1979)的再研究（英文）

基于安徽省潜山盆地大量新材料,对安徽龟属(Anhuichelys Yeh,1979)进行了系统再研究,将其归入了陆龟科基干类型(Testudinidae)。安徽龟属包含了潜山盆地古新统地层中的三个种:产自下古新统望虎墩组的小市安徽龟(A.siaoshihensis Yeh,1979),望虎墩组和痘姆组的潜山安徽龟(A.tsienshanensis Yeh,1979)以及中古新统痘姆组的新种痘姆安徽龟(A.doumuensis sp.nov.)。产自湖北新洲古新统的新洲安徽龟(A.xinzhouensis Chen,1983)为潜山安徽龟的晚出同物异名。作为陆相脊椎动物群的成员,安徽龟很可能是一种陆生龟类并且是第一个甲壳具有铰链的陆龟超科成员。     

基于红外相机监测数据分析安徽麝活动节律

安徽麝(Moschus anhuiensis)是我国特有种,被列为国家一级重点保护野生动物,狭窄地分布于安徽、河南及湖北三省交接的大别山区域。为明确安徽麝的活动节律及其与其他动物的相互关系,2021年1月至12月,在湖北大别山国家级自然保护区罗田县区域内布设43台红外相机,对安徽麝及其同域物种进行研究。根据红外相机拍摄的时间,统计安徽麝及其他物种的活动规律,并进行节律重叠分析。结果表明：(1)监测的43台红外相机,共10 142个工作日,拍摄野生动物照片1 042张,其中10台红外相机拍摄到安徽麝,共有效监测到安徽麝40次。安徽麝的相对多度(IRA)为3.84;(2)安徽麝主要分布于保护区的核心区范围,落叶阔叶林是安徽麝优先选择的生境(χ² = 98.99,df = 2,P < 0.001);日活动高峰为9:00 ~ 11:00时和21:00 ~ 23:00时,4月和12月是安徽麝的年活动高峰期,6至10月安徽麝的活动强度很低;昼夜节律分析发现,安徽麝具有较强的夜行性活动能力(INRA = 0.64);(3)安徽麝的活动节律与保护区内同属鲸偶蹄目的小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)及野猪(Sus scrofa)均存在显著差异,具有一定特异性。     

安徽紫薇属(千屈菜科)一新种

描述了安徽产一个新种即安徽紫薇.     

大别山区的原麝

我国的原麝,据高跃亭(1963)、Groves(1975)、王岐山等(1982)报告有三个亚种,即东北亚种(黑龙江)、朝鲜亚种(吉林)和安徽亚种。安徽亚种分布在安徽大别山区,它和其它亚种的区别是:体     

安徽加马蛛雌蛛记述（蜘蛛目：卵形蛛科）

报道采自安徽黟县的安徽加马蛛雌蛛的描述,亦为该种雌蛛的首次纪录。     

浙江安徽交界处（淳安-黄山）张树蛙属物种归属问题初探

安徽树蛙(Zhangixalus zhoukaiyae)与丽水树蛙(Z. lishuiensis)自发表以来一直存在分类争议。为进一步探讨这两个物种的分类问题,本研究在浙江省和安徽省交界处(浙江淳安-安徽黄山)开展了长期的野外监测,采集到张树蛙属标本5号,并将该5号标本与安徽树蛙及丽水树蛙模式产地标本进行形态学比较和系统发育分析。结果表明,上述5号标本形态差异小,与安徽树蛙及丽水树蛙模式标本进行比较后,未发现显著形态学差异。基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育分析表明,本研究样本与安徽树蛙和丽水树蛙模式标本序列聚成一单系支;本研究样本与安徽树蛙模式标本遗传距离1.3%,与丽水树蛙模式标本遗传距离0.8%。基于本研究的分析结果,进一步厘清了丽水树蛙和安徽树蛙的分类争议,丽水树蛙可能是安徽树蛙的同物异名,它们应为不同的地理种群,彼此之间尚未达到种间差异水平。     

安徽贝母种质资源及其利用

安徽贝母种质资源及其利用谢中稳,张智（安徽农业大学,合肥２３００３６）安徽贝母有１１种、２变种、１变型。即安徽贝母（Ｆｒｉｔｉｌｌａｒｉａａｎｈｕｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、白花贝母（Ｆ．ａｎｈｕｉｅｎｓｉｓｖａｒ．ａｌｂｉｆｌｏｒａ）、皖西贝母（Ｆ．ａｎｈｕｉ...     

