酵母TPS1基因促进干旱胁迫下玉米的根系生长

本文对干旱胁迫下转酵母TPS1基因玉米的根系生长进行了研究。结果显示,经干旱胁迫后,转基因玉米的根系较野生型相比,根长和直径分别增加了79.3%和13.3%,一级、二级侧根数、根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、比表面积和根系活力较野生型也极显著增加。对根系组织观察发现,转TPS1基因玉米植株的根系细胞较大,细胞纵向和横向显著增长。转基因玉米根系的生长素含量较野生型的高,而其细胞分裂素含量则低。进一步对玉米根系生长相关基因的表达水平分析发现,与生长素有关的根系生长正调控基因PLT1、PIN1、AUX/IAA、CRL1表达较野生型上调,其中PLT1、AUX/IAA、CRL1的表达量比野生型的高2倍以上,而与细胞分裂素有关的根系生长负调控基因WOX11、ARR2、ARR1表达较野生型下调,比野生型的下降50%以上。     

根域限制对葡萄果实不同发育期维管束水分运输的影响

本文采用质外体染料示踪法研究了葡萄果实不同发育期根域限制和非根域限制（对照）处理果实维管束水分运输变化。结果表明,在葡萄果实发育的第一次快速生长期,根域限制和对照处理的果实周缘维管束被染色数量最多,染料溶液在葡萄果实中的运输速率也最高,分别为1.72和1.63cm·h-1,根域限制处理果实中周缘维管束和中央维管束中染料溶液的运输速度低于对照处理,但胚珠维管束中染料运输速度要高于对照,为1.32cm·h-1;进入生长停滞期后,根域限制和对照处理的葡萄果实中周缘维管束被染色数目降低,染料溶液在中央维管束中的运输速度分别降低为0.72和0.70cm·h-1;在果实的第二次快速生长期,根域限制和对照处理果实周缘维管束染色数目仍然低于果实发育的第一次快速生长期,根域限制果实周缘维管束染色范围和染料运输速率都高于对照处理。     

Leukamenin E调节拟南芥幼苗根部生长素极性运输及根系生长发育

本文采用14种拟南芥转基因报告株系,研究了对映-贝壳杉烷二萜(leukamenin E)调节拟南芥根部生长素极性运输转运蛋白表达并影响根生长发育的机制。结果表明:leukamenin E浓度在20～40μmol·L~(-1)范围显著抑制拟南芥幼苗主根的生长,较低浓度leukamenin E(10μmol·L~(-1))促进侧根提前发生并增加侧根数量; 10～30μmol·L-1的leukamenin E在处理拟南芥幼苗48 h后可显著提高其根尖部生长素水平;进一步检测根部生长素极性运输转运蛋白表达,发现该浓度条件下leukamenin E促进PIN1在转录水平表达并增加其蛋白丰度,但在转录水平抑制PIN2表达并减少其蛋白丰度;同时,显著减少PIN3、PIN7和PIN4蛋白在小柱和静止中心及其周围细胞的丰度以及AUX1的定位丰度; Leukamenin E对PIN1丰度的上调以及对PIN2、PIN3、PIN4、PIN7和AUX1定位丰度的减少可导致生长素在根尖顶部的积累以及根部生长素浓度梯度的改变,引起根生长的抑制及侧根的提前发生。     

缺磷胁迫对小麦根细胞周期蛋白基因cyc1At表达的影响

用液培方法研究了缺磷胁迫对小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)根系生长的影响。结果表明,随着介质磷水平的提高,小麦根轴长度和植株生长素浓度均降低。在低磷条件下用生长素极性运输抑制剂三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)处理后,小麦的根轴长度明显降低,表明生长素参与了缺磷小麦根轴生长的调控。缺磷小麦根部生长素浓度的提高诱导了细胞周期蛋白基因cyclAt的表达,促进了根分生组织细胞的分裂并驱动了根的生长。     

