大鸨的巢位选择研究

2000年和2001年的4～7月连续两年,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部草原上采用野外直接观测和样方法对繁殖期大鸨(Otis tarda)的巢位选择进行了研究.结果表明,大鸨是一种营地面松散型群巢的大型鸟类,最近巢间距为9m.大鸨在繁殖期对巢位具有明显的选择性:首先表现在景观尺度上的选择,大鸨巢多筑在海拔190～230m的草原岗坡的坡腰上,以偏南向的朝阳缓坡的坡腰上为多,最大坡度不超过8°,而且巢均筑在距车道不远的地方;其次表现在植被结构上的选择,大鸨倾向于选择枯草较厚、植被密度较高且多数植物高度在15～35cm的地方营巢,但植被密度过高处却并不选择.     

大鸨的巢位选择研究

20 0 0年和 2 0 0 1年的 4～ 7月连续两年 ,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部草原上采用野外直接观测和样方法对繁殖期大鸨 (Otistarda)的巢位选择进行了研究 .结果表明 ,大鸨是一种营地面松散型群巢的大型鸟类 ,最近巢间距为 9m .大鸨在繁殖期对巢位具有明显的选择性 :首先表现在景观尺度上的选择 ,大鸨巢多筑在海拔 190～ 2 30m的草原岗坡的坡腰上 ,以偏南向的朝阳缓坡的坡腰上为多 ,最大坡度不超过 8° ,而且巢均筑在距车道不远的地方 ;其次表现在植被结构上的选择 ,大鸨倾向于选择枯草较厚、植被密度较高且多数植物高度在 15～ 35cm的地方营巢 ,但植被密度过高处却并不选择 .     

大鸨繁殖期觅食地的选择

2000年和2001年的4～7月,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部的草原地带,采用样方法研究了火烧地和非火烧地上繁殖期大鸨的觅食地选择.结果表明,在火烧地和非火烧地,大鸨觅食地的植株高度均为13cm左右,最高高度不超过30cm,植被结构上具有共性;植物种类丰盛密集,盖度较大,喜食的植物和昆虫丰富.但在喜食食物选择上,火烧对大鸨有一定影响.在非火烧地,大鸨多关注动物性食物的丰盛;而在火烧地则关注植物性食物的丰盛.     

大鸨繁殖期觅食地的选择

2000年和2001年的4～7月,在内蒙古自治区科尔沁右翼前旗东南部的草原地带,采用样方法研究了火烧地和非火烧地上繁殖期大鸨的觅食地选择.结果表明,在火烧地和非火烧地,大鸨觅食地的植株高度均为13cm左右,最高高度不超过30cm,植被结构上具有共性;植物种类丰盛密集,盖度较大,喜食的植物和昆虫丰富.但在喜食食物选择上,火烧对大鸨有一定影响.在非火烧地,大鸨多关注动物性食物的丰盛;而在火烧地则关注植物性食物的丰盛.     

动物求偶场交配制度及其发生机制

求偶场是动物在繁殖期的集群求偶交配的场所, 是动物求偶与繁殖行为的表达空间。为探索求偶场的发生及其进化机制, 研究者们在短短20 年中提出了近10 种关于求偶场发生与进化机制的假说与模型。在鸟类、哺乳类、两栖爬行类和鱼类中已广泛地展开有关求偶场的研究, 但目前国内却还鲜见相关研究报道。本文介绍了求偶场的特征、类型及其进化假说与模型。结合保护生物学理论, 简单阐述了求偶场研究的保护生物学及行为生态学意义。     

普氏原羚的求偶交配行为

作者采用所有事件取样法、扫描取样法和目标取样法研究分析了元者分布区内普氏原羚(Procapraprzewalskii) 的求偶交配行为, 分析了放牧活动对普氏原羚求偶、交配行为的影响。我们共记录到28 种发情、求偶及交配行为。雄性普氏原羚的求偶、交配过程分为4 个阶段。第一阶段为雄羚对雌羚的试探接近阶段。雌羚对雄羚的试探行为有两种反应: 雌羚走开拒绝雄羚的求偶; 或者雌羚叉开后腿静立并不停摆尾以示接受雄羚,有时雌羚还会主动靠近雄羚。如果雌羚接受雄羚的求偶, 雄羚便会进入求偶表演的第二阶段: 雄羚开始以直立、直立行走或碎步移动的方式靠近雌羚。第三个阶段是爬胯、交配阶段。雄羚的插入、射精过程在很短时间(约1-2 s) 内完成。最后一个阶段是交配后雄羚对配偶的看守阶段。普氏原羚交配制度为求偶场交配制度, 交配模式为无锁结、多次插入、无抽动、多次射精, 分别属于Dewsbury和Dixson交配行为模式分类系统的第13 种类型和第14种类型。人类放牧对普氏原羚繁殖行为具有明显的影响。在本研究中共记录了1 009 次爬胯行为, 这些爬胯行为多发生在家畜到达求偶场以前与家畜离开求偶场后30min 。     

