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1.
天然河道底部的障碍物形成了复杂的水流环境,洄游鱼类对复杂水流环境的响应行为对于鱼能否上行或下行通过障碍物并完成生活史至关重要。本研究在封闭水槽中采用递增流速法测试了鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)幼鱼在不同障碍物型式下的临界游泳速度,结果表明:鳙幼鱼在自由来流、圆柱和半圆柱下的临界游泳能力无显著性差异(P>0.05),而方柱下鳙幼鱼的临界游泳能力显著降低(P<0.05);鳙幼鱼受障碍物下游复杂流场影响表现出3个特征游泳姿态,依此划分出3个位置区间;为了分析方柱下游泳能力下降的原因,统计了不同流速下鳙幼鱼在3个位置区间所占的时间百分比,并提取了相应的游泳动力学指标,包括摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、鱼头侧向最大加速度、鱼身侧向最大加速度、身体波动速度、身体波长和鱼头最大转角速度;鳙幼鱼在近柱区(障碍物下游6~26 cm; A区)停留时间最长,时间百分比高达63.1%;其次是中区(障碍物下游26~46 cm; B区)为29.1%;远柱区(障碍物下游46~66 cm; C区)最低,为7.8%;不同水流速度下,鳙幼鱼在方柱下游3个位置区间的时间百分比分布也有明显差异,在流速为5...  相似文献   

2.
鲢幼鱼通过水流速度障碍的模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
胡运燊  石小涛  陈求稳  黄瑶 《生态学报》2015,35(8):2652-2658
鱼类能否通过水流速度障碍直接影响过鱼设施的过鱼效果。利用计算机技术,综合水力因素、鱼类行为、地理特征及环境因子,展开鱼类通过水流速度障碍的模拟,有助于过鱼设施的优化设计。以国外涵洞式鱼道模拟软件Fish Xing为切入点,结合主要模块和关键因子,对我国特有鱼类鲢幼鱼进行模拟,得到鲢通过不同水流速度障碍的成功率;对比鲢在物理模型中的游泳表现,从模型主要模块和影响鱼类游泳表现的关键因子角度,分析影响鱼类通过水流速度障碍模拟的因素。结果表明,Fish Xing软件不能精确模拟鲢通过水流速度障碍的表现。分析表明,该软件在地理要素、管道特征和水力信息等参数方面具备独特的优势,但对我国鱼类有一定局限性,主要体现在鱼类的生物学信息如鱼类游泳特征等方面存在不足;进行鱼过障碍的模拟需要深入研究目标鱼类的生理特征、游泳能力及其与水力环境因子的响应关系。  相似文献   

3.
不同流速下杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态与活动代谢研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为研究水流速度对杂交鲟幼鱼行为和代谢的影响,探讨游泳状态与活动代谢及相关游泳运动参数之间的关系,在26℃水温下,使用特制的鱼类游泳行为和活动代谢同步测定装置,测定了杂交鲟幼鱼在0.1、0.3、0.5 m/s三种流速和静水条件下的游泳状态、趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率。结果表明:随着流速的增大,杂交鲟幼鱼逆流前进和逆流静止游泳状态所占时间比例显著减少,而逆流后退所占时间比例显著增加,顺流而下时间比例有所上升。在0.0—0.3 m/s的流速范围内,杂交鲟幼鱼各个时段的平均趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率均随着流速的增加而增大,在0.3 m/s流速下分别达到100%﹑(2.53±0.34)Hz和(490.99±164.59)mg O2/(kg.h)。当流速增加至0.5 m/s时,在趋流率仍保持100%的情况下,其耗氧率相比0.3 m/s增加了21.86%,而摆尾频率却减小了6.70%。实验过程杂交鲟幼鱼趋流率与摆尾频率呈显著线性正相关,而摆尾频率与耗氧率在大部分时段却无相关性。随着时间的延长,各流速组杂交鲟幼鱼趋流率、摆尾频率和耗氧率呈现不同的变化趋势,其趋流率均相对稳定;但摆尾频率均随时间延长呈下降趋势,而耗氧率则在实验前9h随时间延长逐渐增加,随后趋于稳定。研究结果提示:杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态的变化与流速有关,而反映运动强度大小的摆尾频率与活动代谢率的关系受到游泳状态的显著影响,同时也与运动代谢特征的时间变化有关。  相似文献   

