不同氮水平下作物养分吸收与利用对玉米马铃薯间作产量优势的贡

玉米与马铃薯间作是重要的间作种植模式,具有较突出的资源利用和产量优势,但养分吸收和利用对作物产量优势的贡献及这种贡献对施氮量的响应机制尚不清楚.本研究采用玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米与马铃薯间作3种种植模式,分别设置N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N_1(125 kg·hm~(-2))、N_2(250 kg·hm~(-2))和N_3(375 kg·hm~(-2))4个氮水平,通过2年田间小区试验,研究不同氮水平下间作产量优势的营养基础.结果表明:随着施氮量的增加,氮、磷、钾的单作加权平均吸收量逐渐增加,间作则先增加后减少.间作在N_1水平时具最高的养分吸收优势,分别较单作加权平均值增加氮吸收14.9%、磷吸收38.6%、钾吸收27.8%;间作在N0和N3时具有更高的养分利用效率,较单作可提高氮利用效率3.5%~14.3%、磷利用效率3.5%~18.5%、钾利用效率10.6%~31.6%.N_0和N_1时玉米与马铃薯间作具有显著产量优势,其营养基础在N0时主要是提高了作物养分利用效率,而N_1时则是促进养分吸收的结果.充分发挥间作促进养分吸收对玉米与马铃薯间作产量优势的贡献,需要合理控制氮肥的投入.     

不同氮水平下作物养分吸收与利用

玉米与马铃薯间作是重要的间作种植模式,具有较突出的资源利用和产量优势,但养分吸收和利用对作物产量优势的贡献及这种贡献对施氮量的响应机制尚不清楚.本研究采用玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米与马铃薯间作3种种植模式,分别设置N₀(0 kg·hm^-2)、N₁(125 kg·hm^-2)、N₂(250 kg·hm^-2)和N₃(375 kg·hm^-2)4个氮水平,通过2年田间小区试验,研究不同氮水平下间作产量优势的营养基础.结果表明: 随着施氮量的增加,氮、磷、钾的单作加权平均吸收量逐渐增加,间作则先增加后减少.间作在N₁水平时具最高的养分吸收优势,分别较单作加权平均值增加氮吸收14.9%、磷吸收38.6%、钾吸收27.8%;间作在N₀和N₃时具有更高的养分利用效率,较单作可提高氮利用效率3.5%～14.3%、磷利用效率3.5%～18.5%、钾利用效率10.6%～31.6%.N₀和N₁时玉米与马铃薯间作具有显著产量优势,其营养基础在N₀时主要是提高了作物养分利用效率,而N₁时则是促进养分吸收的结果.充分发挥间作促进养分吸收对玉米与马铃薯间作产量优势的贡献,需要合理控制氮肥的投入.     

间作条件下施氮量对马铃薯光合特性的调控作用

遮阴和氮供应的协同作用是建立玉米/马铃薯高效间作体系的基础。本研究采用单作和间作两种种植模式,每种种植模式设置4个氮水平(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N1,62.5kg·hm~(-2);N2,125 kg·hm~(-2);N3,187.5 kg·hm~(-2))的田间小区试验,探究不同氮投入量对玉米/马铃薯间作体系中马铃薯光合生理和产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,间作产量优势逐渐降低,与单作马铃薯相比,间作马铃薯产量减幅2.66%~43.71%;间作中靠近玉米侧(I-M)和靠近马铃薯侧(I-P)的马铃薯P_n差异显著,I-PI-M;相比于等氮时的单作,间作净光合速率(P_n)降低8.41%~31.09%,光补偿点降低62.23%,暗呼吸速率降低60.90%;过量的氮肥施用和与玉米间作均导致马铃薯P_n、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(T_r)的降低,且间作后的减幅随施氮量增加而增大;合理控制施氮量有利于维持间作马铃薯较高的光合水平,降低与玉米间作后的马铃薯减产幅度,本研究中N1处理可维持较低减产幅度。     

