钝顶螺旋藻形态、生长及光合作用对不同波段太阳辐射的响应（英文）

为探讨中不同波段的光合有效辐射对钝顶螺旋藻(Arthrospira platensis)形态、生长及光合作用的影响,实验将钝顶螺旋藻D-0083藻液转入带塞的石英管中,石英管水平置于阳光下并在其上覆盖不同的截止型和带通型滤光片,以使藻丝接受不同波段的太阳辐射;并检测其生长、形态与光合活动的变化。结果发现:所有波段(320—500、395—700、510—700和610—700 nm)光合有效辐射下的藻丝均螺旋变紧且生物量增加。其中以包含少量紫外辐射A(Ultraviolet-A)的蓝光波段(320—500 nm)和红光波段(600—700 nm)对藻丝形态变化、生长及光合速率的诱发效率较高。在320—500、395—700、510—700和610—700 nm波段上的单位能量光照引起钝顶螺旋藻螺距变化的效率分别为0.070、0.015、0.021、0.045μm/(W·m~2)。波段320—500 nm虽然会轻微抑制钝顶螺旋藻D-0083的有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、电子传递速率(ETR)和藻蓝蛋白的荧光发射,但是却能够有效诱导其藻丝变紧促进生长。此外,钝顶螺旋藻D-0083的藻丝变紧程度、比生长速率变化与不同波段太阳辐射下藻丝体的光合性能相一致。该研究表明任何波段的光合有效辐射都能使螺旋藻藻丝螺旋变紧并引发生长和光合作用,其中以蓝光和红光的效率最高。     

阳光紫外辐射和盐胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻光合作用和形态变化的耦合效应

将钝顶螺旋藻培养在含有不同NaCl浓度（0、0．4、0．8mol·L^-1）的培养基中,并置于室外全波段太阳辐射、阳光辐射滤除uvB以及光合有效辐射（PAR）三种辐射条件下,以探讨阳光uV辐射和盐胁迫对钝顶螺旋藻的耦合效应。结果表明,阳光uv辐射显著抑制钝顶螺旋藻的光化学效率,且随着盐浓度的提高,其受抑制程度加剧。D1蛋白含量在高水平PAR和uV辐射下都明显降低,而高盐浓度（0．8mol·L^-1NaCl）导致其含量进一步下降。此外,阳光uv辐射与盐胁迫的耦合作用使得藻丝发生明显断裂。     

静止和充气培养条件下短期紫外辐射对钝顶螺旋藻光化学效率的影响

为了研究短期太阳紫外辐射对钝顶螺旋藻的影响,作者将静止和充气培养的藻体,暴露在全波长太阳辐射PAB(PAR UVA UVB),去除UVB辐射PA(PAR UVA)及切断所有紫外辐射的光合有效辐射P(PAR)三种光处理条件下,测定了其光化学效率的变化。结果表明,紫外辐射(UVP)及光合有效辐射(PAR)均能导致钝顶螺旋藻的光化学效率降低,表现出了明显的光抑制,但是,UVR可导致更大程度的光抑制。充气培养条件下,与早晨(07:00)初始值相比,PAR导致了11%~20%的光抑制,而UVR(PAB-P)所产生的额外光抑制占9%~31%;静止培养条件下,UVR的存在使得螺旋藻的光化学效率趋近于零(无法检出)。在两种培养条件下,藻细胞所受最大光抑制均发生在中午,下午(17:00)表现出不同程度的恢复。紫外辐射使得类胡萝卜素及藻蓝蛋白与叶绿素a含量的比例增大。与PAB和P相比,PA处理使得螺旋藻类胡萝卜素和藻蓝蛋白与叶绿素含量之比明显升高,UVA可能会诱导类胡萝卜素及藻蓝蛋白的合成。     

光照对螺旋藻生长速率的影响

螺旋藻是一种经济价值很高的微藻。针对螺旋藻的高光效性,在不同波长LED灯照射下,研究光照对螺旋藻生长速率的影响。结果表明,在螺旋藻的养殖中,经过红光(650-675 nm)、绿光(522-532 nm)和蓝光(465-475 nm)处理后,获得最大螺旋藻的干物质含量分别为1.232 g/L、1.195 g/L、0.742 g/L;红光处理过的螺旋藻生长速度最快,所得的干物质含量比对照样增加了66.04%。     