4.
不同流速对鱇(鱼良)白鱼游泳行为的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在25℃水温下,采用特制的鱼类游泳行为测定装置对实验鱼在静水和0.1、0.2和0.25 m·s-1流速下的游泳状态、游泳速度、趋流率和摆尾频率等参数进行测定,研究水流速度对鱇(鱼良)白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)游泳行为的影响.结果表明:有流速组的趋流率显著高于静水组,但不同流速组间的趋流率无显著差别;在0 ~0.2 m·s-1流速范围内,摆尾频率随流速加快而显著增大,但在0.25 m·s-1流速下40 min后摆尾频率显著低于0.2m·s-1流速组;随着流速的增大,主要游泳状态由逆流前进变为逆流静止;在有流速组,顺流而下状态所占时间比例相对其他游泳状态都较少;在逆流游泳的3种状态中,游泳速度均随流速的增加而增大,在顺流而下状态中,游泳速度和水速间无显著相关;游泳速度、摆尾频率和水流速度两两之间均存在显著的线性相关.  相似文献   

5.
鱼类行为的改变可以作为识别突发环境污染的一项敏感指标。为了量化鱼类对重金属污染的行为响应, 通过视频记录及MATLAB软件定量分析了不同浓度急性铜暴露(0、1、2、3、4 mg/L)对幼鱼的呼吸代谢、运动行为及幼鱼组织中铜离子含量。结果表明: 重金属铜离子存在对鲢幼鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的运动时间比和呼吸频率影响显著(P<0.05), 随着铜离子浓度增大, 鲢幼鱼运动时长下降, 当铜离子浓度为4 mg/L时运动时长最小(t=8min), 比对照组减少了72.41%; 鲢幼鱼5min内的平均运动速度、平均加速度和总运动路程随着铜离子浓度增大而逐渐减小, 最小平均速度为29.50 mm/s, 最小平均正加速度大小为45.18 mm/s2, 最小平均负加速度大小为42.64 mm/s2, 加速的能力强于减速能力; 鲢幼鱼各组织中铜含量的顺序为: 肝脏>鳃>肌肉, 但差异不显著。研究结果可为水质预警和快速评价水体的综合毒性提供基础数据和理论基础。  相似文献   

6.
鳙(花鲢)在自然环境中分布于中国南部流域至阿穆尔河,是重要的经济性鱼类,具江湖生殖洄游特性。大坝建设阻碍了其洄游产卵繁殖通道,导致自然环境中其繁殖力的下降,需要有效的过鱼设施帮助鳙通过大坝等水流屏障。为了设计高效的鱼道引导鳙通过,本文通过自制密封的鱼类游泳实验装置,研究了鳙幼鱼游泳能力。测定了5个温度(5、10、15、20和25℃)下鳙幼鱼的临界游泳速度。通过测定不同温度下,疲劳前后血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量,评价疲劳运动引起的生理胁迫。结果表明,在试验温度范围内,随着温度的升高,临界游泳速度显著提高(P0.05)。25℃时临界游泳速度最大,为7.01 BL/s(1.19 m/s)。在疲劳运动后,血清总蛋白、血糖和甘油三酯含量显著升高(P0.05)。水温低于15℃与高于15℃相比,鳙疲劳运动后血清总蛋白、血糖和甘油三酯含量显著升高。以鳙幼鱼为研究对象,研究了非适宜温度环境和疲劳运动胁迫下鱼类的生理反应。以期为鱼类生理学研究和渔业保护管理等领域提供理论依据,为制定有效的鱼道提供数据参考。  相似文献   

7.
流速对红鳍银鲫幼鱼游泳状态的影响   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在28℃水温下,采用特制的鱼类游泳行为测定装置,研究体重(125.94±13.87)g的红鳍银鲫(Barbodes schwanenfeldi)幼鱼在0.0m/s(对照组)和0.1m/s、0.3m/s、0.5m/s3种流速下的游泳行为。结果表明,从0.0~0.3m/s,红鳍银鲫幼鱼平均趋流率和摆尾频率均随着流速的增加而增大,而0.5m/s组在90min内随时间延长而下降。红鳍银鲫游泳状态明显受到所处流速的影响,在静水对照组以"逆流前进"和"顺流而下"为主,两者共占总观察时间的98%以上;各流速组均以逆流静止为主,且随着流速的增大,逆流静止所占时间比例从45.8%增加至81.3%,而逆流前进所占时间比例由24.1%减至5%以下;逆流后退所占时间比例以0.1m/s组最大,为16.4%;顺流而下的比例随着流速增大先减小后增大,3个流速组依次为13.7%、2.1%和10.9%。红鳍银鲫幼鱼的游泳速度(V)和摆尾频率(TBF)在逆流前进及逆流静止两种游泳状态下呈线性正相关,而在逆流后退和顺流而下两种状态下两者没有显著相关。  相似文献   

