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1.
随着我国城市化、工业化的快速推进,城市大气污染问题日益突出,研究城市大气污染物的分布情况及其土地利用影响对解决城市大气污染问题具有重要意义.本研究以南昌市中心城区为研究区,基于土地利用回归模型(LUR)模拟了PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3等6种主要大气污染物浓度,并分析其时空分布特征;基于主导土地利用类型,选择南昌市中心城区内居住、商业、教育和工业用地各15个样本区,为了减少气象因子的影响,分四季统计各样本区6类大气污染物浓度,运用双因素方差分析和多重比较,定量分析土地利用(样本区)对6类大气污染物的影响.结果表明: 采用LUR模型模拟研究区PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3浓度的平均绝对误差率分别为11.9%、13.4%、12.5%、12.0%、12.7%和13.5%,模型误差较小,方法可行.研究区6类污染物浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2和CO浓度在冬季最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低;O3浓度则为夏季高,春季和秋季次之,冬季低.PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO浓度整体呈现从城区中心到郊区递减的趋势,而O3浓度则反之.不同季节与不同土地利用样本区间6种大气污染物浓度差异显著,表明在中心城区尺度上,气象条件和土地利用都对大气污染物有显著影响.不同土地利用对主要大气污染物浓度分布有不同程度的影响,其中,对PM2.5、NO2和O3的影响较大,对CO的影响较小.  相似文献   

2.
赵海莉  原悦  李晓芹  王玉霞 《生态学报》2022,42(11):4603-4616
大气污染极易诱发各类呼吸系统疾病,对人体健康造成严重损害。运用Poisson回归的时间序列广义相加模型(GAM)和人群分层的分析方法,探究了2014—2018年兰州市西固区大气污染对呼吸系统的健康效应。结果表明:(1)PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O38h和CO对呼吸系统疾病的发生存在滞后效应,其浓度每升高10μg/m~3(CO升高1 mg/m~3),在最佳滞后天数,疾病住院量分别增加1.06%、1.04%、1.10%、1.07%、0.97%和3.83%,气态污染物(SO2和NO2)暴露是诱发呼吸系统疾病的重要风险因素;(2)PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2对肺炎的影响最大,且对女性健康的危害稍高于男性,O38h对慢性阻塞性肺病的影响最大,且对男性患病的影响稍高于女性;(3)0—14岁儿童是呼吸系统疾病的易感人群,...  相似文献   

3.
当前,我国城市化进程已由外延式的扩张逐步转变为内涵式发展.集约利用土地资源,构建“紧凑城市”变得越来越迫切.然而,集约利用土地意味着更少的土地资源承载更多的城市要素,人们对环境污染,特别是大气环境污染会变得越来越敏感,研究城市土地集约利用水平对大气污染的影响具有重要意义.本研究以南昌市中心城区为研究区,采用普通克里格插值法模拟6种主要大气污染物(PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、CO、O3)浓度的空间分布,基于土地利用样本区,选择综合容积率、建筑密度、人口密度等16个土地集约利用水平相关变量,采用偏最小二乘回归与通径分析方法,定量分析土地集约利用水平对大气污染物的影响.结果表明: 土地集约利用水平相关变量与PM2.5和PM10的相关性最强,其次是O3和NO2,与SO2和CO的相关性最弱;不同土地利用样本区土地集约利用水平变量与6类主要大气污染物的相关性强弱依次为:居住区>教育区>商业区>工业区.土地集约利用水平越高,对大气污染物的影响越大,其中PM2.5与PM10的影响最大,其次是O3,NO2的影响较小.各土地利用样本区土地集约利用水平对大气污染物的直接影响、间接影响和综合影响基本相当,但总体而言,土地集约利用水平的直接影响大于间接影响,其中,居住区土地集约利用水平的综合影响最大,其次是商业区,最小的是教育区.本研究为土地集约利用对大气环境的影响研究提供了新的思路,为解决紧凑城市大气环境问题提供了一定的参考.  相似文献   

4.
金自恒  高锡章  李宝林  翟德超  许杰  李飞 《生态学报》2022,42(11):4379-4388
川渝地区尤其是四川盆地已成为我国空气污染最严重的地区之一,基于2018—2019年川渝地区128个城市站和71个县级站空气质量监测及自然与社会经济数据,采用全局和局部莫兰指数分析了川渝地区空气质量指数(AQI)和不同空气质量分指数(IAQI)的时空格局,并采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)从较为宏观的尺度综合分析了川渝地区空气污染的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明:(1)川渝地区空气质量整体为良,主要污染物为O3,其次为PM10和PM2.5。盆地区与高原区的主要污染物分别为PM2.5和O3;(2)AQI及PM2.5、PM10、NO2呈“U”型变化,春冬季最高,夏秋季最低;O3则在内部两区域都大致呈倒“U”型变化,但峰值分布时间与持续时长明显不同;SO2和CO年内无明显变化;(3)各污染物具有明显的空间聚集性特征,AQI及PM10、PM2.5  相似文献   