硒对H2O2胁迫钝顶螺旋藻的保护作用及其机制

以钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)为实验对象,用H2O2构建氧化损伤模型,研究不同浓度硒对H2O2胁迫钝顶螺旋藻的生长、干重、水溶性蛋白、光合色素、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、APX、CAT和GSH-PX)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,探讨硒作为过氧化保护剂的可能性及其机制.结果显示:(1)在 0.25～2.5 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下,钝顶螺旋藻的藻密度、干重均显著降低,藻丝出现明显的断裂、破碎,藻体中MDA含量呈剂量性增加.(2)预添加一定浓度(2～1 000 μmol/L)的Na2SeO3可显著抑制1 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下的钝顶螺旋藻藻密度和干重的降低趋势,改善藻丝的断裂受损,诱导藻体中SOD、POD、APX、CAT和GSH-PX抗氧化酶系活性的提高,同时显著增加水溶性蛋白的含量,缓解脂溶性色素的降解,降低MDA的积累和羟自由基的相对含量,拮抗H2O2诱导的氧化损伤.研究表明,硒的预处理可以有效提高钝顶螺旋藻的抗氧化能力,对氧化胁迫引起的生理伤害起到明显的缓解作用,以达到较理想的保护效果.     

城市不同遮阴环境下光强和光质特征

城市的发展伴随着大量高层建筑的出现,城市建筑作为人工构筑物,形成了与自然环境不同的人工遮阴环境,这种人工环境可能会对其下生长的植物产生一定的影响。为了研究人工建筑遮阴与自然遮阴环境之间的差异,北京市典型高层建筑遮阴和冠层遮阴光环境进行了测量,发现建筑和冠层显著改变其遮阴微环境的光强和光质。两种遮阴下光合有效辐射分别为天空自然辐射的9.09%和5.50%,遮阴处的光合有效辐射均小于200μmol m~(-2)s~(-1),低于多数城市植物的光饱和点。与天空自然辐射相比,建筑遮阴处蓝光在光合有效辐射中所占比例(B/P)、蓝光与红光的比例(B/R)以及蓝光与远红光的比例(B/FR)升高,且高于冠层遮阴,红光与远红光的比例(R/FR)没有显著变化,而冠层遮阴下R/FR则低于天空自然辐射。建筑遮阴下光质的改变可能会对植物的光合产生积极作用,并可能影响到植物的形态及生理反应。窄波段和宽波段两种不同积分方法对R/FR没有显著影响,采用宽波段积分得到的B/R低于窄波段,但降低幅度很小,在植物光合生理研究方面两种积分方法可以通用。     

盐泽螺旋藻与其他螺旋藻的比较研究

研究了盐泽螺旋藻的形态、生理生化特性和在不同条件下的生长状况,并与其他螺旋藻进行了比较。盐泽螺旋藻、极大螺旋藻和钝顶螺旋藻在蛋白质的含量、氨基酸组分以及可见光吸收光谱等方面差别不大。盐泽螺旋藻的生长速度最快(世代时间为8.4h)。极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻1926和钝顶螺旋藻2340的世代时间分别为11、11.8和14.8h。盐泽螺旋藻的光合作用和呼吸作用强度亦大于极大螺旋藻和钝顶螺旋藻。此外,这种藻对盐分和温度还具有较宽的适应范围,在形态上也和其他3种螺旋藻有较大之差异。       

绿色荧光蛋白gfp基因在钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)A9藻株中的表达

将钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)A9藻株在24℃培养,经2 mmol/L的EDTA预处理24 h;采用功率300 W的超声波处理70 s获得单细胞样品,以本实验室构建的携带gfp基因的质粒p215t转化A9藻株单细胞藻液,利用Amp作为选择标记,使单细胞在平板上再生长出单藻落,获得17株具有Amp抗性的转化藻株,转化率3.73‰。在390 nm紫光激发下,生长30天的转化藻丝体发出稳定绿色荧光;培养45天后具有绿色荧光的藻丝出现断裂、具有荧光藻丝长度缩短的现象。实验结果初步表明:报告基因gfp在螺旋藻中得到稳定有效的表达,可以采用单细胞再生形成单藻落技术进行螺旋藻的基因克隆。     

倍频Nd：YAG激光对钝顶螺旋藻的诱变效应

利用倍频 Nd:YAG激光 (波长 53 2 nm,功率 50 0 m W,功率密度 1 60 m W/cm2 )诱变钝顶螺旋藻 ,辐照时间为 1 5min、1 0 min、5min通过测定藻丝形态参数、叶绿素 a、β 胡萝卜素、生长速度 ,比较倍频 Nd:YAG激光对钝顶螺旋藻生长的影响。实验结果表明 :与出发株相比 ,经倍频 Nd:YAG激光辐照后 ,藻丝形态发生变化 ,藻丝长、螺旋数、螺旋长变小 ;1 5min,1 0 min辐照组出现螺旋变松驰 ;1 0 min,5min辐照组促进藻的生长和叶绿素 a含量提高 ,使生长速度提高。三个诱变时间剂量都有利于 β 胡萝卡素积累 ,含量增幅最高达 2 2 .3 %。     