长期秸秆还田对水稻土团聚体及氮磷钾分配的影响

为了探究秸秆还田配施化肥条件下水稻土团聚体组成及其稳定性,以及土壤团聚体氮、磷、钾养分特征,本研究进行了34年定位试验,设置无肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)3个处理。采用湿筛法测定0～20、20～40 cm土层水稳性团聚体组成,量化分析氮、磷、钾养分分配特征、贡献率和活化度。结果表明: 水稻土水稳性团聚体以>2 mm和0.25～1 mm粒级为主,<0.053 mm粒级含量最低。与CK相比,在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层,NPKS处理增加了>2 mm和1～2 mm团聚体含量,降低了0.053～0.25 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体含量;NPK处理在0～20 cm土层也表现出与NPKS类似的规律。NPKS较NPK处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)提高3.9%～15.5%,几何平均直径(GMD)提高6.3%～41.7%,不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)降低5.7%～28.7%。NPKS处理显著提高了团聚体全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,尤其是直径>0.25 mm部分,但对碱解氮和全钾的提升效果与NPK处理差异不显著。水稻土团聚体养分贡献率受到其团聚体组成的影响,NPKS处理明显增大了>1 mm团聚体氮、磷、钾养分贡献率。秸秆还田配施化肥可提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体稳定性,并增加团聚体氮、磷、钾养分含量,尤其是大团聚体(>1 mm)。该研究结果为调节土壤碳氮比来保障稻田土壤质量和资源可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

玉米-大豆间作和施氮对玉米产量及农艺性状的影响

为研究玉米-大豆间作模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状及生长动态的影响,进行2个种植模式(玉米单作和玉米-大豆间作)和2个施氮水平(0 kg/hm2,150 kg/hm2)的双因素随机区组试验,以期揭示施氮和间作对玉米产量的影响规律,为提高玉米-大豆间作系统产量提供一定的理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)与不施氮相比,施氮显著增加了春秋两季间作玉米产量,分别达到23.81%和40.99%。施氮处理下的间作玉米地上部生物量较不施氮提高了29.91%,单作模式下显著提高了40.34%,两者差异均达到显著水平。(2)与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下春玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了18.92%和19.23%,秋玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了31.03%和32.75%,差异均达到显著水平。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作和间作模式均显著提高秋玉米穗长。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作秋玉米的穗粗提高了18.67%,差异显著。(3)施氮和间作均能促进玉米干物质累积、提高株高和叶绿素(SPAD值),且表现为施氮效果高于间作效果。总体来看,种植模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状和生长动态均有一定影响,且施氮效果优于间作效果。由于土壤具有一定的供氮能力,而间作豆科能为玉米供给一定量的氮素,故对于春玉米而言,施氮效果仅在百粒重中表现,随着土壤原有氮素被玉米吸收利用减少后,供氮能力下降,在秋玉米中施氮效果显著提高。     

土著从枝菌根真菌(AMF)与不同形态氮对紫色土间作大豆生长及氮利用的影响

在紫色土上,探究接种土著AMF(indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)及不同形态氮肥施用对间作大豆Glycine max生长及氮利用的影响,为提高间作大豆对土壤不同形态氮素的吸收与利用,减少土壤无机氮残留提供理论依据。采用盆栽试验,设2种种植方式(大豆单作和玉米/大豆间作),不同丛枝菌根真菌处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和3个氮处理[不施氮(N0)、施无机氮(ION120)、施有机氮(ON120)],以期揭示土著AMF和不同形态氮施用对间作大豆生长及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与N0相比,施ION120和ON120处理显著增加了土壤无机氮的累积量。NM条件下,无论何种施氮处理的间作土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量均低于单作,其中当接种土著AMF时,与单作相比,间作对减少土壤无机氮的积累能力得到进一步加强。无论单作或是间作,相同菌根处理下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆地上部和根系生物量,大豆地上部和根系氮含量及大豆地上部和根系氮吸收量均不同程度地高于N0处理,其中间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120处理的根系生物量、根系氮含量及氮吸收量均显著高于ON120处理。间作-ION120条件下,土著AMF处理的大豆地上部氮含量、吸收量及根系氮含量、氮吸收量较NM处理分别提高了9.8%、69.8%和8.1%、54.8%,四者差异均达到显著水平。除根系氮吸收量外,地上部氮含量、氮吸收量及根系氮含量均在间作-土著AMF-ION120处理下显著提高,间作与土著AMF互作优势明显。间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆根系氮吸收效率高于N0处理,分别提高了2%和6%。总体来看,土著AMF与ION120氮肥施用对促进间作大豆生长与提高氮素利用率尤为明显,可望减少土壤氮素残留而减轻氮素流失的风险。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植方式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg·hm-2)对玉米和大豆产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,玉米-大豆套作体系中玉米籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数略有降低,而大豆籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数显著提高.玉米-大豆套作系统的套作优势随施氮量的增加而降低,与当地农民常规施氮量(240 kg·hm-2)相比,减量施氮(180kg·hm-2)处理下玉米和大豆产量、经济系数,以及N、P、K吸收量和收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率显著提高,土壤氮贡献率降低;与不施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米带土壤的全N、全P含量,提高了大豆带土壤的全N、全P、全K含量和玉米带土壤的全K含量.减量施氮水平下,玉米-大豆套作系统的周年籽粒总产量、地上部植株N、P、K总吸收量均高于玉米和大豆单作,土地当量比(LER)达2.28;玉米-大豆套作系统的氮肥吸收利用率比玉米单作高20.2%,比大豆单作低30.5%,土壤氮贡献率比玉米和大豆单作分别低20.0%和8.8%.玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高系统周年作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

