Smith—Fineman—Myers综合征与GRIA3基因的连锁和突变分析

探讨GRIA3基因与中国山东Smith-Fineman-Myers综合征的连锁关系,并分析SFMS患者GRIA3基因突变。采用PCR结合变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,分析GRIA3基因内多态位点与致病基因之间的连锁关系。采用PCR扩增结合PCR产物直接测序方法检测GRIA3基因开放性阅读框架区域基因突变。GRIA3基因内多态位点分析表明,GRIA3基因与中国山东SFMS家系致病基因紧密连锁,但在该基因开放性阅读框架区域内并未检测到导致疾病的基因突变。中国山东SFMS家系患者不是由于GRIA3基因编码区域基因突变所致。     

GCK基因和HNF-1α基因突变的研究

目的:研究一典型的青少年发病的成人型糖尿病家系并研究其基因突变位点。方法:以1个典型MODY家系的7名成员为研究对象,同时以10名无糖尿病家族史的普通2型糖尿病患者和10名健康人员为2个对照组。抽取外周血,分离白细胞,用快速盐析法提取基因组DNA,以基因组DNA为模板对HNF-1α基因的4号、2号和6号外显子和GCK基因的1号外显子进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经纯化后直接进行序列测定,并分别和各自的正常序列进行比较。结果:7名MODY家系成员HNF-1α2号外显子上游的内含子均存在一碱基G→A置换,即IVS2nt-42 G-A;4例存在HNF-1α6号外显子P380fsinsG移码突变,其中1例合并P379S点突变和IVS6nt-4G-A突变;1例存在P379S点突变;2例未发现突变和多态性。GCK基因的1号外显子及其内含子均未发现有突变或多态性。20名对照组成员均未发现有GCK1号外显子和HNF-1α2、4、6号外显子及其内含子的突变。结论:本家系是HNF-1α基因的6号外显子及其上游内含子突变(移码突变和/或点突变)和2号外显子上游内含子的一个碱基突变,该家系MODY属于MODY3。     

一个中国Gilbert综合征家系的遗传学分析

对一个中国汉族Gilbert综合征遗传家系致病基因突变位点进行鉴定,以期了解该病的分子遗传学基础。首先提取先证者基因组DNA,PCR扩增尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶UGT1A1基因的5个外显子,以琼脂糖电泳鉴定PCR产物,纯化后直接测序鉴定。基因扫描显示,与血清胆红素水平密切相关的UGT1A1基因在第1和第5外显子存在纯合突变,而 UGT1A1基因启动子区域和内含子/外显子剪接边界位点序列未检测到突变。进一步对其他家系成员该基因的相应位点进行突变检测,结果显示他们在第1和第5外显子也存在杂合突变,其中还有两个成员在启动子区域检测到(TA)插入突变。对家系成员未抗凝新鲜血液进行生化检测证实了基因突变分析的结果。综合以上结果发现该家系三种突变并存,致病因素为第1和/或第5外显子突变,为显性遗传,两种突变位点纯合导致先证者出现严重胆红素代谢功能障碍。该家系因此成为Gilbert综合征突变位点及其致病机理研究的一个典型临床病例。     

鼠细胞角蛋白Endo B的核苷酸序列分析

本文报导了由编码细胞角蛋白的基因组DNA文库中筛选的克隆的特点,介绍了其亚克隆和核苷酸序列分析.序列分析发现,Endo B基因由七个外显子和六个内含子组成.Endo B 基因家族至少由一个结构基因和一个假基因组成.     

