河蚌的晶杆

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)一般称河蚌或菜蚌.生活在湖泊、池塘、河流、沟渠的水底淤泥内.在我国分布很广泛,是一种习见的淡水蚌类. 背角无齿蚌的消化道内有一晶杆(crystallioe style)构造.有人认为在幽门盲囊(晶杆     

常用鱼药漂白粉和氯杀宁对背角无齿蚌的毒性影响

试验以洱海流域的背角无齿蚌为研究对象,确定常用鱼药:漂白粉、氯杀宁对湖泊大型底柄动物背角无齿蚌的毒性影响.试验得出漂白粉作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h、168 h的半致死率;氯杀宁作用下,背角无齿蚌24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死率;漂白粉有效氯安全浓度95.25～108.86 mg/L;氯杀宁有效氯安全浓度3.32～3.55 mg/L.通过显微镜观察,漂白粉和氯杀宁的主要作用部位为背角无齿蚌的呼吸系统,在其鳃上可见明显病变.     

背角无齿蚌外套膜的组织化学研究

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana elliptica)在我国分布很广,是我国三种淡水育珠蚌之一。它所形成的珍珠微带金黄色,具有特殊的风格。四川省安岳县自1971年开始使用背角无齿蚌进行珍珠养殖以来,获得了不少经济利益,并积累了一些育珠经验。为了进一步探讨珍珠形成机理,以利于提高珍珠质量,从而获得更多优质珍珠。我们在对我国淡水育珠河蚌外套膜组织学和染色体等研究的基础上,又采用组织化学方法,对背角无齿蚌外套膜细胞中的核酸、糖类、酶等生物大分子物质作了组织化学方面的一些观察研究。     

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对浅水系统底栖和浮游藻类竞争关系的影响

底栖藻类和浮游藻类之间的竞争关系对浅水生态系统的结构、功能具有重要的影响,双壳类可通过滤食控制浮游藻类,从而改变底栖藻类与浮游藻类之间的竞争结果。论文通过比较放养背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)(蚌处理组)与不放养背角无齿蚌(对照组)系统中底栖藻类、浮游藻类的生物量和优势种等的变化,研究了滤食性双壳类对底栖藻类和浮游藻类间竞争的影响。结果表明,背角无齿蚌可显著降低浮游藻类生物量,提高水体透明度和沉积物表面光照条件,从而显著提高底栖藻类的生物量;背角无齿蚌也改变了浮游藻类的优势种,使优势种由蓝藻转变成硅藻。因此,滤食性双壳类有利于促进浅水生态系统从混水态向清水态转变,本研究结果对富营养化浅水湖泊修复与管理具有一定的参考意义。     

背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)及其共存对水质的影响

滤食性贝类与沉水植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,对浅水湖泊生态系统的结构、功能和过程具有重要影响,但两者共存产生的生态环境效应尚不明确。本文以背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)及沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)为对象,通过构建中型水生态系统(对照组、蚌处理组、草处理组、蚌草共存组),研究了背角无齿蚌、苦草及其共存对水质的影响。结果表明:背角无齿蚌可显著降低浮游藻类生物量(Chl-a,P0.05);苦草显著降低了总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)及浮游藻类Chl-a(P0.05);蚌草共存显著降低了氮、磷营养盐水平及浮游藻类Chl-a(P0.05);背角无齿蚌对苦草的生长起促进作用,实验结束时蚌草共存组的苦草干重及株高显著高于草处理组(P0.05)。     

背角无齿蚌对水体净化作用的研究

通过设置不同生物量的背角无齿蚌, 研究其对再悬浮水体总悬浮质(TSS)、叶绿素a(Chla)及水体营养盐含量的影响。结果表明: (1)背角无齿蚌可以快速降低水体中总悬浮质(TSS)和叶绿素a(Chla)的浓度; (2)增大背角无齿蚌生物量可加快水体总悬浮质(TSS)和叶绿素a(Chla)浓度的下降速度; (3)背角无齿蚌在第2 天可降低水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解磷(TDP)的含量, 升高总溶解氮(TDN)的含量, 但试验结束时, 空白组和有蚌组总氮(TN)、总溶解氮(TDN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解磷(TDP)均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。因此, 背角无齿蚌可在水体生态修复初期用于快速降低水体悬浮物和浮游藻类含量, 但从长期看, 不能明显改善水体营养盐含量。     

