共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 171 毫秒
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《生命科学》2016,(9)
蝶类所蕴含的生态和形态多样性信息十分丰富,并一直作为进化生物学和生态学研究的模型系统之一。随着分子生物学的发展,分子生物学技术被广泛应用于蝶类系统学研究。但随着研究的深入,简单的分子片段已不能满足研究的需求,需要挖掘新的分子标记。近年来,线粒体全基因组已成为蝶类分子系统学研究中的重要分子标记之一,并广泛应用于蝶类各阶元的研究中。就蝶类线粒体基因组的测序进展、基因组的结构特征、线粒体基因(蛋白质编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因)的特征、A+T富集区的特征、基因重叠现象及线粒体基因组在分子系统学方面的应用进行了概述,同时也分析了线粒体基因组在应用中存在的一些问题。 相似文献
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鞘翅目是世界上物种最丰富的类群, 分为原鞘亚目(Archostemata Kolbe, 1908)、 藻食亚目(Myxophaga Crowson, 1955)、 肉食亚目(Adephaga Schellenberg, 1806)和多食亚目(Polyphaga Emery, 1886)。随着分子生物学的发展,分子系统学的技术被广泛应用于鞘翅目系统学研究中。本文综述了鞘翅目高级阶元的分子系统学的研究进展及存在问题。基于分子生物学手段, 分子分类学家提出了关于鞘翅目高级阶元分子系统学很多假说, 分子分析结果支持鞘翅目的4个亚目各为单系, 而亚目间的系统关系还不统一。基于分子手段对于亚目内的系统发育关系的研究也有了一定的进展, 比如: 分子系统学结果支持肉食亚目的水生类群和陆生类群分别为单系, 水生类群为一次起源。目前, 鞘翅目高级阶元分子系统学的研究还不够成熟和完善, 主要表现为: 材料选择有限且不均衡、 基因数目和适合度不理想, 以及一些关键节点研究的欠缺。 相似文献
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尼罗鳄线粒体基因组全序列分析及鳄类系统发生关系的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
大多数脊椎动物的线粒体基因组(约16—18kb)的组成是相对较稳定的,但在不同类群中,线粒体基因组在基因结构和基因排列方式等方面均显示了极大的多样性,这种多样性可能反映了真核细胞不同的进化路线(Saccone et al.,1999)。就目前的研究而言,线粒体基因组是惟一一个能够从基因组水平上来分析动物系统发生的分子标记,可以从线粒体基因组序列信息、基因组成及基因排列方式等进行多方位的分子进化研究,因而线粒体基因组全序列将成为动物分子系统发生最有力的证据(Saccone et al.,1999)。 相似文献
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植物分子系统学近五年的研究进展概况 总被引:55,自引:3,他引:52
本文综述了与分子系统学发展密切相关的4个因素:1.分子生物学方法的不断改进;2.基因组的全序列测定;3.用于分子系统学研究的基因种类不断增加,对这些基因进化规律的认识不断深入;4.化石DNA的研究。本文还阐述了核基因及叶绿体基因在系统学研究中的应用,例举了rbcL、matk、18s rDNA和ITS序列分析在植物系统发育研究中取得的重要成果,同时提出了分子系统学研究中应注意的一些问题。 相似文献
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ITS序列的特点及其在昆虫学研究中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着PCR技术和DNA测序技术的成熟及广泛应用,分子数据的分析和利用逐渐成为生物学研究的重要手段。基因组中含有丰富的遗传信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因与线粒体基因序列相结合作为遗传标记,研究昆虫的系统发育,已成为分子系统学领域的发展趋势。由于长度适中、易于扩增、进化速度快、变异性高等优点,核糖体基因中内转录间隔区(ITS)已在昆虫系统学研究中得到广泛的应用。本文介绍了ITS序列的结构特点,重点对ITS序列在近缘种及种型快速鉴定、属及属上高级阶元系统学研究、谱系生物地理学及与其它基因联合分析昆虫系统进化关系等研究中的应用及前景进行了综述。 相似文献
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分子系统学研究进展 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
分子系统学 ( molecular systematics)是近 30年发展起来的一门综合性前沿学科 ,它在分子水平上对生物进行遗传多样性、分类、系统发育和进化等方面的研究 ,其研究结果对于保护生物多样性 (尤其是遗传多样性 ) ,揭示生物进化历程及机理具有十分重要的意义。1 分子系统学的定义及发展简史分子系统学是通过检测生物大分子包含的遗传信息 ,定量描述、分析这些信息在分类、系统发育和进化上的意义 ,从而在分子水平上解释生物的多样性、系统发育及进化规律的一门学科。它以分子生物学、系统学、遗传学、分类学和进化论为理论基础 ,以分子生物学… 相似文献
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Genome‐wide survey of nuclear protein‐coding markers for beetle phylogenetics and their application in resolving both deep and shallow‐level divergences 下载免费PDF全文
Li‐Heng Che Shao‐Qian Zhang Yun Li Dan Liang Hong Pang Adam Ślipiński Peng Zhang 《Molecular ecology resources》2017,17(6):1342-1358
Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most diverse and species‐rich insect group, representing an impressive explosive radiation in the evolutionary history of insects, and their evolutionary relationships are often difficult to resolve. The amount of ‘traditional markers’ (e.g. mitochondrial genes and nuclear rDNAs) for beetle phylogenetics is small, and these markers often lack sufficient signals in resolving relationships for such a rapidly radiating lineage. Here, based on the available genome data of beetles and other related insect species, we performed a genome‐wide survey to search nuclear protein‐coding (NPC) genes suitable for research on beetle phylogenetics. As a result, we identified 1470 candidate loci, which provided a valuable data resource to the beetle evolutionary research community for NPC marker development. We randomly chose 180 candidate loci from the database to design primers and successfully developed 95 NPC markers which can be PCR amplified from standard genomic DNA extracts. These new nuclear markers are universally applicable across Coleoptera, with an