5.
城市内部的大气环境受到周边区域景观格局的剧烈影响,小尺度上大气污染状况与周边区域景观格局的关系研究对从城市建设角度减缓城市大气污染有着重要现实意义。本研究以2017年中国30个省会城市的266个大气污染监测站点的NO2、SO2、PM2.5和PM10年均浓度为因变量,选择监测站点周边3 km区域内的10个二维和三维景观格局指数(建筑物数量、建筑物聚集度、建筑物密度、不透水面比例、餐饮数量密度、建筑占地面积、建筑高层比、容积率、建筑面积和建筑物类型Shannon多样性指数)为自变量,利用增强回归树模型研究景观格局对4种大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明: 4种大气污染物浓度在空间分布上总体呈现出中部和北部城市明显高于东南沿海城市和西南部城市。NO2、SO2、PM2.5和PM10浓度的最大影响因素均为不透水面比例,其相对影响贡献率分别为40.7%、36.3%、51.0%和51.8%。不同区域大气污染浓度最主要影响因子识别结果表明,华东和华中地区为不透水面比例;华南地区为建筑物数量和建筑物密度;华北地区是不透水面比例和建筑物类型多样性;东北地区是不透水面比例和建筑物数量;西南地区是建筑物类型多样性;西北地区是建筑物密度。各区域的主要影响因子差异是气候、地形、城市规划等因素所致。  相似文献   

6.
城市间绿化程度与空气污染比较及相关差异分析是提出城市环境管理措施的重要前提。选择全国27个主要省会城市,基于网络街景照片测定绿色指数差异,对比空气主要质量指标[空气质量指数(AQI)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、臭氧(O3)、一氧化碳(CO)]的基础上,探讨了二者相关关系,旨在为提升环境质量、改善绿化水平提供基础数据。结果表明:(1)济南市和重庆市的绿色指数最高,分别达到是11.70%和11.55%,呼和浩特市和拉萨市城市绿色指数最低,在4%~5%。(2)海口市的空气质量最好,AQI为39.66,郑州市和济南市的空气质量最差,AQI年均值分别为117.34和113.93。但是不同空气指标城市排序间差异较大,比如PM2.5、PM10、NO2以及SO2年平均最低的城市都是海口,拉萨市年平均CO含量最低(0.55 mg·m-3),哈尔滨市年平均O3含量最低(77.08 μg·m-3)。(3)相关关系分析发现,增加城市的绿色程度,伴随着空气质量的改善,如沈阳、南宁、合肥等城市;但对于某些城市,则存在明显的正相关,如兰州、昆明、贵阳等城市,这意味着城市越绿伴随着空气污染的加重。尽管大量研究已经表明,城市绿色植被能够起到滞尘降低污染的作用,目前我国主要城市的空气污染程度,仅依靠城市绿化改善已经远远不够,甚至某一些城市绿色植被存在阻碍空气流通的作用。上述研究结果为科学规划城市绿化、提升空气质量提供基础数据支撑。  相似文献   

7.
2012年雨季(4-9月),收集广州市城市区、近郊区和远郊区森林公园的PM2.5样品,测定PM2.5质量浓度,分析了其中SO42-、NO3-、NO2-、Cl-、F-、Na+、NH4+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+ 共10种水溶性无机离子含量.结果表明:帽峰山(远郊)、大夫山(近郊)、火炉山(城区)PM2.5质量浓度的日变化分别为17.2~66.5、19.4~156.3、21.8~161.7 μg·m-3,平均值分别为44.4、49.8、55.9 μg·m-3.SO42-、Na+和NH4+为水溶性无机离子主要组分,其中,SO42-含量最大,并从城区至郊区呈递减趋势.固定源对3个森林公园空气中SO2和NOx的贡献大于移动源,从城区至远郊呈递减趋势,说明机动车对城区空气中SO2和NOx的贡献大于近郊和远郊森林公园.采样期间,海盐对大夫山空气PM2.5中水溶性组分的贡献最大,其中K+受海盐的影响超过其他元素.NH4+当量浓度远小于SO42-和NO3-的当量浓度,中和度远小于1,反映PM2.5酸性较强,且从远郊至城区PM2.5粒子酸性呈增强趋势.  相似文献   