阳光紫外辐射对褐藻羊栖菜生长和光合作用的影响

为探讨经济褐藻羊栖菜对阳光紫外辐射变化的响应,我们在全波段阳光辐射(280－700 nm),去除UV-B辐射(320－700 nm)以及光合有效辐射PAR (400－700 nm)三种辐射条件下对其进行培养,测定了其光合作用与生长的变化。羊栖菜的生长是通过每两天测量一次藻体的湿重来测定的,光合放氧是用Clark型氧电极测定的,为了测定藻体叶绿素a和紫外吸收物质的含量,从250 nm到750 nm对羊栖菜的甲醇提取液进行扫描,叶绿素a的浓度用Porra的公式计算,紫外吸收物质的计算是根据Dunlap的方法先计算紫外吸收物质和叶绿素a的比率,然后乘以每单位藻体叶绿素a的含量。结果表明,当藻体接收较多的日辐射量时有较高的相对生长速率,当滤除UVR后,较高的太阳辐射也导致了较高的光合放氧。然而太阳紫外辐射能够抑制藻体的光合放氧和生长速率,降低叶绿素a的浓度,并且这种抑制作用随着辐射水平的升高而增强。此外,阳光紫外辐射也诱导产生了一定量的紫外吸收物质,但并不足以抵抗紫外辐射对藻体的伤害作用。     

Photosynthesis and growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Cyanophyta) in response to solar UV radiation, with special reference to its minor variant

The minor variant of the economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis, usually appears in commercial production ponds under solar radiation. However, how sensitive the minor variant to solar UVR and whether its occurrence relates to the solar exposures are not known. We investigated the photochemical efficiency of PSII and growth rate of D-0083 strain and its minor variant in semi-continuous cultures under PAR (400–700 nm) alone, PAR + UV-A (320–400 nm) and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (280–700 nm) of solar radiation. The effective quantum yield of D-0083 at 14:00 p.m. decreased by about 86% under PAR, 87% under PAR + UV-A and 92% under PAR + UV-A + UV-B (280–315 nm), respectively. That of the minor variant was reduced by 93% under PAR and to undetectable values in the presence of UV-A or UV-A + UV-B. Diurnal change of the yield showed constant pattern during long-term (10 days) exposures, high in the early morning and late afternoon but the lowest at noontime in both strains, with the UVR-related inhibition being always higher in the variant than D-0083. During the long-term exposures, cells of D-0083 acclimated faster to solar UV radiation and showed paralleled growth rates among the treatments with or without UVR at the end of the experiment; however, growth of the minor variant was significantly reduced by UV-A and UV-B throughout the period. Comparing to the major strain D-0083, the minor variant was more sensitive to UVR in terms of its growth, quantum yield and acclimation to solar radiation.     

Photoregulation of morphological structure and its physiological relevance in the cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirulina</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">platensis</Emphasis>

The spiral structure of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Nordst.) Gomont was previously found to be altered by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm). However, how photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) and UVR interact in regulating this morphological change remains unknown. Here, we show that the spiral structure of A. platensis (D-0083) was compressed under PAR alone at 30°C, but that at 20°C, the spirals compressed only when exposed to PAR with added UVR, and that UVR alone (the PAR was filtered out) did not tighten the spiral structure, although its presence accelerated morphological regulation by PAR. Their helix pitch decreased linearly as the cells received increased PAR doses, and was reversible when they were transferred back to low PAR levels. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that a 52.0 kDa periplasmic protein was more abundant in tighter filaments, which may have been responsible for the spiral compression. This spiral change together with the increased abundance of the protein made the cells more resistant to high PAR as well as UVR, resulting in a higher photochemical yield.     

