晋西黄土区不同植被覆盖流域的水文响应

为了研究不同植被覆盖对流域径流的影响,以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域内的天然次生林流域和人工林流域为对象进行了对比分析。结果表明,天然次生林流域的年径流量、雨季径流量均小于人工林流域,天然次生林流域的年总径流量、雨季径流量分别是人工林流域的58.57%、48.04%,年地表径流量、雨季地表径流量分别比人工林流域减少了82.95%、81.12%;人工林流域的基流量为零;在短历时高雨强的降雨形式下天然次生林流域的削洪效应显著,其单位面积洪峰流量比人工林流域减少了83.41%;不同植被覆盖下径流对不同雨型的响应不同,人工林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的10.08倍、3.35倍,天然次生林流域在A型雨条件下的单位面积洪峰流量是B、C型雨的6.79倍、1.64倍。     

小流域水源涵养林优化配置

通过对嫩江上游二道桥小流域内不同林分类型林冠截留、枯落物持水以及土壤蓄水的观测与调查,采用层次分析法探讨了小流域水源涵养林的配置.结果表明：该流域水源涵养林最优植被类型结构为天然白桦林24.86%、天然黑桦林16.30%、天然阔叶混交林44.49%、落叶松人工林10.88%、草地3.47%;经过层次分析优化后,流域水源涵养能力显著增加,其中以土壤层有效贮水量和最大贮水量增加幅度最大,分别比现状提高了33.05%和27.78%.层次分析优化结果可以作为试验小流域水源涵养林最优空间配置结构.     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

黄土区森林植被对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

根据山西省吉县蔡家川流域1985～2003年9个径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料,分析了植被对流域坡面尺度降雨产流产沙的影响.结果表明,坡面自然更新的次生林比人工刺槐林具有更好的涵养水源和保持水土功能,场降雨产流量和产沙量分别减少约65%～82%和23%～92%;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和雨强均呈良好的相关关系,但随着林分郁闭度增大,相关关系减小.不同地类的降雨产流产沙差异显著,虎榛子灌木林和天然次生林最少,而人工刺槐、油松林约是虎榛子灌木林的5倍,果农复合经营模式的产流产沙量分别是虎榛子灌木林的17.14倍和3.96倍;果农复合经营模式在高质量、大工程整地后产流产沙明显减少.对坡面产流产沙的影响因子灰色关联分析,林分郁闭度和草本、枯落物生物量对坡面产流产沙影响显著,关联度值均大于0.6.     

林地土壤水源涵养多因素复合模拟研究——以苕溪流域为例

为了研究不同植被覆盖度、不同林相及不同林种林下土壤水源涵养的特性,以浙江省苕溪流域上游区为例,采用野外不同林种土壤持水能力定时定点实测取样、室内不同植被覆盖度(0,15%,30%,45%,60%,75%,90%)、不同林相(上层覆盖、下层覆盖、上下层覆盖)的物理模型人工模拟降雨试验方法,通过不同深度土壤水分含量测试、产汇流和入渗系数计算,探索了林地不同经营管理方式下土壤涵养水源的特性,结果表明:(1)地表入渗系数随植被覆盖度的增加而增大,随坡长增加入渗系数的增长比率增加,降雨过程中植被覆盖度对入渗系数的影响比坡长的影响大。(2)不同林相的模拟试验结果表明,地表入渗系数排序为上下层覆盖上层覆盖下层覆盖裸地。随着产流历时增加,林下土层的蓄水量呈线型增加,与裸坡比较,累积蓄水量增加百分数为:上层覆盖为23%,下层覆盖为29%,上下层覆盖为37%。(3)通过监测不同林地不同深度土壤含水率的变化,并与裸地进行对比得出不同林地涵养水源能力的强弱。其蓄水能力排序分别为板栗林茶园竹林。研究结果为林地管理、林相培育和林下土壤持水能力的提高具有科学方法论上的支撑和生产实践方面的借鉴。     

东江流域森林水源涵养功能空间格局评价

东江流域森林水源涵养功能对于保障流域可持续发展具有重要作用。应用In VEST模型,结合东江流域土地覆盖分类数据、气候数据、土壤数据评估了东江流域森林水源涵养功能的空间分布。结果表明:东江流域森林生态系统水源涵养总量为47.29×10~8m~3,水源涵养功能最高为572.6 mm,平均水源涵养功能为204.15 mm。东江流域森林水源涵养功能在空间上呈现出不同的分布特征,流域内森林水源涵养功能随海拔升高呈现先上升后降低的趋势,在海拔900—1200 m范围,水源涵养功能平均值达到最大值270 mm;流域内森林水源涵养功能随坡度升高呈增加趋势,在坡度大于50°的区域,森林水源涵养功能平均值增加到327.2 mm,高于流域平均水平60%。流域水源涵养功能呈现中游下游上游的空间格局,流域上、中、下游地区的水源涵养总量占流域的比例分别为11%、72%、17%。     