Interspecific interactions affect N and P uptake rather than N:P ratios of plant species: evidence from intercropping

种间相互作用影响植物氮和磷的吸收量而不是氮磷比 量化不同农艺措施下作物氮和磷吸收量(即从农田中移除的量)的化学计量特征对理解农田生态系统中的养分收支和优化氮、磷肥施用至关重要。目前还不清楚在不同的氮肥和覆膜措施下,单作和间作体系作物氮和磷吸收量以及氮磷化学计量特征随整个生长季的变化。本研究探讨了植物种间养分竞争如何对(1) 5种种植模式(小麦、玉米和大麦单作、小麦/玉米和大麦/玉米间作),(2)两种施氮水平(0和225 kg N ha⁻¹)和(3)两种玉米覆膜处理(覆膜和不覆膜)下的作物氮、磷吸收量(以及氮磷比)时间动态的影响。研究结果表明,小麦和大麦的氮、磷竞争能力强于玉米,导致间作体系共生期的小麦和大麦氮、磷吸收量相比于单作增加,而玉米氮、磷吸收量相比于单作减少。3种作物植株氮磷比随作物生长而降低。作物氮磷比不受间作的影响,也不随施氮呈现一致的变化,覆膜降低了玉米的氮磷比。两种间作体系群落水平的氮磷比在成熟期与相应单作不同。由于(1)间作从土壤移除的氮和磷的比例不同于单作,以及(2)作物对氮和磷的吸收在施氮和覆膜下均是不耦合的,这些发现可能对间作系统的养分收支有启示意义。     

间作对马铃薯种植土壤硝化作用和硝态氮供应的影响

土壤硝态氮供应对满足作物氮素需求至关重要,但间作如何影响土壤硝态氮供应及其作用机制尚不清楚。本研究基于4个氮水平(N₀, 0 kg·hm^-2; N₁, 62.5 kg·hm^-2; N₂, 125 kg·hm^-2; N₃, 187.5 kg·hm^-2)的马铃薯单作、马铃薯与玉米间作小区试验,分析土壤硝态氮含量与强度、硝化势和氨氧化功能基因丰度的差异,探讨间作影响土壤硝态氮供应和氮调控的机理。结果表明: 土壤硝态氮含量和强度随施氮量增加而升高,但同一施氮水平下间作均低于单作。施氮提高了土壤硝化势,且单作的响应高于间作。土壤中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因丰度大于氨氧化古菌(AOA),二者在间作时均随施氮量增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势;相同施氮量下,间作的AOA和AOB基因丰度(除N₂外)均低于单作。相关分析、回归分析和主成分分析显示,马铃薯间作后,土壤AOB、AOA的amoA基因丰度下降,硝化势减弱,导致土壤硝态氮含量和强度降低。因此,间作导致土壤硝态氮供应降低与土壤氮转化的微生物过程有关,间作条件下的马铃薯种植应注意保障土壤氮素供应。     