8.
鲍歆歆  周伟奇  郑重  徐林莉 《生态学报》2023,43(5):1749-1762
近地面臭氧(O3)已成为继PM2.5后影响我国空气质量的一种重要二次污染物。随着氮氧化物浓度的持续下降和气候变暖的加剧,城市O3的形成对挥发性有机化合物的浓度更加敏感。近年来城市绿色空间显著增长,植物源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放和浓度逐年增加。针对BVOCs与近地面O3之间复杂的交互作用,从植物BVOCs的特性与作用出发,综述了不同因素尤其是O3浓度增加对树木生理状态及BVOCs排放速率的影响,定量分析了已有研究中O3对不同植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率的影响,以及BVOCs对O3形成的贡献,总结了BVOCs与O3相互作用研究领域存在的不足。未来亟需加强的研究包括:(1)城市树种BVOCs排放因子的实测,建立物种的排放速率数据库,优化模型参数,提升精细尺度BVOCs排放量估算模型精度;(2)多种环境因子,比如污染物浓度、温湿度等对城市植物BVOCs排放的交互作用和综合影响的研究;(3)植物BVOCs对O  相似文献   

9.
李三  郭金禄  郑煜 《植物研究》2020,40(5):659-665
利用黑龙江省13个市(区)的170 820个数据,运用2SLS方法以森林覆被率等11个影响因素为指标,建立了3个不同时间段的静态面板和动态面板回归模型,探究了森林覆被率等影响因素与PM2.5时间滞后效应的关系。结果表明:①PM2.5的时间滞后效应是当期PM2.5浓度积累的影响因素,且随着时间的推移,PM2.5时间滞后效应对当期PM2.5浓度积累的促进作用逐渐减弱;②随着PM2.5时间滞后效应的逐渐减弱,森林覆被率、气温对PM2.5浓度积累所起的阻碍作用逐渐增强,PM10、CO对PM2.5浓度积累的促进作用逐渐增强,而风速对当期PM2.5浓度积累所起的阻碍作用逐渐减弱;③PM2.5时间滞后效应呈现出惯性的同时,森林覆被率、PM10、CO、气温、风速对PM2.5的作用也具有了惯性。  相似文献   

10.
PM2.5和PM10已成为我国大部分城市空气的首要污染物.本文通过分析南昌市2013—2015年的空气PM2.5和PM10质量浓度、气象因素、交通流量的监测数据,探讨了空气颗粒物污染的时空动态规律以及气象、交通对颗粒物浓度变化的影响.结果表明: 2013、2014、2015年,南昌市PM2.5浓度(70.92 μg·m-3>53.70 μg·m-3>43.65 μg·m-3)、PM10浓度(119.72 μg·m-3>86.11 μg·m-3>73.32 μg·m-3)逐年降低,并呈现出夏季低(PM2.5和PM10平均浓度分别为36.74、69.20 μg·m-3)、冬季高(PM2.5和PM10平均浓度分别为74.29、111.64 μg·m-3)的季节动态和由城市中心向郊区递减的城乡梯度变化; PM2.5/PM10值(0.595>0.584>0.557)逐年降低,并且表现出城市中心高、城市边缘低的空间分布格局;PM2.5、PM10浓度受到多种气象因素的影响,与气压、温度、相对湿度、风速、降水量、日照时数显著相关,各种气象因子对PM2.5、PM10浓度的影响存在差异;车流量会显著提高周边PM2.5浓度,但对PM10浓度影响不明显.  相似文献   

11.
Brieftauben     
Homing pigeons Homing pigeons are well known for their excellent homing abilities which allow them to return to their lofts from unknown releasing sites more than hundreds of kilometres away. Several orientation mechanisms – sun compass, earth's magnetic field, olfactory cues, visual cues – are known to be involved in homing performance as well as parameters such as motivation and experience. New technology give an insight in their homing behaviour and track preferences and it is shown that homing pigeons physiology and neurobiology seem to be functionally adapted to homing. Pigeons races are still common and it is shown how the pigeon breeder tries to maximize the success of his pigeons.  相似文献   