安徽大别山区种子植物区系的初步研究

通过对安徽大别山区种子植物资料收集和实地勘察,在此基础上得到了安徽大别山区种子植物区系的特征和珍稀濒危保护种子植物的分布,并与周边山区进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)安徽大别山区种子植物种类繁多、类型丰富,区域内种子植物共计145科,731属,1 648种(不含种以下分类)。(2)通过统计和PCA方法分析,表明安徽大别山区植物区系整体上呈现亚热带向温带过渡的性质。(3)安徽大别山区与岳西古井园种相似性系数最高(64.52%),与清凉峰次之(40.22%),与舒城万佛山最低(24.65%)。(4)安徽大别山区内含21种珍稀濒危保护种子植物,包括5种濒危植物、2种国家一级保护植物和14种国家二级保护植物。     

安徽和黑龙江省大豆疫霉群体遗传结构的SSR分析

采用简单重复序列(SSR)的分析方法,对来自安徽和黑龙江省的大豆疫霉群体进行了遗传多样性分析。通过使用20对SSR引物对供试的83株大豆疫霉菌株进行PCR扩增,共得到109个SSR标记,全部为多态性标记,平均每对引物扩增出5.5条带。遗传变异与相似性分析表明,安徽群体具有更高的遗传变异度,安徽群体与黑龙江群体间遗传相似性较低;聚类分析显示,供试菌株在80%的相似性水平上可被区分为7个类群,且安徽群体分布于更多的聚类组中;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表明安徽群体的遗传多样性较黑龙江群体丰富。综合分析表明,本研究的结果不支持关于安徽的大豆疫霉可能来源于黑龙江的推测。     

三峡库区不同阶段蓄水前后江面江岸冬季鸟类动态

2003~2013年的隆冬季节(2011年除外),对三峡库区长江主河道的重庆朝天门港-秭归茅坪港江段(全程约618.30 km)和12条一级支流(合计调查河道长度约619.49 km),以及2个湖泊(长寿湖65.5 km~2,大洪湖30 km~2;调查年份2000~2013年,2003和2011年除外),进行了水禽及傍水栖息鸟类的监测调查。观察统计到鸟类76种,隶属8目14科39属,其中国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物1种,Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物3种。鉴于不同类群鸟类对环境变化的反应差别较大,将观察到的与水域生境密切相关的鸟类分为游禽类(32种)、鸥类(6种)、涉禽类(23种)、傍水栖息鸟类(13种)和空中傍水栖息鸟类[2种,以崖沙燕(Riparia riparia)为主体]等5种类型,并对各类群鸟类在三峡水库不同工程阶段蓄水高程前后的数量分布状况进行对比分析。结果显示,长江主河道中的游禽类在蓄水139 m高程前后数量波动幅度不大,蓄水156 m高程后表现出增长趋势,并且趋向于尾水点集中分布,直至最终蓄水目标175 m高程后的第5个冬季(2013年1月)数量猛增到最高,与蓄水139 m水位线前后的2个冬季(2003年1月和2004年1月)数量相比,增幅分别达171.83%和179.91%;然而2个湖泊中的游禽数值却表现出下降趋势,蓄水175 m高程后5个冬季(2008~2013年)与2000年冬季数值相比,降幅达52.96%~83.29%;大多数支流河道中的游禽数量呈现波动幅度不大或是明显下降趋势,只有乌江和小江这2条支流河道中的游禽数量呈现出增长趋势,并且小江中的游禽数量一度表现出"爆发式"增长现象后又大幅回落(2012~2013年),可能与水质富营养化程度的变化相关。涉禽类在长江主河道中的分布格局类似于游禽类(偏向于上游),其数量分别在蓄水139 m高程和156 m高程后的第1个冬季出现峰值,蓄水前后的其他年份数量差别不大;多数支流河道中涉禽类分布数量不高,只有嘉陵江、乌江、小江、大宁河与梅溪河的涉禽数量较多且数值波动明显。傍水栖息型鸟类总体数量在蓄水前后出现急剧变动,数量下降明显,个别鸟种甚至消失不见。空中傍水栖息型鸟类蓄水之后在长江主河道数量锐减,在大多数支流河道中几乎绝迹。鸥类主要分布在长江主河道,其数量在不同阶段蓄水初期出现峰值,至最终蓄水目标175 m后的第5个冬季其数量趋于接近蓄水之前。     

黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等珍稀涉禽航空调查报告

利用Y-11型单翼轻型飞机,航高100米,航速140公里/小时,采用且测全区调查方法,对黑龙江省乌裕尔河流域丹顶鹤等涉禽进行了航空调查,续航里程2184公里,调查面积共计为209,000公顷。结果发现调查区内有丹顶鹤(Orus japoncnsis)173只,白枕鹤(Grus vipio)19只,白鹤(Grus leucogeraous)24只,白鹳(Ciconia ciconia)19只等。     