钝顶螺旋藻在不同光照条件下的放氧特性

钝顶螺旋藻在持续照光和中等频率 (0.01~20 Hz) 的光/暗交替照光下的放氧特性对光生物反应器的设计和操作具有重要意义。构建了一套可实现光/暗交替的光生物反应器系统对此进行研究,结果显示：根据与放氧速率的关系,可以将光强分为4个区：光限制区 (0~335 μmol/(m2·s)),过渡区 (335~875 μmol/(m2·s)),光饱和区 (875~2 775 μmol/(m2·s)) 以及光抑制区 (2 775 μmol/(m2·s)以上)。提高光/暗频率能否提高微藻光合速率取决于所采用的光强和     

Photosynthetically active and UV radiation act in an antagonistic way in regulating buoyancy of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (cyanobacterium)

Buoyancy provided by gas vesicles has been suggested to play an important role in regulating vertical distribution and nutrient acquisition in cyanobacteria. However, little is known about how changes in UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) would affect the buoyancy. We have shown here that the floatation activity of the economically important cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (D-0083) decreased with increased photosynthetic rates associated with increased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), but it decreased less in the presence of UVR, which resulted in inhibitory effects. When the cells were grown under isoenergetic levels of solar PAR or UVR alone, they migrated downward under PAR but maintained buoyant under UVR. The buoyancy regulation of A. platensis depended on the exposed levels of PAR as well as UVR, which affected photosynthesis and growth in an antagonistic way. The buoyancy of A. platensis in water columns is likely to be dependant on diurnal photosynthetic performance regulated by solar radiation, and can hardly be considered as an active strategy to gain more energy during sunrise/sunset or to escape from harmful irradiation during the noon period.     

Effects of solar UV radiation on morphology and photosynthesis of filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis

To study the impact of solar UV radiation (UVR) (280 to 400 nm) on the filamentous cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, we examined the morphological changes and photosynthetic performance using an indoor-grown strain (which had not been exposed to sunlight for decades) and an outdoor-grown strain (which had been grown under sunlight for decades) while they were cultured with three solar radiation treatments: PAB (photosynthetically active radiation [PAR] plus UVR; 280 to 700 nm), PA (PAR plus UV-A; 320 to 700 nm), and P (PAR only; 400 to 700 nm). Solar UVR broke the spiral filaments of A. platensis exposed to full solar radiation in short-term low-cell-density cultures. This breakage was observed after 2 h for the indoor strain but after 4 to 6 h for the outdoor strain. Filament breakage also occurred in the cultures exposed to PAR alone; however, the extent of breakage was less than that observed for filaments exposed to full solar radiation. The spiral filaments broke and compressed when high-cell-density cultures were exposed to full solar radiation during long-term experiments. When UV-B was screened off, the filaments initially broke, but they elongated and became loosely arranged later (i.e., there were fewer spirals per unit of filament length). When UVR was filtered out, the spiral structure hardly broke or became looser. Photosynthetic O(2) evolution in the presence of UVR was significantly suppressed in the indoor strain compared to the outdoor strain. UVR-induced inhibition increased with exposure time, and it was significantly lower in the outdoor strain. The concentration of UV-absorbing compounds was low in both strains, and there was no significant change in the amount regardless of the radiation treatment, suggesting that these compounds were not effectively used as protection against solar UVR. Self-shading, on the other hand, produced by compression of the spirals over adaptive time scales, seems to play an important role in protecting this species against deleterious UVR. Our findings suggest that the increase in UV-B irradiance due to ozone depletion not only might affect photosynthesis but also might alter the morphological development of filamentous cyanobacteria during acclimation or over adaptive time scales.     

MIXOTROPHIC GROWTH MODIFIES THE RESPONSE OF SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA) PLATENSIS (CYANOBACTERIA) CELLS TO LIGHT

Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis (Nordstedt) Geitler cells grown under mixotrophic conditions exhibit a modified response to light. The maximal photosynthetic rate and the light saturation value of mixotrophic cultures were higher than those of the photoautotrophic cultures. Dark respiration and light compensation point were also significantly higher in the mixotrophically grown cells. As expected, the mixotrophic cultures grew faster and achieved a higher biomass concentration than the photoautotrophic cultures. In contrast, the growth rate of the photoautotrophic cultures was more sensitive to light. The differences between the two cultures were also apparent in their responses to exposure to high photon flux density of 3000 μmol·m ^{− 2}·s ^{− 1}. The light-dependent O₂ evolution rate and the maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry declined more rapidly in photoautotrophically grown than in mixotrophically grown cells as a result of exposure to high photon flux density. Although both cultures recovered from the high photon flux density stress, the mixotrophic culture recovered faster and to a higher extent. Based on the above results, growth of S. platensis with a fixed carbon source has a significant effect on photosynthetic activity.     