太子河源流域不同类型水源涵养林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的季节动态

为探讨太子河源流域不同类型水源涵养林土壤微生物生物量的生长季动态规律,于2016年4—9月,对落叶松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和油松人工林不同土层土壤微生物量生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)进行监测,并分析MBC、MBN生长季变化与土壤养分及土壤水分的关系。结果表明:天然阔叶次生林土壤MBC、MBN显著大于针叶人工林(P0.05),且随土层增大而减小;不同类型水源涵养林土壤MBC、MBN生长季动态变化规律明显,均表现春季开始逐渐升高,夏季植物旺盛期达到最大值,秋季逐渐降低;不同植被类型土壤MBC/MBN在1~5,其季节动态变化规律先降低后升高再降低。相关性分析发现:MBC、MBN与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤含水量呈显著正相关,表明该区域土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤含水量是影响土壤微生物生物量的重要因子;不同植被类型水源涵养林对土壤MBC、MBN均具有显著影响,天然阔叶次生林对土壤MBC、MBN的作用更大,有利于养分的累积。因此,建议在该流域开展水源涵养林建设中应加强天然林保护和促进人工林转变为天然次生林。     

基于植被和环境因子的亚高山森林土壤水源涵养功能空间尺度上推模型构建——以岷江上游杂谷脑流域为例

土壤层水源涵养功能是森林水源涵养功能的主体。目前关于森林土壤水源涵养功能的研究主要集中在林地或坡面尺度上。由于流域尺度,尤其是环境空间异质性强的西南亚高山区流域,如何将林地尺度实测结果上推至流域或更大空间尺度仍是生态水文领域面临的巨大挑战之一。以川西岷江上游杂谷脑流域为研究对象,融合多种森林类型样地实测与流域尺度多源遥感数据,构建了基于植被和环境因子的林地-流域森林土壤水源涵养功能尺度转换模型,实现了流域尺度土壤水源涵养功能快速评价及其空间分布预测。样地尺度研究结果表明各类型森林的土壤水文特性各异,总体表现为天然林优于人工林,混交林优于单纯林。林地土壤持水能力受到区域气候、植被、土壤及地形等因子的共同影响,其中风速、NDVI及林龄与土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及非毛管持水量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。基于关键植被和环境因子构建的林地-流域土壤水源涵养功能尺度上推模型精度较高,土壤最大持水量、土壤毛管持水量和土壤非毛管持水量模型拟合优度R²分别为0.700、0.720和0.908;土壤最大持水量、土壤毛管持水量和土壤非毛管持水量的模型预测值与野外实测值的相关系数介于0.69-0.79之间,平均误差均低于20%,表明模型预测结果可靠。利用构建的土壤水源涵养功能尺度上推模型,估算得出流域尺度森林土壤持水量的空间分布,其结果表明杂谷脑流域森林土壤持水量空间分异明显,海拔较高区域森林土壤持水量最高,其次为距道路和河流有一定距离的缓坡地带,下游干旱河谷地区土壤持水量最低。本研究为亚高山森林生态功能的恢复和提升提供了科学依据和评价工具。     

土地利用变化对海南土壤水源涵养功能的影响

热带地区已有大量原始林转变为其他土地利用类型,影响了陆地生态系统的水源涵养功能.为了明确热带原始林转变为其他土地类型对土壤水源涵养功能的影响,在海南中部山区选择4种典型土地利用类型,包括林龄大于100年的原始林(VF)、10年生次生林(SF)、12年生槟榔林(AF)和35年生橡胶林(RF),评估土地利用变化对土壤持水性能和水源涵养功能指数(SWI)的影响.结果表明: 与原始林相比,表层土壤(0～10 cm)中,其他土地类型土壤持水性能指标均降低,12年槟榔林各土层指标均最低.土壤含水量和最大持水量与植被郁闭度、土壤有机质和土壤容重显著相关,表明郁闭度、土壤有机质和紧实度的改变是土壤持水性能变化的重要原因.与原始林相比,次生林、槟榔林和橡胶林土壤水源涵养功能分别减少27.7%、54.3%和11.5%,不同土层的差异各异,橡胶林仅表层土壤水源涵养功能显著降低.植被郁闭度、土壤有机质和土壤容重可解释土壤水源涵养功能变量的83.3%.土地利用转变显著改变了土壤持水性能和土壤水源涵养功能,相比12年槟榔林,35年橡胶林能更好地保持土壤水分,土地管理中增加土壤有机质和减少土壤紧实度可改善土壤持水性能及水源涵养功能.     

基于SWAT模型的祁连山区最佳水源涵养植被模式研究——以石羊河上游杂木河流域为例

以西北干旱区祁连山系杂木河流域为研究区,应用分布式水文模型(SWAT)对该流域的径流进行模拟研究,探讨了流域尺度和微地形尺度7种不同植被组合模式下水文响应特征。结果表明:流域尺度上,单一植被模式在水分收支各分支中能够明显加大流域总蒸散发量,减少流域出山径流量,增加流域的水分蓄变量,为水资源的可持续供给带来时间变异;组合模式明显改善流域水分收支比例,适度减弱流域蒸散发量,增加流域出山径流,为水资源可持续供给提供恒量保证,减弱局地的水资源时间变异程度;微地形尺度上,各种景观类型的水文效应随着海拔高度变化基本一致,径流深随着海拔高度的增加而减小,蒸散发随着海拔高度的增加而增加。不同高度分级中,植被组合模式的不同导致在不同坡度条件下水文效应差异显著,40°坡度是水文效应变化规律发生变化的一个拐点。基于上述分析,提出祁连山区最佳水源涵养效应的生态模式。     