广西猫儿山地区鸟类组成及垂直分布格局

猫儿山是华南地区的最高峰,为了了解其鸟类随着海拔高度变化的规律,利用网捕法和样线法对猫儿山地区的鸟类组成及分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,猫儿山地区共有鸟类268种,隶属于16目51科,其中留鸟130种,夏候鸟51种,冬候鸟15种,旅鸟72种。依据不同海拔的典型植被类型把猫儿山地区分成7类生境,其中低海拔的农田生境鸟类多样性最丰富,有156种。随着海拔的升高,猫儿山鸟类种数逐渐减少,G-F指数也表现相似的规律。猫儿山鸟类在区系组成上主要以东洋界鸟类为主,在181种繁殖鸟中,东洋界鸟类有149种,古北界鸟类有15种,其余为广布种。随着海拔的升高,东洋界的鸟类所占的比例逐渐降低,而古北界的鸟类所占的比例逐渐升高。猫儿山鸟类组成的垂直分布格局的形成是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

北京地区同域分布的普通和黑头种群密度比较

2007年4月至7月,2007年12月至2008年1月,分别在北京市门头沟区小龙门森林公园、百花山自然保护区以及延庆县松山自然保护区,对同域分布的普通(Sitta europaea)和黑头(Sitta villosa)两种同域分布的类种群密度进行了调查。普通在小龙门森林公园、百花山自然保护区和松山自然保护区的种群密度分别是40.92、96.67只/km2和16.67只/km2。而黑头在上述3个调查区域的种群密度分别是2.03、16.67只/km2和23.33只/km2。普通的总体平均密度(51.4只/km2)高于黑头(20.68只/km2)。两种类分布的海拔和林型存在着差异。普通在海拔高度1070—1350 m的分布比较多。在海拔段1070—1250 m区间,普通的数量随海拔高度的增加呈递增的趋势。而黑头在海拔600—800 m分布较多,随着海拔高度的增加,种群数量呈递减趋势。普通主要分布在阔叶林和针阔混交林中,而黑头主要分布在针叶林中。     

广西大明山鸟类群落组成、区系成分和垂直分布

为了了解鸟类组成和海拔分布状况,利用样线法和固定调查点法于2007~2015年对广西大明山的鸟类进行了研究。在大明山共记录鸟类337种,隶属于17目56科。繁殖鸟类(包括留鸟和夏候鸟)共计234种,占大明山鸟类种数的69.4%,具有明显优势,构成了大明山鸟类区系组成的主体。大明山具有典型的华南区向华中区过渡的鸟类区系特征,67.1%的繁殖鸟类属于东洋型的种类。随着海拔的增加,东洋型的种类逐渐减少。依据海拔梯度和植被的不同,可以将大明山鸟类分成6个类群,鸟类总种数和繁殖鸟类种数均以海拔500~900 m的范围内最多,海拔200~500 m范围内鸟类次之。由于大明山地处热带南缘,本研究将为今后监测气候变暖对鸟类的影响提供依据。     

Timing and speed of migration in male, female and juvenile Ospreys Pandion haliaetus between Sweden and Africa as revealed by field observations, radar and satellite tracking

Breeding Ospreys were studied in southern Sweden and 13 birds were tracked by satellite telemetry on autumn migration to the African wintering grounds. This was supplemented with studies of migrating birds at Falsterbo and radar trackings from southern Sweden. Females generally left the nest site 2–3 weeks ahead of males and juveniles. Among males, failed breeders migrated significantly earlier than successful breeders. At Falsterbo, Ospreys passed in the order adult females (median 22 Aug), adult males (26 Aug) and juveniles (30 Aug). Birds tracked by radar achieved cross‐country speeds of 18–47 km/h. Most of our birds wintered in an area from The Gambia to the Ivory Coast, with one juvenile in Cameroon and one female in Mozambique. Ospreys spent on average 45 days travelling an average distance of 6742 km with no significant differences between sex and age categories. Between 0 and 44 days were used for stopovers en route. Females generally made more stopovers at northerly latitudes than males. Average speed on migration was 174 km/d, which is similar to speeds reported for other large raptors followed by satellite. Speed on travelling days was on average 257 km/d with males generally moving fastest. There was a clear tendency for lower speeds and more stopovers in Europe than during the crossing of the Sahara. Migratory activity generally took place between 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. local time and we have no indications of birds flying at night. With 9 hours travelling time the expected cross‐country speed, derived from the theory of thermal soaring flight and assuming thermal climb rates of 1–2 m/s, varies from 251 to 360 km/d, which is similar to the observed mean speed on travelling days. Even so, one male travelled 746 km/d between Sweden and Spain. Some Ospreys need a much larger fraction of travelling days than expected from theory, suggesting that they deposit fuel on the breeding grounds before departure. This is supported by a correlation between the observed fraction of days spent travelling and departure date. In late departing Ospreys, especially males and juveniles, a major part of the energy for migration is probably deposited on the breeding grounds.     