一VHL 家系致病基因突变的检测与分析*

目的:研究中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤(VHL)基因突变的主要类型和发生情况,探讨VHL疾病发生的原因、临床特点等。方法:以基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增VHL基因3个外显子及5’UTR区域,结合DNA直接测序的方法,对一个有多个小脑血管母细胞瘤患者的家系进行VHL基因突变检测。结果:发现该家系VHL基因5’UTR区、外显子1和外显子2正常,外显子3存在c.499C>G的改变,为一个错意突变,氨基酸改变为Arg-Gln(p.R167Q),该突变是导致这个家系的患者发病的直接原因。结论:VHL疾病的突变主要集中在VHL蛋白的α、β结构域,位于α结构域的p.R167Q突变为该VHL家系致病的主要原因。     

甘蔗SoNIN1基因结构及其内含子信息分析

根据前期克隆得到的So NIN1基因的全长c DNA和部分启动子序列设计引物,应用PCR技术从甘蔗叶片g DNA中克隆So NIN1基因,并利用生物信息学方法分析基因的结构。结果表明,So NIN1基因的DNA序列长4 938 bp,包含6个外显子和5个内含子,Gen Bank登录号KF563902。在该基因5'非翻译区存在一个268 bp内含子序列,同时5个内含子序列中含有与低温、干旱和激素等胁迫响应相关的作用元件,这些可能对So NIN1基因转录表达起调控作用。依据So NIN1蛋白聚类和外显子-内含子基因结构可以将植物NINs分为两类。     

LITAF、RAB7、LMNA和MTMR2基因在中国人腓骨肌萎缩症患者的突变分析

为了分析LITAF、RAB7、LMNA和MTMR2基因在中国人腓骨肌萎缩症(Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT)的突变特点, 文章分别应用PCR结合DNA序列分析方法和PCR-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)结合DNA序列分析方法对6个常染色体显性遗传家系先证者和27个散发病例进行LITAF和RAB7基因突变分析; 应用PCR-SSCP结合DNA序列分析方法对14个常染色体遗传的CMT家系先证者和27个散发患者进行LMNA和MTMR2基因突变分析。结果发现: LITAF基因c.269G→A、c.274A→G序列变异和LMNA基因c.1243G→A、c.1910C→T序列变异, 未发现RAB7和MTMR2基因的序列变异。其中LITAF基因c.269G→A、LMNA基因c.1243G→A和c.1910C→T为新发现的单核苷酸多态; LITAF基因c.274A→G为已知多态。说明LITAF、RAB7、LMNA和MTMR2基因突变在中国人CMT患者中罕见。     

山东东部地区家族性和早发性乳腺癌BRCA1基因突变的研究

目的:研究家族性和早发性乳腺癌BRCA1基因突变情况.方法:选取52例来自不同家系家族性和早发性乳腺癌患者,提取外周血基因组DNA,对BRCA1基因的全部编码序列及外显子与内含子的拼接区进行PCR基因扩增,扩增产物经变性高效液相色谱分析(DHPLC)除筛后,对发现异常的片断进行DNA直接测序证实.结果:在52例家族性和早发性乳腺癌患者中发现4例(7.7%)BRCA1致病性突变(2257C＞G,2229del1AA,3413de1T),其中BRCA1的2229de1AA在两个不同的家系重复出现.3413de1T突变未在Breast Cancer Information Core(BIC)数据库和相关的文献报道过.家族性乳腺癌突变率为12%(3/25);单纯早发性乳腺癌突变率为3.7%(1/27).结论:BRCA1突变在山东东部地区家族性乳腺癌的发病中发挥重要作用,对具有家族史的乳腺癌家系进行BRCA1基因突变筛查具有重要意义.     

甜菜胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶基因组DNA的克隆

以甜菜叶片为材料,用CTAB法提取基因组DNA.以分段PCR法扩增得到了完整的甜菜胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS1)基因组DNA.采用RT-PCR法扩增此GS1基因(GS1)的cDNA序列应用于对照.获得了长度为9 606bp的完整的GS1 DNA序列和长度为1 068 bp的GSI cDNA序列.分析GS1基因组DNA序列表明,它包含13个外显子,被12个内含子分隔开.其外显子区与已公布的GS1 mRNA序列的相似性达99.5%.RT-PCR法获得的cDNA序列与已知的GS1 mRNA序列相似性达99.6%.而2次实验中GS1基因组DNA外显子区与GS1 cDNA序列的相似性达99.9%.GenBank登录号为EU370974.     

