苔藓动物18S rRNA基因的分子系统发生初探

本文对我国沿海较为常见的8种唇口目苔藓动物的18SrRNA基因进行了PCR扩增和序列测定。结合已知的其它苔藓动物（包括内肛动物和外肛动物）以及腕足动物和帚虫的相应序列,运用分子系统学方法,研究苔藓动物门的系统发生关系,结果表明,外肛动物和内肛动物构成苔藓动物分子系统树中的二大平行支;本文测定的大室膜孔苔虫与Giribet等测定的膜孔苔虫在系统树中的位置间隔较远。结果也支持外肛动物包含被唇纲和裸唇纲两大类群的形态划分,而关于裸唇纲特别是唇口目内部的系统发生关系。分子数据的分析结果和形态分类之间的分歧有待于进一步研究。     

后生动物的起源

５０年代读的是前苏联教科书 :《动物学教程》 ,每章都以“起源和系统演化”作结 :海绵动物起源于领鞭毛虫 ;腔肠动物起源于团藻虫 ;涡虫起源于原始多核纤毛虫等等。后生动物可由多途径、多发生、多系统的起源论在“寒武纪大爆炸”（Ｃｌｏｕｌｄ,１９４８）的事实面前肯定撞墙。因为没有１种理论（或机制）能指挥原生动物中的各路诸侯同时冲出底线 ,而且１个比１个跑得更远！寒武爆炸的基本事实是 :多细胞动物化石在５ ６亿年前首见 ;到寒武纪起界（放射测定为前５ ４５亿年）的“小壳化石”中已鉴定出包括节肢动物在内共８个无脊椎动物门…     

羊膜动物的系统发生

以支序系统学为基础出发,将羊膜动物分为3个类群：下孔类、无孔类和双孔类,并简要介绍了其中的主要类群;同时也介绍了哺乳类、龟鳖类和翼龙类等几个重要类群及鸟类的起源演化问题。     

蕨类植物起源与系统发生关系研究进展

蕨类植物是一群非常古老的植物,在其漫长的演化历史中丢失了大量的系统发生信息,因此重建其系统演化关系是蕨类植物学家所面临的重要任务之一。近年来的分子系统学研究已经确立了一些类群的系统关系,但现存的蕨类分类系统和系统发生关系还有很多谜团有待揭开。化石记录表明蕨类植物最早出现于大约4亿多年前,但大部分现代真蕨类缺少足够的化石证据。它们的起源时间和方式及其内部各类群的系统发生关系等诸多问题的解决,还有待于大量形态学和不同分子水平上的实验数据的进一步积累,并结合其直接的化石证据进行综合研究。     

蕨类植物起源与系统发生关系研究进展

蕨类植物是一群非常古老的植物,在其漫长的演化历史中丢失了大量的系统发生信息,因此重建其系统演化关系是蕨类植物学家所面临的重要任务之一.近年来的分子系统学研究已经确立了一些类群的系统关系,但现存的蕨类分类系统和系统发生关系还有很多谜团有待揭开.化石记录表明蕨类植物最早出现于大约4亿多年前,但大部分现代真蕨类缺少足够的化石证据.它们的起源时间和方式及其内部各类群的系统发生关系等诸多问题的解决,还有待于大量形态学和不同分子水平上的实验数据的进一步积累,并结合其直接的化石证据进行综合研究.     

苔藓动物的谱系发生位置与早期分歧时间(英文)

苔藓动物是后生动物系统进化研究中的关键类群之一。作者基于冠轮动物38个代表种类的LSU和SSU rRNA组合基因序列数据,以二胚层动物为外类群,运用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯分析法,重建了触手冠担轮动物的系统树;同时,基于分子钟的方法推测了苔藓动物主要类群的起源与分歧时间。分子系统学的分析结果表明:触手冠动物并非都是单种系群;而苔藓动物则为单种系群,并构成触手冠担轮动物的基部类群。尽管苔藓动物的最早化石记录仅发现于奥陶纪特马豆克期地层中,谱系年代分析结果显示:苔藓动物及其主要谱系在新元古代已经分化;其中,苔藓动物祖先类群的起源时间约为634Ma,基部类群(被唇纲)与其它苔藓动物的分歧时间大约为607Ma。这一结果说明,化石记录始于奥陶纪的苔藓动物根植于新元古代的埃迪卡拉纪,早期祖先类群可能缺乏钙化骨骼,因而不易保存为化石。从而支持关于动物主要门类起源于新元古代的谱系年代学研究成果。     