The density and stability of birds in shrubland and drainage line woodland in the southern Karoo,South Africa

Comparative surveys of bird species richness and abundance showed that a total of 69 bird species was recorded on 1 km transects (n = 996) through shrubland, with a total estimated density of birds of 32.7 ± 32.8 (S.D.) birds/km², of which resident birds made up 24.4 ± 21.0 birds/km², nomads made up 1.9 ± 11.7 birds/km² and local nomads made up 6.3 ± 20.1 birds/km². There was no correlation in general between total bird numbers or total bird biomass and rain, but numbers and biomass of nomads showed the strongest correlations with rainfall two months previously. A total of 86 species was recorded on 276 surveys along a 1 km stretch of drainage line woodland. Species richness varied from an average of about nine species to 24 species each month, and only showed a marked change during the 'dry' period of 1990 to early 1991. Density of birds in this woodland was 59.2 ± 20.8 birds/km. Biomass of birds was relatively constant throughout the study period, with marked increases in certain months when large species were present.     

Adrenergic stimulation of adrenocortical secretion in immature fowl

In 5-6-week-old cockerels the circulating corticosterone concentration was significantly increased in birds i.m. injected 30 and 60 min previously with adrenaline (0.33 mg/kg), noradrenaline (0.33 mg/kg) or a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoprotorenol, 1 mg/kg), but was reduced in birds pretreated with an alpha-adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine, 1 mg/kg). The stimulation of corticosterone secretion induced by a 30 min period of forced exercise (0.04 km/hr; 0 degree incline) was potentiated by noradrenaline, isoprotorenol and phentolamine pretreatment. In response to exogenous adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH, 8 i.u./kg), administered i.v., the increase in the plasma corticosterone concentration was elevated above that in the controls in birds pretreated with adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprotorenol or phentolamine (an alpha antagonist administered at 1 mg/kg). The corticosterone response to ACTH was suppressed by phenylephrine pretreatment. These results demonstrate that both basal and stimulated levels of adrenocortical activity may be subtly regulated by adrenergic mechanisms acting at a site(s) within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.     

青海荒漠猫的一些生物学资料

本文对荒漠猫(Felis bieti)的形态、野外栖息环境、洞穴和捕食活动、食性等作了实地调查,同时结合西宁人民公园人工饲养荒漠猫的行为观察,综合整理的生物学初步观察资料。     

Is food availability limiting African Penguins Spheniscus demersus at Boulders? A comparison of foraging effort at mainland and island colonies

The African Penguin Spheniscus demersus (Vulnerable) formed three new colonies during the 1980s, two on the South African mainland (Stony Point and Boulders) and one on Robben Island. One of the mainland colonies, at Boulders, Simon's Town, is in a suburban area, resulting in conflict with humans. Growth of the Boulders colony was initially rapid, largely through immigration, but has since slowed, possibly as a result of density‐dependent effects either on land (where there has been active management to limit the spread of the colony) or at sea. We test the latter hypothesis by comparing the foraging effort of Penguins feeding small chicks at island and mainland sites, and relate this to the foraging area available to birds. Three‐dimensional foraging paths of African Penguins were reconstructed using GPS and time–depth loggers. There were no intercolony differences in the rate at which birds dived during the day (33 dives/h), in diving depths (mean 17 m, max. 69 m) or in travelling speeds. The maximum speed recorded was 2.85 m/s, with birds travelling faster when commuting (average 1.18 m/s) than when foraging (0.93 m/s) or resting at sea (0.66 m/s during the day, 0.41 m/s at night). There were strong correlations between foraging trip duration, foraging range and total distance travelled. Foraging effort was correlated with chick age at Robben Island, but not at Boulders. Contrary to Ashmole's hypothesis, birds from Boulders (c. 1000 pairs) travelled further (46–53 km) and foraged for longer (13.2 h) than did birds from Robben Island (c. 7000 pairs) and Dassen Island (c. 21 000 pairs) (33 km, 10.3 h). The mean foraging range also differed significantly between mainland (18–20 km) and island colonies (9 km). The area available to central‐place‐foraging seabirds breeding on the mainland is typically less than that for seabirds breeding on islands, but the greater foraging range of Boulders birds results in an absolute foraging area roughly twice that of island colonies, and the area per pair is an order of magnitude greater for the relatively small Boulders colony. Ashmole's hypothesis assumes relatively uniform prey availability among colonies, but our results suggest this does not apply in this case. The greater foraging effort of Boulders birds probably reflects reduced prey availability in False Bay, and thus the recent slowing in growth at the colony may be the result of differential immigration rather than management actions to limit the spatial growth of the colony.