应用PCR技术对DMD患者进行缺失检测与产前基因诊断

运用聚合酶链式反应(polymerasechainreaction,PCR)技术对3个Duchenne型肌营养不良症(DMD)家系中的患者进行dystrophin基因内9个外显子缺失检测,在2个家系中检测到外显子45、48、51缺失,同时运用PCR技术扩增位于dystrophin基因内内含子短串联重复序列,对非缺失型DMD家系进行了产前诊断,胎儿为正常女性.dystrophin基因外显子缺失检测方法快速、敏感、准确,可在临床推广中应用;短串联重复序列(STR)多态性分析方法可用于DMD家系的产前基因诊断和携带者检出.     

Organization of the murine Ig-related lambda 5 gene transcribed selectively in pre-B lymphocytes.

lambda 5 is an immunoglobulin lambda light chain-related gene which is selectively transcribed in murine pre-B lymphocytes to yield a 1.2 kb poly(A)+ mRNA. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of a 1 kb cDNA clone with the sequence of a genomic clone isolated from 70Z/3 murine pre-B lymphoma cells shows lambda 5 is composed of three exons spanning a 3.75 kb DNA segment. Conserved splice signal sequences at all exon/intron boundaries and the presence of a long open reading frame indicate that a functional mRNA molecule can be made. Exon I contains a cap-site and a potential ATG start codon as well as sequences encoding a signal peptide. This gene could encode a lambda 5 protein of 209 amino acids which has, however, not yet been identified. The 3' portion of exon II and all of exon III shows strong sequence homologies to J lambda L and C lambda L exons. Homology to the lambda L chain genes is lost in the 5' portion of exon II and throughout exon I. In exon I short homologies to leader sequences and to VH framework 1 sequences are seen.     

Genomic organization of the human multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene and origin of P-glycoproteins

The MDR1 gene, responsible for multidrug resistance in human cells, encodes a broad specificity efflux pump (P-glycoprotein). P-glycoprotein consists of two similar halves, each half including a hydrophobic transmembrane region and a nucleotide-binding domain. On the basis of sequence homology between the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of P-glycoprotein, we have previously suggested that this gene arose by duplication of a primordial gene. We have now determined the complete intron/exon structure of the MDR1 gene by direct sequencing of cosmid clones and enzymatic amplification of genomic DNA segments. The MDR1 gene includes 28 introns, 26 of which interrupt the protein-coding sequence. Although both halves of the protein-coding sequence are composed of approximately the same number of exons, only two intron pairs, both within the nucleotide-binding domains, are located at conserved positions in the two halves of the protein. The other introns occur at different locations in the two halves of the protein and in most cases interrupt the coding sequence at different positions relative to the open reading frame. These results suggest that the P-glycoprotein arose by fusion of genes for two related but independently evolved proteins rather than by internal duplication.     

Nucleotide sequence and intron structure of the apocytochrome b gene of Neurospora crassa mitochondria

The sequence of the apocytochrome b (cob) gene of Neurospora crassa has been determined. The structural gene is interrupted by two intervening sequences of approximately 1260 bp each. The polypeptide encoded by the exons shows extensive homology with the cob proteins of Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (79% and 60%, respectively). The two introns are, however, located at sites different from those of introns in the cob genes of A. nidulans and S. cerevisiae (which contain highly homologous introns at the same site within the gene). The introns share several short regions of sequence homology (10-12 bp long) with each other and with other fungal mitochondrial introns. Moreover, the second intron contains a 50 nucleotide long sequence that is highly homologous with sequences within every ribosomal intron of fungal mitochondria sequenced to date. The conserved sequences may allow the formation of a core secondary structure, which is nearly identical in many mitochondrial introns. The conserved secondary structure may be required for intron splicing. The second intron contains an open reading frame, continuous with the preceding exon, of approximately 290 codons. Two stretches of 10 amino acid residues, conserved in many introns, are present in the open reading frame.     