average amplification success rate of 90%. To test the phylogenetic utility, we used them to investigate the backbone phylogeny of Coleoptera (18 families sampled) and the family Coccinellidae (39 species sampled). Both phylogenies are well resolved (average bootstrap support >95%), showing that our markers can be used to address phylogenetic questions of various evolutionary depth (from species level to family level). In general, the newly developed nuclear markers are much easier to use and more phylogenetically informative than the ‘traditional markers’, and show great potential to expedite resolution of many parts in the Beetle Tree of Life. 相似文献
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Mitochondrial DNA remains one of the most widely used molecular markers to reconstruct the phylogeny and phylogeography of closely related birds. It has been proposed that bird mitochondrial genomes evolve at a constant rate of ~0.01 substitution per site per million years, that is that they evolve according to a strict molecular clock. This molecular clock is often used in studies of bird mitochondrial phylogeny and molecular dating. However, rates of mitochondrial genome evolution vary among bird species and correlate with life history traits such as body mass and generation time. These correlations could cause systematic biases in molecular dating studies that assume a strict molecular clock. In this study, we overcome this issue by estimating corrected molecular rates for birds. Using complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes of 475 species, we show that there are strong relationships between body mass and substitution rates across birds. We use this information to build models that use bird species’ body mass to estimate their substitution rates across a wide range of common mitochondrial markers. We demonstrate the use of these corrected molecular rates on two recently published data sets. In one case, we obtained molecular dates that are twice as old as the estimates obtained using the strict molecular clock. We hope that this method to estimate molecular rates will increase the accuracy of future molecular dating studies in birds. 相似文献
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Mitochondria are subcellular organelles in which oxidative phosphorylation and other important biochemical functions take place within the cell. Within these organelles is a mitochondrial (mt) genome, which is distinct from, but cooperates with, the nuclear genome of the cell. Studying mt genomes has implications for various fundamental areas, including mt biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology. Importantly, the mt genome is a rich source of markers for population genetic and systematic studies. To date, more than 696 mt genomes have been sequenced for a range of metazoan organisms. However, few of these are from parasitic nematodes, despite their socioeconomic importance and the need for fundamental investigations into areas such as nematode genetics, systematics and ecology. In this article, we review knowledge and recent progress in mt genomics of parasitic nematodes, summarize applications of mt gene markers to the study of population genetics, systematics, epidemiology and evolution of key nematodes, and highlight some prospects and opportunities for future research. 相似文献
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Genlou SUN 《植物分类学报:英文版》2014,52(6):706-711