12.
This study examined time‐of‐day associative learning to either spatial or feature information in homing pigeons in an open‐field, laboratory setting. Homing pigeons are well known for their navigational abilities and generally have been shown to rely more heavily on spatial than nonspatial cues in recognizing a goal. However, during goal localization, homing pigeons also successfully use nonspatial, feature information. Homing pigeons were divided into two groups and were trained to locate two time‐of‐day dependent, food reward sites using either discriminative spatial or feature information. Because of the importance of the hippocampus in controlling avian memory, we hypothesized that homing pigeons trained with spatial cues would be superior in learning the time‐of‐day discrimination compared to the pigeons trained with feature cues. Indeed, homing pigeons that were trained with spatial information outperformed the pigeons trained with feature information in learning the time‐of‐day discrimination task.  相似文献   

13.
A large body of evidence has shown that anosmic pigeons are impaired in their navigation. However, the role of odours in navigation is still subject to debate. While according to the olfactory navigation hypothesis homing pigeons possess a navigational map based on the distribution of environmental odours, the olfactory activation hypothesis proposes that odour perception is only needed to activate a navigational mechanism based on cues of another nature. Here we tested experimentally whether the perception of artificial odours is sufficient to allow pigeons to navigate, as expected from the olfactory activation hypothesis. We transported three groups of pigeons in air-tight containers to release sites 53 and 61 km from home in three different olfactory conditions. The Control group received natural environmental air; both the Pure Air and the Artificial Odour groups received pure air filtered through an active charcoal filter. Only the Artificial Odour group received additional puffs of artificial odours until release. We then released pigeons while recording their tracks with 1 Hz GPS data loggers. We also followed non-homing pigeons using an aerial data readout to a Cessna plane, allowing, for the first time, the tracking of non-homing homing pigeons. Within the first hour after release, the pigeons in both the Artificial Odour and the Pure Air group (receiving no environmental odours) showed impaired navigational performances at each release site. Our data provide evidence against an activation role of odours in navigation, and document that pigeons only navigate well when they perceive environmental odours.  相似文献   

14.
环境污染物对巨噬细胞的影响及生物监测意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着工农业的发展,环境污染问题日趋严重。作为常见的环境污染物,二氧化硫经呼吸道转化为亚硫酸盐能引起多种呼吸系统疾病,并可能有促癌作用;重金属汞能引起中枢神经系统和多种器官损害,同时具有一定的免疫毒性,其危害已引起人们广泛关注。生物监测(bi0H10nitoring)是使用活  相似文献   

15.
H2S, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2 and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction were measured simultaneously in an eastern Croatian town called Slavonski Brod during the season winter/spring 2010. Emissions from the nearby cross-border (Bosnia and Herzegovina) oil refinery were identified as sources of temporary elevated concentrations of H2S. The maximum daily averages of PM2.5 concentrations during the winter period were as high as 240 microg m(-3) which is a value 10 times greater than the threshold prescribed by the World Health Organization. It is considered that the heating season, dense traffic, intense industrial activities and temperature inversion during stable weather conditions are prevailing contributors to higher winter concentrations of PM2.5. The results of the principal component analysis technique (PCA) have shown that lower air temperature, lower wind speed and higher relative humidity play a significant role in the winter pollution episodes. From a public health point of view, implementation of measures aimed at reducing the levels of H2S and PM2.5 should be considered.  相似文献   

16.
Potentially, homing from distant areas can be based on two different principles of navigation: (1) A path-integration mechanism records and integrates an animal's motions during the outward trip; it is independent of location-specific stimuli. (2) Site localization, by contrast, is performed by deducing the animal's position in relation to home from such stimuli. Hence the first mechanism entirely depends on an uninterrupted flow of “outward-journey information”. The second mechanism may but need not be independent of stimuli recorded during the outward journey. Homing of pigeons is evidently based on site localization. Empirical findings do not support the idea that in experiments using passive displacement path integration is involved in addition or alternatively. Also, there is no reason to assume that very young pigeons transitionally, for only few weeks, apply such a method (as has been concluded by Wiltschko & Wiltschko 1982, 1985, etc.). It is shown that very young pigeons require local olfactory signals for initial homeward orientation as do older birds (Fig. 1). They are not generally better at homeward orientation than older inexperienced pigeons and show similar deviations from home and preferences for a particular compass direction (Table 1, Fig. 2). Olfactory signals appear to be gathered, as good as conditions allow, during any stage of a homing experiment. No fundamental difference can be recognized between olfactory “outward-journey information”, “release-site information”, etc. Signals received at different times and sites before release may contribute by varying proportions to the initial-orientation patterns observed under varying circumstances.  相似文献   