The primary structure of the putative oncogene pim-1 shows extensive homology with protein kinases

We have shown previously that the putative oncogene pim-1 is frequently activated by provirus insertion in murine leukemia virus-induced T cell lymphomas. Here we describe the structure of the pim-1 gene as determined by sequencing genomic and cDNA clones. The gene has an open reading frame, encoding a protein of 313 amino acids, extending over six exons and preceded and followed by stop codons in all reading frames. Proviruses always integrate outside the protein-encoding domain, showing a high preference for a small region in the 3'-terminal exon; integration in the 3' exon results in relatively high levels of pim-1 mRNA. Computer search reveals homology between pim-1 and protein kinases: all the domains characteristic of protein kinases are conserved in the pim-1 amino acid sequence. The highest homologies were observed with the protein-serine kinases.     

Allotypes of the constant region of the rabbit T cell receptor beta-2 chain

Our laboratory previously reported that there was restriction fragment length polymorphism of TCR C beta genes in rabbits. EcoRI digests of DNA from different rabbits gave fragments of 9 and 6 kb (C beta a) or 14 and 6 kb (C beta b) that hybridized to a C beta cDNA probe. We also reported that the 9- and 14-kb types segregated as Mendelian traits and that there were allotypic differences in the first exon of the C beta 1 genes of C beta a and C beta b animals. Here we report the DNA sequence of the C beta 2 gene present in the 6-kb EcoRI fragment from a C beta b animal and compare the exon sequences with that of a cDNA from a C beta a animal. We find replacement changes in the first and third exons that probably represent allotypic forms of the rabbit C beta 2 gene. The genomic DNA 5' of exon 1 of both beta 1 and beta 2 contain alternating purine/pyrimidine repeat sequences. The genomic C beta 2 has an open reading frame of 69 amino acids in frame with exon 1 similar to a longer one previously found 5' of exon 1 of C beta 1. Further 5' of this region, rabbit C beta 1 and C beta 2 DNA sequences are only about 66% similar. Both the C beta 1 and C beta 2 sequences have two chi sequences; one in exon 1 with a perfect match and one in the intron downstream of exon 1 with one mismatch. Alternating purine/pyrimidine repeats and chi sequences found in rabbit C beta 1 and C beta 2 genes may have contributed to process(es) of gene duplication and/or conversion.     

The human hyaluronan synthase genes: genomic structures,proximal promoters and polymorphic microsatellite markers

The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA) is a key component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix (ECM) and is synthesised by the HA synthase (HAS) enzymes HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3 at the plasma membrane. Accumulating evidence emphasises the relevance of HA metabolism in an increasing number of processes of clinical interest including renal fibrosis and peritoneal mesothelial wound healing. In the present study, the genomic sequences and organisation of the genes encoding the human HAS isoforms were deduced, in silico, from reference cDNA and genomic sequence data. These data were confirmed in vitro by sequencing of PCR-amplified HAS exons and flanking genomic sequences, comparison with sequence data for the corresponding murine Has orthologues, rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends analysis and luciferase reporter assays on putative proximal promoter sequences. The HAS1 gene comprised five exons, with the translation start site situated 9bp from the 3' end of exon 1. In contrast, the genomic structures for HAS2 and both HAS3 variants spanned four exons, exon 1 forming a discrete 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) and the translation start site lying at nucleotide 1 of exon 2. Dinucleotide microsatellite loci were identified in intron 1 of HAS1 and HAS2, and immediately upstream of the HAS3 gene and their utility as linkage markers demonstrated in genomic DNA (gDNA) studies. We thus present a comprehensive resource for mutation detection screening of all HAS exons and/or linkage analysis of each HAS gene in a variety of disorders for which they are attractive candidates.