8.
五种淡水鱼类幼鱼游泳能力的比较   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
付翔  付成  付世建 《生态学杂志》2020,(5):1629-1635
为了探讨栖息于不同生境中鱼类的游泳能力和偏好游泳速度及其生理机制,本研究以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)和胭脂鱼(Myxocryprinus asiaticus)5种鱼的幼鱼为对象,在(25±1)℃条件下测定了5种鱼类的标准代谢率(SMR)、最大代谢率(MMR)、有氧代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、最大匀加速游泳速度(Ucat)和偏好游泳速度(Upref)。结果发现:5种实验鱼中,中华倒刺鲃的游泳能力最强,游泳能力较差的为青鱼和胭脂鱼;5种鱼之间的代谢和游泳能力差异显著,其偏好游泳速度主要集中在(10~24.5cm·s^-1)区域。研究表明,鱼类游泳能力的种间差异可能主要由心鳃系统相关的呼吸能力和体型相关的游泳效率所决定。本研究提供的有关鱼类游泳能力、偏好游泳速度等资料对于鱼道设计等有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

9.
流速对细鳞裂腹鱼游泳行为及能量消耗影响的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
通过自制密封的鱼类游泳实验装置,研究了流速对细鳞裂腹鱼游泳行为和能量消耗的影响。结果显示,细鳞裂腹鱼的摆尾频率随游泳速度的变化有明显的变化规律,摆尾频率随着流速的增加而显著性的增加,而摆尾幅度有减小趋势,差异性不显著。结果还表明,(26±1)℃时,(10.60±0.54)cm细鳞裂腹鱼的相对临界游泳速度为(11.5±0.5)BL/s,绝对临界游泳速度为(110.28±2.02)cm/s。测定的相对临界流速较其他的鲤科鱼大,是对生存水流环境(流速0.5—1.5m/s)适应性的表现。这一结果表明鱼类的游泳能力是能够训练的。运动代谢率与相对流速的关系为,AMR=93.08e(0.307v)+314.33,R2=0.994;单位距离能耗与流速的指数关系为COT=28e(1.03V)+6.05,R2=0.998。流速达到8 BL/s时,裂腹鱼耗氧率开始下降,从流速7 BL/s时,(1245.57±90.97)mg O2/(kg.h)最大,下降到(978.78±189.38)mg O2/(kg.h)。1—7 BL/s流速范围内,裂腹鱼单位时间内的耗氧率随着游泳速度的增加而增加,而且随着游泳速度的增加,单位距离能耗(COT)逐渐减少,最小能耗在6倍体长流速,0.68 m/s时,为(6.00±1.57)J/(kg.m),其能量利用效率最大。  相似文献   

10.
鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的评估方法   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
石小涛  陈求稳  黄应平  刘德富  庄平 《生态学报》2011,31(22):6967-6972
鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的量化对鱼道设计有重要理论和实际价值,其基础是鱼类游泳能力的测定.首先对鱼类游泳能力的研究方法进行了概述总结,指出了鱼类游泳能力经典测试方法存在测定流场与自然情况相差较大的不足;分析了关键要素如鱼类行为特征、生理耗能规律及水力特性对鱼类通过水流速度障碍能力的影响;提出了分析鱼类游泳行为和能力与特征流场的关系,探讨鱼类通过水流障碍行为规律和生理疲劳恢复特征,通过研究仿自然流态下的鱼类自由游泳行为、水力计算及生理耗能的关系,构建多因素鱼类游泳能力关系式,定量评价鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍的发展方向.  相似文献   

11.
竖缝式鱼道过鱼对象运动行为与鱼道池室内水力条件是否相适应是进行鱼道设计的关键。研究通过视频跟踪法对竖缝式鱼道中目标鱼的运动轨迹进行实时跟踪, 获取鱼的运动加速度、运动速度, 并和人工手动跟踪的鱼类运动轨迹进行对比, 证明基于视频跟踪法的鱼类运动分析程序既能较好的应用于竖缝式鱼道中, 获取鱼类运动行为, 又可减少大量的人工操作, 有助于为竖缝式鱼道设计提供重要基础数据。  相似文献   