17.
To conceptualize strategies for regional environmental management in the Trier region, extensive urban meteorological measurements were undertaken. Weather stations from the German Weather Service and the state Pollution Monitoring Network were used as well as a number of our automatic meteorological stations and a mobile platform (instrumented van). The bioclimatic conditions in the city of Trier are affected by the valley of the Moselle River. Both the wind field and the thermal stratification in the urban boundary layer showed local characteristics especially marked in the diurnal variation and monthly mean concentrations of the air pollutants nitrogen and sulfurdioxide (NO(x), SO(2)), ozone (O(3)) and particle matter (PM10). Catabatic flows from the side valleys partially reduce the urban heat island and increase the ozone concentration in the city in the evening during calm weather conditions. The impact-based air-quality index is mostly determined by a high PM10 concentration. Strategies to reduce air pollutions in the Trier region are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Very few biomarkers are available for the non-invasive detection of effects of urban air pollution on the respiratory tract. The objective was to evaluate whether Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant-associated protein-A (SP-A), two pulmonary secretory proteins, were useful in the detection of effects of urban air pollutants on the pulmonary epithelium. These proteins were determined in the serum of 53 policemen working in Brussels, Belgium, and a control group of 59 foresters working in the countryside. Except for ozone (O(3)), annual concentrations of the main air pollutants (PM(10), NO(2), CO, SO(2) and benzene) were significantly higher in Brussels than in the country. The proportion of smokers was lower in urban policemen compared with foresters, but they smoked on average a similar number of cigarettes per day as confirmed by their urinary excretion of cotinine. Muconic acid, a marker of benzene exposure, was significantly higher in urban policemen than in foresters, in both smokers and non-smokers. Multiple regression analysis showed that the type of work, smoking habits and time spent outdoors and in a car were significant determinants of benzene uptake. Tobacco smoking impaired lung function to a similar extent in urban policemen and foresters. The serum levels of SP-A were significantly increased in smokers but were not different between policemen and foresters. Serum CC16 was significantly reduced by tobacco smoking and slightly decreased in policemen compared with foresters. Interestingly, the reduction of serum CC16 was more pronounced in the subgroup of traffic compared with survey policemen, the latter being also less exposed to benzene. The results suggest that serum pneumoproteins and especially serum CC16 could be useful in the detection of chronic effects of urban air pollutants on the respiratory epithelium of populations particularly at risk.  相似文献   

19.
Santiago de Chile has a high level of air pollution with ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and particles equal or smaller than 10 microns (PM10) usually exceeding the accepted standards. This situation should be noxious for the exposed population and particularly--in the case of O3 and PM10--for the respiratory system. However, such an effect is rather difficult to demonstrate and it depends on the type of population under study.  相似文献   

20.
Adverse reproductive outcomes from exposure to environmental mutagens.   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
The effect of environmental pollution on reproductive outcomes has been studied in the research project 'Teplice Program' analyzing the impact of air pollution on human health. Genotoxicity of urban air particles <10 microm (PM10) in in vitro system was determined by the analysis of DNA adducts. The highest DNA binding activity was observed in aromatic fraction, identifying DNA adducts of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) presumably diolepoxide-derived from: 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-B[a]P), benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide[+] (anti-BPDE), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), chrysene (CHRY), benz[a]antracene (B[a]A), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (I[cd]P). Reproductive studies were conducted in both females and males. A study of the effects of PM10 exposure on pregnancy outcomes found the relationship between the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and PM10 levels over 40 microg/m(3) in the first gestational month (Odds Ratio for 40-50 microg/m(3)50 microg/m(3)=1.9). Selected biomarkers were analyzed in venous blood, cord blood (chromosomal aberrations, comet assay) and placenta (DNA adducts, genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes) of women enrolled in a nested case-control study. DNA adduct levels were higher in polluted vs. control districts, in smoking vs. nonsmoking mothers, and in GSTM1 null genotype, which was more pronounced in polluted district. No effect of air pollution was observed by cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal aberrations or by comet assay. The reproductive development of young men was followed by measures of semen quality, adjusted for ambient SO(2) exposure. The analysis identified significant associations with air pollution for <13% morphologically normal sperm, <29% sperm with normal head shape, <24% motile sperm. Analysis of aneuploidy in human sperm by FISH showed, aneuploidy YY8 was associated with season of heaviest air pollution. These findings are suggestive for an influence of air pollution on YY8 disomy. All these results indicate that air pollution may increase DNA damage in human population, which may be even higher for susceptible groups. Biomarkers of exposure (DNA adducts) and susceptibility (GSTM1 and NAT2) may indicate the risk of presumable low environmental exposure. Pregnancy outcome and semen studies imply that relatively low air pollution (higher than 40 microg PM10/m(3)) can significantly increase the adverse reproductive outcomes affecting both genders.  相似文献   

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