几种淡水蚌外套膜蛋白质氨基酸组成及部分元素分析

测定了三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、背视丽蚌外套膜的粗蛋白含量 ,分析了外套膜干粉的氨基酸组成 ,并采用原子吸收光谱法和等离子吸收光谱法测定三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌外套膜的 12种元素含量。结果表明 :干燥外套膜蛋白质含量为 :三角帆蚌 4 1 34% ,圆背角无齿蚌2 2 0 3% ,褶纹冠蚌 32 14 % ,背视丽蚌 7 78%。这四种淡水蚌外套膜均含有 17种氨基酸。被测的 12种元素中 ,Cu元素含量最高 ,其次是Fe ,Mn ,Mg ,Ca ,Zn ,Cr,而Ni,Co ,Pb ,Hg等元素含量较低。这四种淡水蚌外套膜是一类优质的动物蛋白质资源。     

慢性镉暴露对背角无齿蚌肝脏的氧化损伤效应

目的:探明氯化镉(CdCl2)暴露对背角无齿蚌肝脏中抗氧化酶活力及脂质过氧化的影响。方法:根据背角无齿蚌96 h镉离子(Cd²⁺)半致死剂量设置1个对照组和2个处理组(0.1和0.5 mg/L),分别检测镉暴露4周及镉清除4周期间背角无齿蚌肝脏中抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)]的活力和脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:不同浓度Cd²⁺暴露对背角无齿蚌抗氧化酶活力及脂质过氧化产生不同程度的影响,低浓度Cd²⁺暴露的毒性效应较弱,高浓度Cd²⁺暴露可显著抑制肝脏SOD活力,诱导GPx活力升高,在暴露后期显著抑制CAT活力,MDA含量随着暴露时间的延长而显著升高。结论:慢性Cd²⁺暴露可影响背角无齿蚌肝脏抗氧化酶活力,引起脂质过氧化损伤,且作用机制与急性毒性不同。     

背角无齿蚌摄食率及对水中叶绿素a清除能力的研究

椭圆背角无齿蚌是云南滇池的一种主要贝类物种。为探索该物种应用于滇池水体生物操纵的可行性,采用半野外模拟和原位围隔的方法,文章研究了背角无齿蚌的摄食率及对水中Chla的清除能力。结果表明:在23-28℃的温度范围内,背角无齿蚌的摄食率(IR)和湿重(W)呈现显著的相关冪指数关系:IR=aWb,1龄蚌和3龄蚌符合下列关系式:IR=6.2283X0.45,(R2=0.94);IR=0.0002X2.2,(R2=0.93)。3龄蚌的摄食率高于1龄蚌,且随生物量的增加摄食率有所减少。实验同时证明,背角无齿蚌有良好的清除水体中Chla的效果,对降低CODMn、TP含量同样具有较好的效果,且3龄蚌优于1龄蚌。通过方差分析综合分析得出,在生物量为4.17只/m3时,清除水体Chla的效果最优。       

中华鲟养殖池背角无齿蚌和鲢鳙鱼生态修复效果比较

2009年5月31日-6月20日在广东省大沙河水库利用微型生态系统比较不同放养密度的褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)和背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对水体氮、磷及浮游植物的影响,探讨两种蚌在控制南亚热带水库富营养化水体藻类水华上的可行性。实验结果表明,在褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌处理组中,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,而铵氮的浓度显著下降;褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌导致了浮游植物群落组成结构的改变和数量的增加,实验过程中绿藻所占的比例迅速上升。两种蚌之间没有显著的差异,只是在不同的作用强度下,时间上的响应不同。综合实验结果,褶纹冠蚌和背角无齿蚌难以有效地运用于我国华南地区水库的水质改善与富营养化控制。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.