铝胁迫对拟南芥根尖ＡｔＰＩＮ２ 蛋白表达活性的影响

铝胁迫能影响根尖生长素的运输,这与生长素运输载体密切相关,PIN2作为根尖生长素的运输蛋白,其独特的组织定位可能诱导PIN2蛋白参与了铝调节生长素的运输过程。该研究以拟南芥PIN2缺失突变体( pin2)、PIN2□∷□GFP融合体及其野生型( WT)为材料,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术,研究铝处理对拟南芥根尖生长素运输蛋白PIN2的表达活性、蛋白在组织及亚细胞水平分布及其对铝内置化作用的影响。结果表明：短期铝处理或低铝浓度能明显增加拟南芥根尖细胞PIN2蛋白表达活性,而长期铝处理或高铝浓度抑制其表达活性;以100μmol?L-1 AlCl3处理4 h的蛋白表达活性最高。蛋白印迹反应发现,铝处理促进PIN2蛋白在细胞膜上累积,减少胞内囊泡中PIN2蛋白的含量;囊泡运输抑制剂( BFA)能抑制铝诱导PIN2蛋白的分配。铝胁迫增加拟南芥根尖细胞H2 O2累积,pin2的H2 O2累积量大于WT,而相对根长小于WT。 Morin染色结果显示,pin2的铝内置化显著小于WT。上述研究表明,PIN2蛋白在100μmol?L-1 AlCl3处理条件下活性最高,细胞膜累积程度加强,铝内置化能力增强,从而调节根系的生长发育。该研究结果进一步为铝抑制生长素的运输机制提供了理论基础。     

铝胁迫对拟南芥根尖AtPIN2蛋白表达活性的影响

铝胁迫能影响根尖生长素的运输,这与生长素运输载体密切相关,PIN2作为根尖生长素的运输蛋白,其独特的组织定位可能诱导PIN2蛋白参与了铝调节生长素的运输过程。该研究以拟南芥PIN2缺失突变体(pin2)、PIN2□∷□GFP融合体及其野生型(WT)为材料,应用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术,研究铝处理对拟南芥根尖生长素运输蛋白PIN2的表达活性、蛋白在组织及亚细胞水平分布及其对铝内置化作用的影响。结果表明:短期铝处理或低铝浓度能明显增加拟南芥根尖细胞PIN2蛋白表达活性,而长期铝处理或高铝浓度抑制其表达活性;以100μmol·L-1Al Cl3处理4 h的蛋白表达活性最高。蛋白印迹反应发现,铝处理促进PIN2蛋白在细胞膜上累积,减少胞内囊泡中PIN2蛋白的含量;囊泡运输抑制剂(BFA)能抑制铝诱导PIN2蛋白的分配。铝胁迫增加拟南芥根尖细胞H2O2累积,pin2的H2O2累积量大于WT,而相对根长小于WT。Morin染色结果显示,pin2的铝内置化显著小于WT。上述研究表明,PIN2蛋白在100μmol·L-1Al Cl3处理条件下活性最高,细胞膜累积程度加强,铝内置化能力增强,从而调节根系的生长发育。该研究结果进一步为铝抑制生长素的运输机制提供了理论基础。     

ROP2参与植物生长素快速响应的膜泡运输调控

ROP2(Rho-related GTPases from plant)为植物中特有的小G蛋白Rho家族的成员,参与植物细胞信号转导过程。为了探讨其在生长素信号响应过程中对细胞膜泡运输的调控作用,构建了拟南芥ROP2过表达(OX-ROP2)、组成激活型表达(CA-rop2)和显性失活型表达(DN-rop2)的载体,分别转化到膜泡标记和生长素结合蛋白ABP1(auxin binding protein 1)调控表达的烟草BY2细胞系,结合生长素处理开展了ROP2对细胞生长素作用下膜泡运输的调控。在生长素IAA作用下,ROP2的过表达和组成激活型表达都能明显促进细胞的膜泡外排运输,而ROP2的显性失活型表达则抑制细胞膜泡外排运输。如果同时诱导细胞中ABP1过表达,能显著增强ROP2对膜泡外排运输的促进作用,而ABP1受干扰抑制表达时,ROP2的过表达及组成型激活表达对膜泡外排的促进作用都受到明显抑制。IAA处理细胞2 min时就可以观察到细胞对IAA信号响应的膜泡运输明显变化,此时细胞核向内膜系统、内膜系统向细胞质膜之间的膜泡外排运输逐渐增强,外排运输的方向趋向于生长素高浓度方向更活跃。该研究说明,植物ROP2参与生长素快速响应的信号转导途径,能促进膜泡朝向生长素浓度较高的一侧外排运输。     