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies on Elymus have added to our understanding of the origination of Elymus species. However, evolutionary dynamics and speciation of most species in Elymus are unclear. Molecular phylogeny has demonstrated that reticulate evolution has occurred extensively in the genus, as an example, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepC) data revealed two versions of the St genome, St1 and St2contributing to speciation of E. caninus. Phylogenetic analyses of E. pendulinus uncovered additional genome-level complexity. Our data indicated that both chloroplast and nuclear gene introgression have occurred in the evolutionary process of E. pendulinus. Non-donor species genomes have been detected in severalElymus species, such as in allohexaploid E. repens (StStStStHH), a Taeniatherum-like (Ta genome in Triticeae) GBSSI sequence, Bromus- (Bromeae) and Panicum-like (Paniceae) ITS sequences have been detected. The chloroplast DNA data indicated that Pseudoroegneria is the maternal genome donor to Elymus species, but whether different Elymus species originated from different St donors remains an open question. The origin of the Y genome in Elymus is puzzling. It is clear that the Ygenome is distinct from the St genome, but unclear on the relationships of Y to other genomes in Triticeae. Introgressive hybridization may be an important factor complicating the evolutionary history of the species in Elymus. The extent of introgression and its role in creating diversity in Elymus species should be the objective of further investigations. 相似文献
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动物线粒体基因组研究进展 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
对动物线粒体分子生物学的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述.从线粒体基因组(mtDNA)的研究背景出发,重点介绍了动物线粒体基因组的组成和结构特点,以及目前动物mtDNA与核基因组的关系、线粒体基因的遗传、起源和进化研究中的热点问题. 相似文献
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Li‐Na Sha Xing Fan Hai‐Qin Zhang Hou‐Yang Kang Yi Wang Xiao‐Li Wang Xiao‐Fang Yu Yong‐Hong Zhou 《植物分类学报:英文版》2016,54(3):250-263
The level and pattern of nucleotide variation in duplicate genes provide important information on the evolutionary history of polyploids and divergent processes between homoeologous loci within lineages. Leymus, a group of allopolyploid species with the NsXm genomes, is a perennial genus with a diverse array of morphology, ecology, and distribution in Triticeae. To estimate the phylogeny and molecular evolution of a single-copy DMC1 gene in Leymus and its diploid relatives,DMC1 homoeologous sequences were isolated from the sampled Leymus species and were analyzed with those from 30 diploid taxa representing 18 basic genomes in Triticeae. Sequence diversity patterns and genealogical analysis suggested that: (i) different Leymus species might derive their Ns genome from different Psathyrostachys species; (ii) Pseudoroegneria has contributed to the nuclear genome of some Leymus species, which might result from recurrent hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting; (iii) the Xm genome origin of Leymus could differ among species; (iv) rapid radiation and multiple origin might account for the rich diversity, numbers of species, and wide ecological adaptation of Leymus species; and (v) the DMC1 sequence diversity of the Ns genome in Leymus species was lower than that in the Psathyrostachys diploids, while the level of DMC1 sequence diversity in Leymus was higher than that in diploid Pseudoroegneria. Our results provide new insight on the evolutionary dynamics of duplicate DMC1 genes, polyploid speciation, and the phylogeny of Leymus species. 相似文献
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Groupers are of considerable economic value; however, their classification and evolutionary relationships have long been hindered by the overwhelming number of species and lack of morphological specializations. Mitochondrial genome is a source of original markers that are potentially useful in the study of phylogeny and population genetics of groupers. We describe a set of 16 new primer pairs that allow PCR amplification of the entire mitochondrial genomes of orange-spotted grouper and Hong Kong grouper. This primer set has been defined for consensus over eight other grouper species, facilitating further studies on the molecular evolution and population genetics of groupers. 相似文献