12.
This study reports the first results on telemetry of caudal differential pressure during spontaneous swimming activity in cod Gadus morhua and demonstrates that tail-beat pressure may be used as a predictor of activity and swimming costs of free-swimming cod. Tail-beat pressure was monitored using a differential pressure sensor on the caudal peduncle of cod and spontaneous swimming activity was quantified using a customized video-computer tracking programme. Tail-beat pressure was found to correlate with (1) swimming speed ( U ) and oxygen consumption during forced swimming and (2) mean U during spontaneous activity. Based on the relationship between and the integrated pressure performed by the tail during forced swimming, it should be possible to predict during spontaneous activity. To gain precise measures of activity and thus predictions of for free-swimming fish, however, individual calibrations are necessary.  相似文献   

13.
研究以西南山区特有鱼种齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)为研究对象, 对其游泳行为模式进行量化解译, 寻找其偏好的水动力学条件, 构建水流条件与生态行为的纽带。运用具有流速梯度的水槽创造非均匀流场条件, 得到齐口裂腹鱼在室内试验水槽内上溯的视频图像。运用图像识别技术, 计算上溯全过程的游泳动力学指标摆尾角度与摆尾频率, 在此基础上实现生态学与水动力学的耦合研究。研究表明, 齐口裂腹鱼在上溯过程中喜好在具有流速梯度处通过改变摆尾角度和摆尾频率等来适应非均匀流场, 其喜好摆尾角度为25°—35°, 喜好摆尾频率为2.5—3.5次/s, 偏好流速为0.20—0.40 m/s。随着水流速度的增大, 摆尾角度呈现逐渐减小的趋势, 且齐口裂腹鱼偏好选择在流速由大变小的区域, 进行摆尾冲刺加速, 且更趋向于摆尾角度变化为“弱强弱”的摆尾模式。滑行阶段引入滑行流速系数, 量化表示摆尾角度、滑行距离和流速三者间的耦合关系, 通过计算滑行距离对水流负方向上位移的贡献率, 得到滑行方向与水流负方向夹角。研究表明, 滑行流速系数为1.0—3.0时具有代表性, 齐口裂腹鱼对滑行方向与水流负方向夹角的偏好为40°—60°。研究利用多指标量化评价的方法, 以复杂流场为背景条件, 进一步满足过鱼设施建设需求。  相似文献   

14.
The relationship between fish shape, swimming ability and energy consumption during swimming in fish is complex and not well understood. In this paper, we show how a self-propelled 3-D fish model can be used to examine the effect of controlled changes in some shape parameters. Parameters of the model fish are modified and the resulting fish activated for short swimming episodes during which swimming velocity, torque and energy expenditure are calculated in the computer environment. The effect of shape was determined for two different fish shapes swimming at three different tail-beat frequencies (1.43, 0.94 and 0.64?Hz). The simulation results indicate that fish model one (based on a salmon) has stronger swimming ability than fish model two (a modified salmon fish shape) even though energy expenditure of fish shape two is greater than that of fish shape one. In the same fish types, the fish-swimming velocity and energy expenditure are proportional to tail-beat frequency. This model has the potential to be useful, particularly for predicting fish behavior in fish swim ways and the tail-water of energy turbines.  相似文献   

15.
The swimming performance of Platycephalus bassensis at steady speed was assessed with an emphasis on hydrodynamics. The minimum swimming speed to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium for P. bassensis of 0·271 m total length ( L T) was calculated to be 1·06 L T s−1. At this speed, the required lift to support the mass of the fish was equivalent to 6·6% of the fish mass; 82·7% of which was created by the body as a hydrofoil, and the rest of which was created by the pelvic fins as hydrofoils. The minimum swimming speed decreased with the L T of the fish and ranged from 1·15 L T s−1 for a fish of 0·209 m to 0·89 L T s−1 for a fish of 0·407 m. The forward movement per tail-beat cycle ( i.e. stride length) was described with an equation including quantities of morphological and hydro-mechanical relevance. This equation explained that stride length was increased by the effect of turbulence characterized by the Reynolds number and demonstrated the morphological and hydro-mechanical functional design of the fish for maximizing thrust and minimizing drag. The larger span of the caudal fin and caudal tail-beat amplitude was associated with larger stride length, whereas greater frictional drag was associated with smaller stride length.  相似文献   

