苏南主要森林类型的生物多样性调查与比较研究

维护生物多样性是森林的重要功能之一,也是森林可持续发展的重要内容。森林生态系统具有高生物多样性的特点,是生物多样性保护的重要领域。保护生物多样性的目的在于生物资源的持续增长和人类对生物资源的持续利用,以满足实施持续发展战略的需要。过去生物多样性的保护...     

城郊公路两侧主要森林类型铅含量及分布规律

对南京城郊３１２国道两侧主要森林类型林木不同器官中Ｐｂ含量和分布规律的研究表明,不同树种、同一树种不同器官中Ｐｂ含量有明显差异．火炬松对Ｐｂ污染的净化能力强于杉木、栎树．汽车尾气排放的Ｐｂ污染影响范围在离公路两侧１００ｍ以内,主要在４０ｍ以内范围．有林地土壤由于有林木及林下植被的覆盖,其Ｐｂ含量（尤其是表层０～２０ｃｍ范围内）明显降低,说明林分可有效地降低土壤中Ｐｂ的污染程度．林木不同器官对Ｐｂ尘的吸附率在１８０％～２８１％之间,以叶片吸附能力最强;不同树种比较,以松树吸附率为高     

西天目山森林植被类型及其分布规律

西天目山位于浙江西北部临安县境内,北纬30°20′,东经119°25′,主峰仙人顶海拔1506m。西天目山以特有的森林景观使其自然外貌独具一格,植物资源丰富,植被类型复杂。笔者多次带学生在这里进行植物分类、植物地理野外实习,采集标本、测量样方、土壤剖面和理化分析,本文就是在这个基础上的小结。一、自然生态环境概述西天目山主体为侏罗纪喷出岩构成,自山麓到山顶依次为凝灰岩、流纹斑岩、英安岩,这些岩质坚硬、极其发育,多呈悬崖峭壁、山势陡峻的地貌形态;西天目山地处中亚热带北     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区主要造林树种细根生物量分布规律研究

以2 mm 为粗、细根的划分界限, 采用根钻法对黄土高原安家沟流域油松、白杨、山杏、刺槐、沙棘和柠条6 个主要造林树种细根分布进行调查研究, 同时测定不同树种林地下的土壤含水量。结果表明: 在垂直方向上, 随着土层深度的加深, 细根生物量均呈现出减小的趋势; 在水平方向上, 油松细根生物量呈现先增大后减小的二次多项式分布, 其余5 个树种细根生物量均呈现对数分布, 并且水平根系发达, 细根主要分布在冠幅半径2-3 倍左右的范围内,表明各植被通过水平扩张来获取土壤浅层的大气降水。各造林树种样地土壤含水量由生长季初期到末期呈现降低的趋势, 土壤含水量决定着细根生物量的大小和分布。     

长白山主要类型森林土壤大孔隙数量与垂直分布规律

利用张力入渗仪测量和计算了长白山自然保护区中4种主要类型土壤(暗棕色森林土、棕色针叶林土、山地生草森林土和山地苔原土)中半径范围分别在≥0.5mm、0.25～0.5mm和0.1～0.25mm的大孔隙数量与分布,并探讨了大孔隙的存在对土壤饱和渗水量的影响.结果表明:暗棕色森林土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加而减少,自地表向下至40cm以内土层的变化较快,在40cm以下土层内的变化较慢;棕色针叶林土和山地苔原土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的增加而增加;山地生草森林土中大孔隙数量随土壤深度的变化不大.大孔隙占土壤体积的比例虽然很小,却对土壤饱和渗水量的传导起到了重要作用.     

安徽省绩溪县清凉峰自然保护区主要森林植被类型及其分布

一、森林植被的生态环境清凉峰是天目山脉的一部分,地处两省三县(安徽省绩溪县和歙县,浙江省临安县)交界处。最高峰位于北纬30°07′,东经118°55′,海拔1787.2m。清凉峰北坡位于绩溪县境内,目前保存较好的森林植被约2 733.3ha。属亚热带季风气候类型。四季分明,春季多阴雨,初夏雨量集中,气候温暖湿润,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑。据清凉峰南坡气象站1980年记载,在海拔1 480m处,年平均气温9.7℃,最热月平均气温20.1℃,最冷月平均气温-2.1℃,极端最高气温27.6℃,极端最低气温-17.6℃,年降雨     

陆地生态系统类型转变与碳循环

 土地利用变化引起的陆地生态系统类型转变对于全球碳循环有着极其重要的作用。　通过总结国内外有关森林砍伐以及森林、草地转变成农田对于碳循环的影响,阐述了可能引起全球“未知汇”现象的重要原因,强调未来中国陆地生态系统碳循环研究应充分重视陆地生态系统类型转变对于全球碳循环的影响研究,包括研究陆地生态系统的不同发展阶段(自然与退化生态系统)、利用方式的改变(森林转化为人工林或农田,草地转化为农田、退耕还林草等)所引起的碳库类型转换的增汇机理及其对全球变化响应,并指出了建立统一观测方法与规范的陆地生态系统碳通量观测网     