不同施肥处理对土壤水稳定性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

以国家褐潮土16 a的长期肥料试验为平台(北京昌平),研究长期不同施肥对耕层土壤水稳定性团聚体及其有机碳的影响。主要研究结果:与耕种农田土壤相比,长期撂荒(CK0)可以提高水稳定性大团聚体的含量及其有机碳含量和储量。而农田耕作后,破坏了水稳性大团聚体,相应地增加水稳性微团聚体的含量。与长期不施肥种植作物(CK)相比,长期施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施有机肥(NPKM)和氮磷钾秸秆还田(NPKS)处理对水稳性团聚体数量分布和平均重量直径(MWD)有显著影响,其中对2mm和0.25 2mm水稳性大团聚体的促进作用最明显,说明施肥处理增加的新碳主要向0.25 2mm和2mm团聚体富集。在不同水平水稳性团聚体中,2mm和0.25 2mm两个级别的水稳性大团聚体有机碳的含量显著高于0.0530.25mm和0.053mm水稳性微团聚体。化肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理可提高水稳性大团聚体含量,改善土壤团聚体的结构。长期小麦-玉米→小麦-大豆复种轮作并施氮磷钾化肥的处理(NPKF)各级团聚体中有机碳的含量高于长期小麦-玉米轮作并施氮磷钾化肥的处理(NPK)。     

Intercropping Enhances Productivity and Maintains the Most Soil Fertility Properties Relative to Sole Cropping

Yield and nutrient acquisition advantages are frequently found in intercropping systems. However, there are few published reports on soil fertility in intercropping relative to monocultures. A field experiment was therefore established in 2009 in Gansu province, northwest China. The treatments comprised maize/faba bean, maize/soybean, maize/chickpea and maize/turnip intercropping, and their correspoding monocropping. In 2011 (the 3^rd year) and 2012 (the 4^th year) the yields and some soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were examined after all crop species were harvested or at later growth stages. Both grain yields and nutrient acquisition were significantly greater in all four intercropping systems than corresponding monocropping over two years. Generally, soil organic matter (OM) did not differ significantly from monocropping but did increase in maize/chickpea in 2012 and maize/turnip in both years. Soil total N (TN) did not differ between intercropping and monocropping in either year with the sole exception of maize/faba bean intercropping receiving 80 kg P ha⁻¹ in 2011. Intercropping significantly reduced soil Olsen-P only in 2012, soil exchangeable K in both years, soil cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) in 2012, and soil pH in 2012. In the majority of cases soil enzyme activities did not differ across all the cropping systems at different P application rates compared to monocrops, with the exception of soil acid phosphatase activity which was higher in maize/legume intercropping than in the corresponding monocrops at 40 kg ha⁻¹ P in 2011. P fertilization can alleviate the decline in soil Olsen-P and in soil CEC to some extent. In summary, intercropping enhanced productivity and maintained the majority of soil fertility properties for at least three to four years, especially at suitable P application rates. The results indicate that maize-based intercropping may be an efficient cropping system for sustainable agriculture with carefully managed fertilizer inputs.     

Rotation of maize with cowpea improves yield and nutrient use of maize compared to maize monocropping in an alfisol in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana

In the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana (1984–1987) a field experiment was conducted to study the reasons for beneficial effects of rotating maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) on yield and N and P use of maize. The treatments included two cropping systems, maize monocropping and maize/cowpea rotation, two levels of nitrogen (0 and 80 kg N ha^-1 as urea) and two levels of phosphorus application (0 and 60 kg ha^-1 P as Volta phosphate rock). Yields and nutrient accumulation of maize were larger in rotation than in monocropping, independent of the N and P level. Fertilizer application (N and P) increased yields of maize in both cropping systems to the same extent. Nitrate contents of the soil after cowpea and after maize monoculture were comparable at the beginning of the cropping period. Also, potential nitrogen mineralization was only slightly larger after cowpea in the unfertilized plots. However, soil nitrate of fertilized plots was similar or even higher under monocropping than under crop rotation, especially in deeper soil layers and at the end of the cropping period. This indicates that in addition to the availability of mineral N, its use by the plants was limiting for the productivity of maize. Root length densities of maize were significant lower in monocropped maize than in maize grown in rotation. Soil physical parameters (infiltration, bulk density, aggregate stability and water capacity) showed a significant deterioration compared to a bush fallow plot, but differed only slightly between the cropping systems. Also in a pot experiment maize growth was much better in the soil from the crop rotation than from the monocropping plots, provided P was eliminated as the main growth-limiting factor. Since this effect persisted in spite of N application and optimization of soil physical properties by mixing the soil with polystyrol it is concluded that the results indicate that yield decline in maize monocropping might be due to allelopathic effects.     