16.
Løkkeborg  Svein  Fernö  Anders  Jørgensen  Terje 《Hydrobiologia》2002,483(1-3):259-264
Ultrasonic telemetry using stationary positioning systems allows several fish to be tracked simultaneously, but systems that are incapable of sampling multiple frequencies simultaneously can record data from only one transmitter (individual) at a time. Tracking several individuals simultaneously thus results in longer intervals between successive position fixes for each fish. This deficiency leads to loss of detail in the tracking data collected, and may be expected to cause loss of accuracy in estimates of the swimming speeds and movement patterns of the fish tracked. Even systems that track fish on multiple frequencies are not capable of continuous tracking due to technical issues. We determined the swimming speed, area occupied, activity rhythm and movement pattern of cod (Gadus morhua) using a stationary single-channel positioning system, and analysed how estimates of these behavioural parameters were affected by the interval between successive position fixes. Single fish were tracked at a time, and position fixes were eliminated at regular intervals in the original data to generate new data sets, as if they had been collected in the course of tracking several fish (2–16). In comparison with the complete set, these data sets gave 30–70% decreases in estimates of swimming speed depending on the number of fish supposedly being tracked. These results were similar for two individuals of different size and activity level, indicating that they can be employed as correction factors to partly compensate for underestimates of swimming speed when several fish are tracked simultaneously. Tracking `several' fish only slightly affected the estimates of area occupied (1–15%). The diurnal activity rhythm was also similar between the data sets, whereas details in search pattern were not seen when several fish were tracked simultaneously.  相似文献   

17.
A whole-lake acoustic telemetry array was utilized to monitor the three-dimensional position of 20 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Code division multiple access (CDMA) technology enabled the simultaneous monitoring of the 20 transmitters (equipped with pressure and temperature sensors) at 15 s intervals with sub-meter accuracy. Fish were monitored between November 2003 and April 2004 to evaluate the behaviour of fish across different temporal and spatial scales. The distance moved by largemouth bass, assessed both on a daily and hourly basis, varied by season and was positively correlated with water temperature. For example, daily movement rates were 2.69 ± 1.45 km/day in mid November (average daily water temperature 5.9°C), 2.24 ± 0.73 km/day in early January (5.1°C), and 7.28 ± 2.62 km/day in mid April (7.7°C). Interestingly, daily movement rates varied by as much as 25 fold among individual fish. Visualization of fish swimming paths revealed that whereas some fish occupied discrete areas and made only localized movements, other individuals made lengthier journeys covering much of the lake in periods of as little as one day. Analysis of fish behaviour at a finer temporal scale revealed that during the winter, fish spend more than 95% of their time swimming at speeds less than 0.1 m/s (0.07 ± 0.24 m/s). During late fall, and especially in spring, swimming speeds were higher with mean swimming speeds of 0.11 ± 0.27 m/s and 0.19 ± 0.29 m/s, respectively. When the telemetry dataset was queried to simulate 24 h manual tracking intervals, it was clear that manual tracking data would not have been representative of actual daily movement rates, underestimating daily movement and swimming speeds by at least 75 fold. This study identifies the importance of evaluating fish activity at multiple spatial (whole lake to sub-meter position) and temporal (seasonal to seconds) scales and illustrates the potential of CDMA telemetry to yield such data.  相似文献   

18.
Biological evidence suggests that fish use mostly anterior muscles for steady swimming while the caudal part of the body is passive and,acting as a carrier of energy,transfers the momentum to the surrounding water.Inspired by those findings we hypothesize that certain swimming patterns can be achieved without copying the distributed actuation mechanism of fish but rather using a single actuator at the anterior part to create the travelling wave.To test the hypothesis a pitching flexible fin made of silicone rubber and silicone foam was designed by copying the stiffness distribution profile and geometry of a rainbow trout.The kinematics of the fin was compared to that of a steadily swimming trout.Fin's propulsive wave length and tail-beat amplitude were determined while it was actuated by a single servo motor.Results showed that the propulsive wave length and tail-beat amplitude of a steadily swimming 50 cm rainbow trout was achieved with our biomimetic fin while stimulated using certain actuation parameters (frequency 2.31 Hz and amplitude 6.6 degrees).The study concluded that fish-like swimming can be achieved by mimicking the stiffness and geometry of a rainbow trout and disregarding the details of the actuation mechanism.  相似文献   

19.
The effect of flow turbulence on the swimming speed was studied in perch (Perca fluviatilis) with different body length. The critical flow rate was used as an index of fish swimming performance. The longer was the fish, the higher turbulence was required to decrease the critical flow rate. The mechanism of turbulence impact on fish locomotion relied on the vortex structure of the flow. The torque produced by hydrodynamic forces in a vortex favors fish overturn and loss of balance. Such effect of turbulence was observed when the sizes of the vortex and fish body were similar. The fish uses the pectoral fins to restore the balance, which increases their hydraulic resistance and, together with energy expenditure for spatial balance control, decreases the swimming speed.  相似文献   

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