雪峰山西南支脉丘陵山地森林植物群落类型及结构特征研究

为了弄清雪峰山西南支脉丘陵山地生态系统的结构、类型及其特性 ,研究了 2 6个典型森林群落的结构及组成特点。区域内共有植物 1 6 2科 4 0 5属 75 9种 ,主要为热带分布及亚热带分布 ,其植物区系成分复杂 ,具有明显的过渡与交汇特征 ,与其联系最为广泛的是滇、黔、桂区 ,同时与华中、华南、华东区的联系亦非常密切。从生活型来看 ,高位芽占的比例最大 ,中高位芽植物和小高位芽植物为区域内群落乔层的主要组成种类。在层片结构上 ,森林植物群落除暖性灌丛外 ,都具有乔木层层片、灌木层层片、草本层层片和苔藓地被层层片 ,常绿阔叶中高位芽层片为乔木层主要层片 ,并多构成群落的建群层片。 2 6个群落可分为 7个植被类型 ,分别处于群落的 4个演替阶段。这些群落分别具有保护原有结构功能和研究天然林恢复规律的价值。群落中的主要种类 ,乔木层有黔桂润楠、甜槠、枫香、青冈栎 ,灌木层有杜茎山、木、羊角杜鹃     

Understory development in canopy gaps of pine and pine-hardwood forests of the upper Coastal Plain of Virginia

Canopygaps are important in establishing a pool of natural regeneration in manytemperate forest ecosystems. Information on the role of gaps in loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.) and pine-hardwood foreststands in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States is lacking.Accordingly, 12 small canopy gaps in mature pine and pine-hardwood standsin Petersburg National Battlefield, Virginia, were studied. Loblolly pineregeneration was significantly more abundant in canopy gaps as compared to theadjacent forest in both forest cover types. In four stands dominated by loblollypine, there were 750 saplings/ha in the gaps compared to only 125saplings/ha in the adjacent forest. Pine saplings dominated the regenerationspectrum in the gaps in the pine stands, while red maple (Acerrubrum L.) was more important in the adjacent forest. In fourpine-hardwood stands, regeneration in both the gaps and adjacent forestwas dominated by sweetgum (Liquidambar styracifluaL.) with importance values of 27% and 28%, respectively.There were no loblolly pine seedlings in the adjacent forest, but an average 313per ha in the gaps of the pine-hardwood stands. Within thegaps in both cover types, loblolly pine saplings were lower in stature thancompeting hardwood stems, leading to the conclusion that the gaps may form atemporary pool of pine regeneration. Without further stand disturbance, theprocess of gap closure may reduce the pine component to a secondary status, orperhaps eliminate it altogether.     

Population structure and growth-stress relationship of Pinus taeda in rock outcrop habitats

Abstract. On the granite outcrops of the southeastern United States, soil accumulates in shallow depressions on the rock surface. A specific sequence of vascular plants characterizes the temporal development of these systems. The edaphic end point of the succession is apparently attained with a herb-shrub-tree stage with Pinus taeda as the dominant tree. We studied the characteristics of this stage and the population structure of P. taeda on outcrop islands in order to specify the successional status of the species in this habitat. We compared the radial growth pattern of outcrop and Piedmont populations of P. taeda, and of two outcrop sub-populations. We checked whether trees on outcrops experience more limiting conditions than trees on the Piedmont, and studied the recent change in the relationship between growth and stress (e.g. drought and atmospheric deposition) reported for loblolly pine in the southeastern United States. We also attempted to identify the climatic variables most critical for tree growth on outcrops. On outcrop soil islands, P. taeda maintains populations that are of irregular age distribution, possibly in response to irregular recruitment and survival. There are no signs of loblolly pine replacement by hardwood species on any of the islands studied, although an understory of shrubby oak appears to characterize larger and deeper-soil islands. Although trees on the Piedmont were growing at a higher rate than those on the outcrop in the first part of the 1950–1988 period, their growth declined at a higher rate than that of trees on the outcrop. As a result, at the end of the period considered (1950–1988), the differences in radial growth between outcrop and Piedmont populations were relatively small. On the outcrop, trees < 22 yr old in 1989 were growing at a rate somewhat lower than that of trees of similar age, 40 yr ago. Differences were apparent in the initial growth patterns between the two outcrop subpopulations (1989 and 1949 stems), and these could have resulted from differences in competition regime, stress or climatic conditions, or a combination thereof. However, a repeated-measures ANOVA failed to reveal a significant recent decrease in the radial growth of loblolly pine in the system studied. The identification of numerous signature years (years with ≥ 80 % of the trees with similar increasing or decreasing trend in their radial growth) suggests that similar environmental variables control the growth of loblolly pine in both outcrop and Piedmont habitats. High temperature and low precipitation in the first part of the summer (June-July) seem to limit radial growth. Those pines growing on outcrop soil islands, however, appear more sensitive to climatic fluctuations.     