基于18S rRNA基因序列分析唇口目苔藓动物主要类群的系统发生关系

对隶属于3亚目、5次目、20科、23属共25个种类的唇口目(裸唇纲)苔藓虫18S rRNA基因部分序列进行了序列测定.结合从GenBank中获得的该类群其它7个种类的18S rRNA基因同源序列,以序列分析软件对其序列组成和变异进行了比较分析;同时,以羽苔虫(被唇纲)和管孔苔虫(窄唇纲)为外类群,以邻接法和最大简约法重建了它们的系统发生树,分析了该目主要类群系统发生关系.序列分析结果显示:经比对后序列长度为884 bp,其中保守位点241个,可变位点643个,简约信息位点357个;A,T,C和G 4碱基平均含量分别为23.8%、22.8%、24.4%和28.9%.分子系统树表明:本研究所有有囊类构成1个单系群,其中檐胞次目的几种苔虫位于皮壳次目内部;无囊类形成1个多系群,其中的亚目级(新唇口亚目)和次目级分类阶元(枝室次目、假软壁次目和隐壁次目)也都为多系发生,这些结果与前人的分子系统学研究结果大体一致,而与传统的形态分类体系间存在明显的冲突.     

苔藓织毛虫的形态和形态发生

应用蛋白银染色和扫描电子显微镜技术研究了苔藓织毛虫的形态和形态发生过程。首次显示了由纤毛、毛基体和基体托架组成的棘毛立体构型,揭示了细胞周期中大核内出现为蛋白银着色的纤维状结构,以及新背触毛原基的产生与裸毛基体的密切关系。     

后生动物起源时间的分子钟研究

后生动物是起源于“寒武纪大爆发”还是经历了一个相对较长的前寒武时期一直是动物进化史上的不同解之谜。综述近年来出现的很多利分子数据推测后生动物起源时间的分子钟研究,并就研究中存在的无脊椎动物与脊劝物之的进化速率的校正、进化速率恒定基因的判断等问题进行讨论。     

The origin of metazoan development: a palaeobiological perspective

The rapid diversification of early Metazoa remains one of the most puzzling events in the fossil record. Several models have been proposed to explain a critical aspect of this event: the origin of Metazoan development. These include the origin of the eukaryotic cell, environmental triggers, key innovations or selection among cell lineages. Here, the first three hypotheses are evaulated within a phylogenetic framework using fossil, molecular and developmental evidence. Many elements of metazoan development are widely distributed among unicellular eukaryotes, yet only 3 of the 23 multicellular eukaryotic lineages evolved complex development. Molecular evidence indicates the lineage leading to the eukaryotic cell is nearly as old as the eubacterial and archaebacterial lineages, although the symbiotic events established that the eukaryotic cell probably occurred about 1.5 billion years ago. Yet Metazoa did not appear until 1000 to 600 million years ago (Myr), suggesting the origin of metazoan development must be linked to either an environmental trigger, perhaps an increase in atmospheric oxygen, or key innovations such as the development of collagen. Yet the first model fails to explain the unique appearance of complex development in Metazoa, while the latter fails to explain the simultaneous diversification of several ‘protist’ groups along with the Metazoa. A more complete model of the origin of metazoan development combines environmental triggering of a series of innovations, with successive innovations generating radiations of metazoan clades as lineages breached functional thresholds. The elaboration of new cell classes and the appearance of such developmental innovations as cell sheets may have been of particular importance. Evolutionary biologists often implicitly assume that evolution is a uniformitarian, time-homogeneous process without strong temporal asymmetries in evolutionary mechanisms, rate or context. Yet evolutionary patterns do exhibit such asymmetries, raising the possibility that such innovations as metazoan development impose non-uniformities of evolutionary process.     

The polyphyletic origin of the "Cheilostomata" (Bryszoa)

The relative appearance of the parietal muscles in the development of the zooids has been studied in several ctenostomatous and “cheilostomatous” species. A comparison of the different on-togenetical sequences demonstrated that a “cheilostomatous” type of organization of the zooids with a great probability has been achieved in minimum three times independentl and originated from different ctenostomatous sub-grous: the Membranidea from plesiomorgic victorelloids (ancestors of Bulbella with not yet developed peristomial tube), the Inoviceiata (Aetea) from advanced forms of victorelloids with reduced primary parietal muscles (perhaps stcies related to Pottsiella), and Penetrantia from arachnidioid or vesicularioid ancestors (?). Therefore, the classical orders ^α“Ctenostomata” and “Cheilostomata” represent only “stage groups” but no monohyletic systematical units. Because of the new concept and interpretation I propose a new name for the united group: Cteno-Cheilostomata, supra-ord. nov.     

Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater

The present study considers 88 bryozoan species occurring in freshwater: 69 phylactolaemate and 19 gymnolaemate species. Roughly 49% of these species are confined to one zoogeographical region. The cosmopolitan status of species like Fredericella sultana, Plumatella repens or P. emarginata has to be reconsidered. Among the Phylactolaemata, which are phylogenetically older than the Gymnolaemata, the gelatinous species (Lophopodidae, Pectinatellidae, Cristatellidae) are more primitive than the branching tubular species (Plumatellidae, Fredericellidae). Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confirm the Lophotrochozoa concept

Based on embryological and morphological evidence, Lophophorata was long considered to be the sister or paraphyletic stem group of Deuterostomia. By contrast, molecular data have consistently indicated that the three lophophorate lineages, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda and Phoronida, are more closely related to trochozoans (annelids, molluscs and related groups) than to deuterostomes. For this reason, the lophophorate groups and Trochozoa were united to Lophotrochozoa. However, the relationships of the lophophorate lineages within Lophotrochozoa are still largely unresolved. Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed based on a dataset comprising 11,445 amino acid positions derived from 79 ribosomal proteins of 39 metazoan taxa including new sequences obtained from a brachiopod and a phoronid. These analyses show that the three lophophorate lineages are affiliated with trochozoan rather than deuterostome phyla. All hypotheses claiming that they are more closely related to Deuterostomia than to Protostomia can be rejected by topology testing. Monophyly of lophophorates was not recovered but that of Bryozoa including Ectoprocta and Entoprocta and monophyly of Brachiozoa including Brachiopoda and Phoronida were strongly supported. Alternative hypotheses that are refuted include (i) Brachiozoa as the sister group of Mollusca, (ii) ectoprocts as sister to all other Lophotrochozoa including Platyzoa, and (iii) ectoprocts as sister or to all other protostomes except chaetognaths.     

The Recent species of Adeonella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) including descriptions of fifteen new species

The genus Adeonella Busk (1884) comprises 41 species, 15 of which are considered to be new to science. Adeonella lichenoides (Lamarck) is regarded as the senior synonym of A. platalea (Busk) (= A. polymorpha Busk), the type species of the genus. Adeonella is distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific realm, the Mediterranean, and the South Atlantic Ocean. Its highest diversity is found off the east coasts of southern Africa. Thirty-one species (15 new to science) are described and illustrated, morphology and geographical distribution are discussed and a key is provided to all recognized species.     

Systematic studies on some Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Ascophora (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

Twenty-two species of ascophoran cheilostome Bryozoa are described and figured from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic localities. Ten new species are described in the genera Exochella, Buffonellodes and Hippadenella. Ralepria gen. nov. is introduced for Ralepria conforma sp. nov., and Trilochites gen. nov. is introduced for Escharoides biformata Waters, 1904. Five species described by Jullien (1888) and Calvet (1909) are redescribed following re-examination of type specimens.     

Mitogenomic perspectives into sciaenid fishes' phylogeny and evolution origin in the New World

Sciaenid fishes are widely distributed throughout the coastal waters and estuaries of the world. A total of 23 genera of this family are endemic to the Old World. However, evolutionary relationships among Old World sciaenid fishes and their origin have remained unresolved despite their diversity and importance. Besides, hypotheses that explain the origin and biogeographical distribution of sciaenid fishes are controversial. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of seven representative sciaenid species were determined and a well-resolved tree was recovered. This new timescale demonstrated that the sciaenid originated during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous Period. The estimated origin time of sciaenid fish is 208 Mya, and the origin of Old World sciaenid is estimated at 126 Mya. Reconstruction of ancestral distributions indicated a plesiomorphic distribution and center of origin in the New World, with at least one lineage subsequently dispersed to the Old World. Moreover, we conclude that the common ancestors of Old World sciaenid fishes were derived from species of New World.     

Revision of Porina-like cheilostome Bryozoa from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of Central Asia

Porina-like cheilostome bryozoans are a taxonomically problematic group. They were moderately common in latest Cretaceous sediments throughout the world. However, the complexity of their tiny skeletons makes it difficult to describe species morphologically, especially as many features have no counterparts in Recent cheilostomes. In this contribution, we revise the type material of most known Porina-like cheilostomes from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of Central Asia using combined scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography. The revised species are Diplobeisselina? abduazimovae (Favorskaya, 1992), Beisselinopsis quincunx Voigt, 1962, Pseudobathystomella lata Favorskaya, 1988, Beisselina bella Favorskaya, 1980 and Uzbekipora anplievae (Favorskaya, 1992). Pseudobathystomella mira sp. nov. is proposed for one colony previously identified as Pseudobathystomella lata, while one badly preserved specimen previously assigned to Beisselina bella is described here in open nomenclature as Beisselina? sp. The diagnosis of Pseudobathystomella Favorskaya, 1988 is amended. Uzbekipora gen. nov. is introduced for one species from the southern Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan showing a frontal shield traversed by a reticulate network of ridges that conceals autozooidal boundaries and encloses foraminate mounds.