大鸨消化系统组织学观察

应用常规石蜡切片,H.E.染色,对3只大鸨消化系统组织结构进行了观察。结果表明,大鸨食管复层扁平上皮有化不明显,粘液腺十分丰富。腺胃内有发达的复管状腺和单管状腺,密集排列在胃壁内。腺胃乳头内有发达的粘液腺,开口于乳头顶部,复管状腺的集合窦则开口于粘液腺底部。肌胃粘膜内密布单管状腺,无粘膜肌。小肠内环肌发达,粘膜下层不明显,十二指肠处绒毛最高,分支最复杂,无十二指肠腺。盲肠前部具发达的绒毛,而中后部不明显,直肠绒毛发达,杯状细胞增多,盲肠与直肠粘膜下层较发达。肝、胰小叶界限不清。     

鸟类的饰羽与求偶

达尔的性选择理论解释了为何某些鸟类具有华丽羽衣,他认为,雄鸟的饰羽是雌鸟基于抽象美感择偶的结果,正如饲养通过有意识的人工选择生产出品种珍奇的各种雄鸽。华莱士提出另一种可能性的解释：身体越强壮的雄鸟饰羽越华丽,因而能够在竞争配偶时获胜。同时,赫克胥指出：雄鸟的饰羽有助于建立其在雌鸟中的支配地位：饰羽还起到了恐吓其它雄鸟从而减少了争夺的必要。     

人工饲养大鸨雏鸟行为变化趋势及日节律

采用扫描取样法(scan sampling)和目标取样法(focal sampling)相结合观察大鸨(Otis tarda)雏鸟的行为,研究了大鸨雏鸟行为日节律及其行为随日龄增长的强度变化趋势。结果表明,大鸨雏鸟在1～3日龄休息行为、站立行为所占比例逐渐增多,蹲伏行为、鸣叫行为比例减少,随着日龄的增加,大鸨雏鸟的行为逐渐接近亚成体的行为,但整体还没有形成规律;大鸨雏鸟期行为主要由休息(51.7%)、站立(16.1%)和游走(18.8%)行为组成,其次为理羽(3.2%)和展翅(6.1%)行为。在雏鸟成长过程中,休息行为比例一直保持很高,觅食和理羽行为呈现明显的上升趋势,鸣叫和蹲伏行为逐渐减少。     

Distribution and status of bustards in China

This article presents the distribution and status of bustards, which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990-2002 in China. The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province, west-ern Jilin Province, east and middle Inner Mongolia, north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. A few can winter in the south breeding-range. Its winter-range lies from the south to the Yellow River, as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province. Its population number is about 200-300 or 500-800. The Chinese popula-tions of O. t. tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang. It is unclear about its winter-range, which is pre-sumed to be in south Asia. Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang. The popu-lation number is about 2000-3000. The habitat in breeding range includes steppe, grassland, desert grassland, and farmland. The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes, meadows, meadow-grassland, and wheatland. The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata mac-queeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin, the banks of the Ulungur River, Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang, west Inner Mongolia, and west Gansu. Northeast Mulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world. The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat. Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia. Its population number is about 2000. The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang, and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range. Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert, and its winter-range lies in south Asia. Its population in China is very scarce. In addition, we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards.     

笼养条件的改变对大鸨繁殖期行为的影响

2002～2004年4～6月,采用瞬时扫描法对哈尔滨动物园饲养的16只（5♂,11♀）大鸨（Otis tarda）的繁殖期行为进行了观察。利用非参数检验法讨论了笼舍面积、舍内设计及外界噪音对大鸨繁殖期的行为分配、日节律、炫耀及一些特殊行为的影响。结果表明,环境因子对大鸨繁殖期行为存在显著影响,当环境条件改变后,大鸨的警戒行为发生显著变化（P〈0．01）,其次为炫耀、游走行为（P〈0．05）。另外,环境因子的变化对雄性大鸨的炫耀路线及求偶方式亦存在影响,同时影响沙浴等特殊行为。     

Time budget and activity rhythm of wild Great Bustard in winter

Instantaneous scanning and focal animal sampling methods were used to record the behaviors of nine wild Great Bustards (Otis tarda) and their time budget from November 2004 to January 2005. The results indicated that foraging and resting time accounted for as high as 46.40% and 39.12%, respectively, while the rest of the behaviors, such as walking, alerting, preening and flying, only shared 6.83%, 2.03%, 2.64% and 1.84%, respectively. There were significant differences in foraging time, alert time and walking time between males and females (P < 0.05). The preening and flying were closely related to males (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0. 932), and it was similar for resting and walking in females (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0. 716). Resting occurred mainly at dawn and dusk, and foraging appeared mostly from 9:30 to 11:30 and from 14:30 to 16:30. Non-parameter testing demonstrates that time budget among resting, flying and others in two temperature intervals (> −5 °C and ⩽ −5 °C) was significantly different.     