会同杉木人工林不同生长阶段植物固碳特征

为了探讨杉木人工林不同生长阶段的固碳功能,以会同杉木林为研究对象,在定位连续测定林分生物量和碳素含量的基础上,研究了杉木林不同年龄阶段的储存碳量及在各组分的分配和植物固碳能力。结果表明:杉木各器官碳素含量树叶树皮树根树干树枝,且随着林龄增加而增大;杉木林植被储存碳量为22.93—86.98 t/hm2,各个层次储存碳量乔木层林下植被层枯死物层;乔木层碳素在器官间的相对分配大小依次为树干树根树叶树皮树枝;树干碳素分配比随着年龄增长而增大,树枝、树叶随年龄增长而减少,树根和树皮虽有波动,但变化较平稳;树枝、树叶、树干、树皮和树根碳积累年均变化都呈单峰形曲线,但波峰出现林龄各有不同;杉木林固碳动态特征可分为固碳功能建立、固碳能力迅速增长、固碳能力最大、固碳能力相对平稳和固碳能力下降等5个阶段;杉木林的固碳能力,不仅受不同生长阶段生长发育生物学特性的制约,而且还受林分冠层结构特征以及土壤肥力条件的影响。     

杉木、火力楠纯林及其混交林生态系统C、N贮量

研究比较第2代连载杉木纯林、杉木与火力楠混交林以及火力楠纯林3种人工林生态系统的C、N贮量。结果表明,杉木与火力楠混交林生态系统C贮量要高于杉木纯林和火力楠纯林,而生态系统N贮量是火力楠纯林和杉木与火力楠混交林高于杉木纯林;生态系统C和N贮量的空间分布基本一致,土壤层占主要部分,其次为乔木层,再次是根系,林下植被层和凋落层所占比例最小;相关分析表明,土壤C、N贮量分别和林下植被生物量以及与森林凋落物现存量之间都具有良好的线性关系,说明林下植被和森林凋落物对土壤C、N贮量有着深刻的影响。     

杉木人工林C库与C吸存的动态研究

对湖南会同10年生、14年生杉木人工林C库和C吸存的动态研究结果表明,杉木人工林生态系统的C库主要由植被层、死地被物层、土壤层组成的,按其C库大小顺序排列为土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。10年生、14年生杉木林生态系统的C库分别为120.52和171.40t.hm-2,具有一定的年龄阶段和地带性特点。随着杉木林年龄的增长,乔木层C贮量的优势逐渐加强,从10年生的30.38t.hm-2增加到14年生的61.24t.hm-2,分别占总C库的25.21%和38.50%,树干C贮量占林分C贮量的比例最大,可达47.17%以上,并随杉木林年龄的增长而明显增强,分布在枝、叶、皮和根中的C贮量占48.11%以上,地上部分的C贮量占总C贮量的84.73%以上。10年生和14年生林地土壤层(0~60cm)的C库分别为88.21和108.20t.hm-2,占生态系统总C库的63.13%以上,土壤表层(0~15cm)的C储量分别占土壤总C库的36.57%和34.26%,土壤0~30cm层中的C储量分别占土壤总C库的63.44%和61.05%。地上部分C贮量与地下部分C贮量之比为10年生时为1∶3.53,14年生时为1∶2.22。10年生和14年生杉木人工林生态系统的年净固定C量分别为5.488和9.285t.hm-2.a-1。湖南省现有杉木林植被C库为0.1916×108t,潜在C库为1.4710×108t,C吸存潜力为1.2794×108t,湖南省现有杉木林植被的C库仅为其潜在C库的13.03%,低于全国水平26.46%。     

Estimation of relationship coefficients among progeny derived from wind-pollinated orchard seeds

Statistical analyses of trees produced from wind-pollinated seeds to determine levels of additive variance need to be adjusted to compensate for the relationships among the progeny. The assumption that the coefficient of relationship among the progeny is 0.25 will lead to inaccurate estimation of the additive variance if the relationships among the progeny are not entirely half-sib. Foreign pollen intrusion into the orchard pollen cloud, selfing, and reproductive phenology variation (i.e., mating proportion differences) among the parent trees may lead to varying proportions of self, self-half, half-sib, and full-sib relationships among the progeny. The variance of the coefficient of relationship from 0.25 for two coniferous seed orchards subjected to simulated selfing and foreign pollen problems illustrate the need for caaution when estimation techniques are employed.Communicated by A. R. Hallauer