玉米间作和施氮对土壤微生物代谢功能多样性的影响

微生物功能多样性是土壤健康的重要指标,在多种生物地球化学过程中发挥关键作用.本研究基于多年田间小区定位试验,设置间作和单作2种种植模式和4个施氮水平(N0,0 kg·hm-2;N125,125 kg·hm-2;N250,250 kg·hm-2;N375,375 kg·hm-2),采用 Biolog-Eco微平板法,分析...     

玉/豆和玉/薯模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

过量施用氮肥造成的环境问题日益严重,氮肥合理使用已成为人们研究的热点.本文研究了西南玉米两种主要套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米氮素利用和土壤硝态氮残留的影响.结果表明：连续分带轮作种植玉/豆模式后,玉米收获期植株中的氮素积累较玉/薯模式平均提高了6.1%,氮收获指数增加了5.4%,最终使氮肥利用效率提高4.3%,氮素同化量提高了15.1%,氮肥偏生产力提高了22.6%;玉米收获后硝态氮淋溶损失减少,60～120 cm土层中硝态氮残留玉/豆模式较玉/薯模式降低了10.3%,而0～60 cm土层中平均提高了12.9%,有利于培肥地力,两年产量平均较玉/薯模式高1249 kg·hm^-2,增产22%;增加施氮量提高了植株氮素积累,降低了氮肥利用率,显著提高了表层土壤中硝态氮的累积,60～100 cm土层中硝态氮的累积量在0～270 kg·hm^-2处理间差异不显著,继续增加施氮量会显著增加土壤硝态氮的淋溶;氮肥后移显著提高了土壤0～60 cm土层硝态氮的积累.两种模式下施氮量和底追比对玉米氮素吸收和硝态氮残留的影响结果不一致,玉/豆模式以施氮180～270 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=3∶2∶5的施肥方式有利于提高玉米植株后期氮素积累、氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率,减少了氮肥损失,两年最高产量平均可达7757 kg·hm^-2;而玉/薯模式在180 kg·hm^-2、按底肥∶穗肥=5∶5的施肥方式下,氮素积累利用及产量均优于其他处理,两年平均产量为6572 kg·hm^-2,可实现两种模式下玉米高产、高效、安全的氮肥管理体系.
     

Build up and depletion of soil phosphorus and potassium and their uptake by rice and wheat in a long-term field experiment

Summary In a field experiment initiated at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal in 1974 involving rice wheat cropping sequence and NPK fertilizer use on sodic soil (pH 9.2, ESP 32.0), an attempt was made to evaluate the available P and K status of the soil and their uptake by the crops during 1982–83 and 83–84.Application of P to either or both the crops significantly enhanced the yields of rice and improved available P status of the soil. Wheat yields remained unaffected. Fertilizer N reduced P content in rice but increased P uptake in crops and considerably brought down available P to a level (4.5 ppm) where rice plants showed reduced tillering and phosphorus deficiency. Application of K did not affect the yield of either crop but enhanced its available status in soil and uptake by the crops. Contribution of the non-exchangeable K towards total potassium removal was about 93% in the absence of applied K which decreased to 87% with the use of K. Application of K to both crops resulted in lesser uptake from non-exchangeable form as compared to its application to either crop. Laboratory studies carried out on soils of the experimental plots showed that cumulative K release measured after five successive extractions was higher in K-treated soils as compared to untreated ones. The major difference was only in the first extraction representing the exchangeable K after which release became independent of the available K of the soil.     