植物根构型的定量分析

植物根系具有锚定植株、吸收和运输土壤中的水分及养分、合成和贮藏营养物质等重要功能。根构型是根系在土壤中的空间造型和分布。对植物根构型进行定量分析, 有助于人们了解根系结构和根系功能在生态系统中的重要作用。本文对植物根构型的概念及其定量分析研究进展进行了概述, 并介绍了植物根构型的主要研究方法和定量分析技术。     

翠菊根系养分捕获形态塑性及其生理机制

为验证以下3个假设: 1) NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺及其不同供给方式显著影响根系生长; 2) NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺以及不同供给方式对根内激素含量影响显著; 3)根构型(1级根长、单位2级根上1级侧根密度(分枝强度)和1级根在2级根上的根间距)与根内激素(生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(玉米素核苷+玉米素) (CK (ZR + Z))含量显著相关, 采用营养液培养方法, 使实验植物翠菊(Callistephus chinensis)在两种氮肥(NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺)、不同施氮浓度(NO₃ ^-: 0.2、1.0和18.0 mmol·L ^-1; NH₄ ⁺: 0.2、4.0和20.0 mmol·L ^-1), 以及脉冲和稳定两种施用方式处理下生长。在处理35天后收获植物, 测定根系生物量、根系构型指标(根系1级根长、单位2级根上1级侧根数和1级根在2级根上的根间距)和根系中激素含量(IAA、ABA和CK (ZR + Z))。结果显示: 1)实验处理对根生物量和根系中IAA、ABA和CK (ZR + Z)含量均有不同程度的显著影响: 施用NH₄ ⁺使根生物量和根内IAA含量显著低于施用NO₃ ^-; 高浓度NO₃ ^-和NH₄ ⁺处理亦使根生物量和IAA降低; 相对于稳定处理, 脉冲施氮显著降低根生物量和根内IAA含量; NO₃ ^-使根内CK (ZR + Z)含量显著高于施用NH₄ ⁺, 且与施氮浓度及施氮方式无关; NO₃ ^-处理下, 高浓度使根内ABA含量提高, 且脉冲处理使ABA含量升高。NH₄ ⁺处理下, 高浓度使根内ABA含量降低, 而施氮方式对其没有显著影响。2)根构型因素与根内激素关系各异: 各激素与1级根间距无显著关系; IAA和CK (ZR + Z)与1级根长和侧根密度有显著回归关系。3)根构型因素与根生物量的关系是根生物量与1级根长和侧根密度有显著正回归关系, 与1级根间距无显著回归关系。实验结果表明翠菊根生长的 “反常”可能是由于其对脉冲高浓度NH₄ ⁺耐受阈值低所致。该研究通过实验建立了氮养分种类/供应方式通过改变激素、影响根构型而影响根生长的联系, 进一步探究了植物根养分捕获塑性机制。     

植物根构型的定量分析

植物根系具有锚定植株、吸收和运输土壤中的水分及养分、合成和贮藏营养物质等重要功能。根构型是根系在土壤中的空间造型和分布。对植物根构型进行定量分析,有助于人们了解根系结构和根系功能在生态系统中的重要作用。本文对植物根构型的概念及其定量分析研究进展进行了概述,并介绍了植物根构型的主要研究方法和定量分析技术。     

Endogenous auxins and branching of wheat roots gaining nutrients from isolated compartments

The auxin content in roots of hydroponically grown wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants was affected by imbalanced distribution of nutrients when the root medium fed to plants from isolated compartments. One day after the transfer of seedlings on the nutrient medium with uneven ion distribution, the IAA content in roots contacting concentrated nutrient solution became significantly higher than in roots bathed with a dilute solution. The IAA content reached the peak on the second day and remained steadily high later on. The lateral root primordia developed in these roots were more numerous; the largest difference in this parameter was observed in 1–2 days after the increase in root content of auxin. One day later, numerous lateral roots appeared on the parent roots contacting the concentrated nutrient solution. Thus, the increase in concentration of the nutrient solution bathing a part of root system raised the IAA content in the affected roots prior to the enhanced root branching. This hormonal response of plants might play an important role in changes of root growth rate and root branching, thereby improving plant nutrition.     

Phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C2 functions in auxin‐modulated root development

Nine phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipases C (PLCs) have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome; among the importance of PLC2 in reproductive development is significant. However, the role of PLC2 in vegetative development such as in root growth is elusive. Here, we report that plc2 mutants displayed multiple auxin‐defective phenotypes in root development, including short primary root, impaired root gravitropism, and inhibited root hair growth. The DR5:GUS expression and the endogenous indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) content, as well as the responses of a set of auxin‐related genes to exogenous IAA treatment, were all decreased in plc2 seedlings, suggesting the influence of PLC2 on auxin accumulation and signalling. The root elongation of plc2 mutants was less sensitive to the high concentration of exogenous auxins, and the application of 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid or the auxin transport inhibitor N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid could rescue the root hair growth of plc2 mutants. In addition, the PIN2 polarity and cycling in plc2 root epidermis cells were altered. These results demonstrate a critical role of PLC2 in auxin‐mediated root development in Arabidopsis, in which PLC2 influences the polar distribution of PIN2.     

The Control of Lateral Root Development in Cultured Pea Seedlings. II. Root Fasciation Induced by Auxin Inhibitors

Lateral root development in cultured seedlings of Pisum sativum (cv. Alaska) was modified by the application of auxin transport inhibitors or antagonists. When applied either to replace the root tip or beneath the cotyledonary node, two auxin transport inhibitors, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5,1-α]isoindol-8-one (DPX-1840), increased cell division activity opposite the protoxylem poles. This resulted in the formation of masses of cells, which we are calling root primordial masses (RPMs), 2 to 3 days after treatment. RPMs differed from lateral root primordia in that they lacked apical organization. Some roots however developed both RPMs and lateral roots indicating that both structures were similar in terms of the timing and location of cell division in the pericycle and endodermis leading to their initiation. Removal of the auxin transport inhibitors allowed many of the RPMs to organize later into lateral root primordia and to emerge in clusters. When the auxin, indoleacetic acid (IAA) was added to the growth medium along with DPX-1840, 3 ranks of RPMs now in the form of fasciated lateral roots emerged from the primary root. The auxin antagonist, p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid (PCIB), also induced RPM formation. In contrast to DPX-1840 treatment, the addition of IAA during PCIB treatment caused normal lateral root development.     

Cadmium interferes with maintenance of auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings

Auxin and its homeostasis play key roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. Cadmium (Cd) is a phytotoxic heavy metal and its inhibitory effects on plant growth and development have been extensively studied. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the effects of Cd stress on auxin homeostasis is still unclear. In the present study, we found that the root elongation, shoot weight, hypocotyl length and chlorophyll content in wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis seedlings were significantly reduced after exposure to Cd stress. However, the lateral root (LR) formation was markedly promoted by Cd stress. The level and distribution of auxin were both greatly altered in primary root tips and cotyledons of Cd-treated plants. The results also showed that after Cd treatment, the IAA content was significantly decreased, which was accompanied by increases in the activity of the IAA oxidase and alteration in the expression of several putative auxin biosynthetic and catabolic genes. Application of the auxin transport inhibitor, 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA), reversed the effects of Cd on LR formation. Additionally, there was less promotion of LR formation by Cd treatment in aux1-7 and pin2 mutants than that in the WT. Meanwhile, Cd stress also altered the expression of PINs and AUX1 in Arabidopsis roots, implying that the auxin transport pathway is required for Cd-modulated LR development. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cd stress disturbs auxin homeostasis through affecting auxin level, distribution, metabolism, and transport in Arabidopsis seedling.