Carbon limitation enhances CO2 concentrating mechanism but reduces trichome size in Arthrospira platensis (cyanobacterium)

Arthrospira species grow well under highly enriched inorganic carbon concentrations, but little is known on the effects of inorganic carbon (Ci) limitation on its physiological performance. When Arthrospira platensis D-0083 was grown in a modified medium without NaHCO₃ under ambient air of 380 ppm CO₂, its trichomes became disassembled while the growth and photosynthetic rates were severely reduced. Phycocyanin and allophycocyanin contents decreased but the carotenoid content increased under the Ci limitation. Compared with the cells grown in Zarrouk medium, the trichomes grown under the Ci limitation increased their photosynthetic apparent affinity for Ci by about 14 times but photochemical quenching capacity was reduced. It appeared that A. platensis increased its CO₂ concentrating mechanism by inducing HCO₃ ^? transporters and reducing the trichome size which increased filamentous surface to volume ratio.     

不同遮荫条件下梓叶槭幼苗生长与光合特征的种源差异

梓叶槭是我国特有的野生濒危植物,目前尚缺乏对其光合特性及濒危机制的研究.以梓叶槭集中分布地都江堰、大邑、峨眉山和雷波当年生梓叶槭幼苗为材料,分析在遮光率为50%、80%的遮阴条件下幼苗的光合作用能力和生长量.结果表明:不同种源梓叶槭幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)随着光照强度的下降而显著降低.光照强度减弱时,都江堰和峨眉山幼苗光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)均降低,而大邑幼苗均提高,雷波幼苗无显著变化.P_n、WUE与株高和冠幅生长量均呈显著正相关.不同遮光条件下梓叶槭幼苗的光合作用和生长量差异显著,光照不足可能是大邑梓叶槭幼苗林下自然更新的限制因子.雷波地区梓叶槭幼苗较其他地区幼苗喜荫,而都江堰和峨眉山幼苗具有较好的光适应能力,生长性状表现良好,可作为移植保护的优质种源.     

The action of a range of supplementary ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths on photosynthesis in Brassica napus L. in the natural environment: effects on PS II,CO2 assimilation and level of chloroplast proteins

The effects of different wavebands of UV radiation on photosynthesis and the expression and abundance of photosynthetic proteins in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Rebel) were investigated. Plants were grown outdoors under natural radiation (52° N, 0° E) supplemented with six wavebands of UV radiation (0.4 Wm⁻²) between 313 nm and 356 nm. A control treatment was centred at 343 nm. Exposure to supplementary UV-A radiation (320–400 nm) had no significant effects, however UV-B radiation, centred at 313 nm, caused a marked reduction in photosynthesis. This decrease was related to a reduction in the initial carboxylation velocity of Rubisco which was further correlated with a large reduction in the expression and abundance of both large and small subunits of Rubisco. These results indicate a molecular mechanism behind UV-B induced reductions in photosynthesis per unit area in plants grown under field conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Green light enhances growth,photosynthetic pigments and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> assimilation efficiency of lettuce as revealed by ‘knock out’ of the 480–560 nm spectral waveband

Adding green component to growth light had a profound effect on biomass accumulation in lettuce. However, conflicting views on photosynthetic efficiency of green light, which have been reported, might occur due to nonuniform light sources used in previous studies. In an attempt to reveal plausible mechanisms underlying the differential photosynthetic and developmental responses to green light, we established a new way of light treatment modeled according to the principle of gene “knock out”. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. youmaicai) was grown under two different light spectra, including a wide spectrum of light-emitting diode (LED) light (CK) and a wide spectrum LED light lacking green (480–560 nm) (LG). Total PPFD was approximately 100 µmol(photon) m^?2 s^?1 for each light source. As compared to lettuce grown under CK, shoot dry mass, photosynthetic pigment contents, total chlorophyll to carotenoids ratio, absorptance of PPFD, and CO₂ assimilation showed a remarkable decrease under LG, although specific leaf area did not show significant difference. Furthermore, plants grown under LG showed significantly lower stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and transpiration compared with CK. The plants under CK exhibited significantly higher intrinsic quantum efficiency, respiration rate, saturation irradiance, and obviously lower compensation irradiance. Finally, we showed that the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-saturated rate of carboxylation, the maximum rate of electron transport, and rate of triosephosphate utilization were significantly reduced by LG. These results highlighted the influence of green light on photosynthetic responses under the conditions used in this study. Adding green component (480–560 nm) to growth light affected biomass accumulation of lettuce in controllable environments, such as plant factory and Bioregenerative Life Support System.