Phosphorus availability under alley cropping and mulched and unmulched sole cropping systems in Costa Rica

Phosphorus availability was measured in soils under five cropping systems: alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium, sole cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana mulch applied, sole cropping with Gliricidia sepium mulch applied, sole cropping with no mulch. The following parameters were measured: 1) plant-available soil P assessed by P uptake of maize and bean bioassay plants; 2) phosphate desorbable by anion exchange resin; 3) adsorption of added P into isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools.In the bioassay, P uptake of beans declined in the order: mulched sole-cropped>unmulched sole-cropped>alley-cropped soils. For maize the relative uptake was: mulched sole-cropped>unmulched sole-cropped = alley-cropped soils. These results suggest trees had not incorporated a significant quantity of P into the system after seven years and, probably, there was a decrease in available soil P due to the sequestration of P in the tree biomass. Potentially resin-desorbable P was higher in alley-cropped and mulched sole-cropped soils than in unmulched sole-cropped soils. The adsorption and desorption of added P into and from exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools did not differ between alley-cropped and unmulched sole-cropped soils.Crop yield and crop N, P and K uptake were all higher in the alley crops than in the unmulched sole crop. The supply of P to the crop under alley cropping seems to be dependent on P cycled and released from the mulch. The P cycle in alley cropping appears to be self-sustaining at least under conditions of moderate P fertiliser input.     

Effect of peanut mixed cropping with gramineous species on micronutrient concentrations and iron chlorosis of peanut plants grown in a calcareous soil

To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of improvement of iron nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in calcareous soil, both greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the rhizosphere (phytosiderophores) effects from maize, barley, oats and wheat with different phytosiderophores release rates on iron nutrition and other micronutrients in calcareous soil. Six cropping treatments were examined in a greenhouse experiment: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping (two genotypes: Danyu13, Zhongdan12), peanut/barley intercropping, peanut/oats intercropping, and peanut/wheat intercropping. Additionally, we investigated in a field experiment the same five cropping systems as the greenhouse experiment (maize/peanut intercropping not including Zhongdan12). Our results show that the chlorophyll and active Fe concentrations in the young leaves of the peanut in the intercropping system with different gramineous species were much higher than those of the peanut in monoculture. In greenhouse conditions, the Fe concentration in the shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of two maize genotypes separately were 1.40–1.44, 1.47–1.64 and 1.15–1.42 times higher respectively than those of peanut plants grown in monocropping at 55, 60 and 70 days. In particular, the Fe concentration in shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of barley, oats and wheat were not only higher than those in monocropping but also higher than those in peanut intercropped cropping with maize. In the field, the concentration of Fe in shoot of intercropped peanut plants in rows 1–3 from gramineous species were significantly higher than in monocropping at the flowering stage. Simultaneously with iron nutrition variation in peanut, Zn and Cu concentrations of intercropped grown peanut increased significantly compared to those in monocropping in the greenhouse experiment, and different intercropping treatments generally increased the Zn and Cu content in the shoot of peanut in the field. Systemic mechanisms may be involved in adaptation to nutrient stresses at the whole plant level. The study suggests that a reasonable intercropping system of nutrient efficient species should be considered to prevent or mitigate iron and zinc deficiency of plants in agricultural practice.     

黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体与土壤养分的关系

研究了黑土开垦后水稳性团聚体变化规律及其与土壤养分状况的关系．结果表明,黑土开垦初期,水稳性团聚体的含量迅速下降．在开垦的第一个10年,水稳性团聚体下降约10％;随着开垦时间的延长,其下降幅度趋缓,第10年～第50年,水稳性团聚体仅下降10％,之后下降幅度更加缓慢,接近一个稳定的水平．黑土中>0．25mm水稳性团聚体与土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和CEC具有良好的相关性,相关系数分别为0．7625、0．6794、0．6084和0．8134,均达到极显著水平;与交换性钙、交换性镁、交换性钾和交换性钠的相关性也达到极显著水平;在回归关系中,与有机碳和CEC之间的关系更密切,与全钾、速效磷、速效K和缓效K没有明显的相关性．要保持黑土良好的结构状况,土壤有机碳变化应处于平衡状态。