Correlates of male mating success in the lekking great snipe (Gallinago media): results from a four-year study

To investigate behavioral or morphological traits importantas mate choice cues, we measured selection differentials (s)as the covariances between each trait and male mating success,and directional selection gradients (J3) from multiple linearregression of the standardized traits on male mating success.Data from two leks in four consecutive years were included,and the annual data were analyzed separately. The main findingsare: (1) the distribution of male mating success proved to beless skewed than those found in many other lekking species,(2) only a few traits yielded significant selection gradients,(3) the importance of age on male mating success changed acrossyears, (4) females may use traits with a high variance as matechoice cues, and (5) individual males achieved similar matingsuccesses between years. Attendance and age were the traitsmost consistently correlated with male mating success, but notraits showed significant selection gradients in all years.Our results indicate that variable sexual selection pressuresexisted between years, but the high correlation found betweenthe mating success of individual males in successive seasonsalso indicates that permanent differences in male traits areimportant. Key words: lek, mate choice, sexual selection.     

Time budget and activity rhythm of wild Great Bustard in winter

Instantaneous scanning and focal animal sampiing methods were used to record the behaviors of nine wild Great Bustards (Otis tarda) and their time budget from November 2004 to January 2005.The results indicated that foraging and resting time accounted for as high as 46.40% and 39.12%,respectively,while the rest of the behaviors,such as walking,alerting,preening and flying,only shared 6.83%,2.03%,2.64% and 1.84%,respectively.There were significant differences in foraging time,alert time and walking time between males and females (P＜0.05).The preening and flying were closely related to males (Pearson's correlation,r=0.932),and it was similar for resting and walking in females (Pearson's correlation,r=0.716).Resting occurred mainly at dawn and dusk,and foraging appeared mostly from 9:30 to 11:30 and from 14:30 to 16:30.Non-parameter testing demonstrates that time budget among resting,flying and others in two temperature intervals (＞-5℃ and≤-5℃) was significantly different.     

The adaptive significance of electrophoretic mobility in phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

Sexual dimorphism in size and plumage was investigated in the lek-breeding Jackson's widowbird Euplectes jacksoni. Size dimorphism was evident from the sexual difference in tarsus length, reflecting skeletal body size. The long tail and the wide collar of breeding plumaged males were obvious secondary sex traits, but the wing was also longer than in subadults and might likewise be sexually selected (i.e. not merely a byproduct of body size). Possibly, the increased wingspan functions to save energy during the jump display. To reveal intrasexual selection, courtholders were compared with floaters (nuptial males captured off the leks), and were found to be larger in body size, wing length, collar and tail. The roles of inter-and intrasexual selection are discussed with reference to previously demonstrated female choice, and new results indicating competition for access to leks: quick reoccupation of deserted display courts, frequent observations of intruders and a finding that central males were more aggressive than peripherals. Observations imply that the collar is an agonistic signal that is neutral with respect to female choice. Possible contributions of natural selection to the sexual dimorphism are also considered.     

内蒙古图牧吉冬季大鸨调查初报

大鸨(Otis tarda)属大型草原鸟类,过去曾广泛分布于黑龙江省西部及内蒙古的东部,目前已经处于濒危状态。图牧吉自然保护区是大鸨的主要栖息地,繁殖数量约200多只。1998年开始记录到越冬大鸨个体,2003年冬季,本区越冬数量达到165只(其中保护区内记录到85只)。本文对图牧吉自然保护区大鸨的越冬数量分布进行了调查,并对大鸨越冬行为及食性进行了初步的观察和分析,对大鸨越冬地管理及越冬鸟类的保护提出了建议。     

Why Do Males of Parnassius imperator Fight for Bare Rocks but Not the Nectar Flower During Mate Selection?

Territoriality is an important male behavioral trait used in mate selection of butterflies, but the factors determining the outcome of territorial contests remain controversial. We studied the foraging and territorial behaviors of males in the Parnassius imperator butterfly. Adult males were selective about nectar sources, but they did not defend nectar flowers. By contrast, they fought over areas of bare rocks because bare rocks were used as lek locations to attract and court receptive females. The ownership of a lek, rather than sex pheromones or wing pigments, played the key role in attracting females. In an owner replacement experiment, the owner of a territory always defeated intruders, indicating that perching order, not relative body size, determined the outcome of territorial contests. Territories are small areas of bare rocks that lack food resources, so intruders do not challenge the ownership of a resident in a location where they can easily find vacant territories. Males that first perch in a territory have an advantage compared to intruders in that they can forage on flowers in the vicinity of the territory. This may help explain why satiated owners always defeated fatigued intruders. Our findings suggest that early perching on bare rock allows male butterflies of P. imperator to occupy a territory, attract receptive females and exclude later‐arriving competitors.