黄土高原森林植被对流域径流的调节作用

对黄土高原腹地子午岭典型森林流域与非森林流域年径流变化的对比分析结果表明,森林流域径流年内分配比非森林流域相对均匀,汛期（6～9月）总径流量减少了8.9mm（葫芦河比蒲河）和7.1mm（合水川比东川）,枯季径流与汛期降水及枯水季节降水的回归分析可见,森林植被能将雨季蓄积的部分降水转化为地下径流,增大枯水季节的径流量,但由于黄土区土层深度,植被蒸腾耗水强烈,森林植被对枯水期河川径流的调节作用十分有限,森林植被对10～12月径流总的补枯效应仅为1.69mm（葫芦河比蒲河）和0.5mm（合水川比东川）,对1～4月径流无调节作用,说明森林植被拦蓄的大部分降雨被植物吸收利用,消耗于蒸腾,从而揭示了森林植被对河川径流的削洪补枯效应及其机理。     

黄土地区森林植被水土保持作用研究

 选取黄土地区不同森林植被1)类型的两组4个试验流域为研究对象,通过6年(1988～1993)近70场暴雨洪水的实地观测,对次暴雨(是指一场降雨从开始到终止这一时段)产沙量同森林植被的关系进行了定量分析,提出了含森林覆被率的5因子次暴雨产沙模型,进而对森林植被的水土保持效益进行了分析。木家岭小流域和庙沟小流域相比,无林流域的产沙量比森林流域高33.4倍,森林的拦沙效益达到96.80％;木家岭流域和庙沟流域相比,少林流域比多林流域产沙量高4.3倍,森林的相对拦沙效益可达75.53％。同时通过黄土地区森林植被减沙作用的分析,提出了森林植被的拦沙量计算公式,据此可以求得不同降雨条件下,对比流域森林植被的拦沙量。     

Relationships between military land use and storm-based indices of hydrologic variability

This paper examines the influence of military land use parameters on dimensionless indices related to storm flow, baseflow, and precipitation for five watersheds with areas ranging from 0.76 to 25.01 km² within the Fort Benning Military Installation in southeastern US. Average magnitude and variability of these indices are grouped into four key hydrologic regimes—magnitude, frequency, duration, and rate of change. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship among the watershed physical characteristics and indices. A number of significant relationships were found. The correlation results show that the increase in road density increased the variability in the peak discharges and the slopes of the rising limb. The increase in the military training land increased the variability in the time base. The number of roads crossing streams is positively correlated with the response lag. Stepwise multiple correlations showed that the storm-based magnitude and variability in peak discharge, baseflow index, and the bankfull discharge have been significantly affected by military management related watershed characteristics. The relationship among the watershed physical characteristics and the storm-based hydrologic indices indicated that the greatest impact of land management is found with statistically significant predictive models for indices of time base, response lag, and time of rise. Military training land, road density, and the number of roads crossing streams were the three management variables that impacted storm responses.     

黄土高原景观格局与水土流失关系研究

采用DCCA排序法对黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个子流域的景观格局与流域水土流失关系进行了定量分析.结果表明,DCCA排序的前4轴分别与农业用地比率、景观多样性指数、森林比率显著相关.各子流域的水土流失特征具有明显的梯度变异.在森林比率占65%的三水河子流域,景观相对简单、多样性低,流域年径流量大、输沙小、含沙量低,径流相对稳定;随着森林比率减小,农业用地比率增大,景观多样性升高,产流系数增高,径流深度、输沙量和含沙量增大;在森林比率很低、农业用地53.41%的洪河子流域,景观格局复杂、多样性较高,河流含沙量高、输沙率大,月输沙和径流变异极大;在农业用地比率减小,其他景观类型比率增大,景观相对简单的环江上、下游子流域,输沙量和含沙量减小,但输沙和径流的年际变化极大.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了黄土高原典型地区水土流失特征沿景观梯度的变化规律.     

Effects of native perennial vegetation buffer strips on dissolved organic carbon in surface runoff from an agricultural landscape

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes a small yet important part of a watershed’s carbon budget because it is mobile and biologically active. Agricultural conservation practices such as native perennial vegetation (NPV) strips will influence carbon cycling of an upland agroecosystem, and could affect how much DOC enters streams in runoff, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems. In a study conducted in Iowa (USA), four treatments with strips of NPV varying in slope position and proportion of area were randomly assigned among 12 small agricultural watersheds in a balanced incomplete block design. Runoff samples from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed for DOC and correlated with flow data to determine flow weighted DOC concentrations and loads. Data were analyzed for the entire 3 years, annually, seasonally, monthly, by flow event size and for one extreme storm event. Overall we found few differences in DOC concentration with the exception that concentrations were greater in the 10 % NPV at the footslope watersheds than the 20 % NPV in contours watersheds over the 3 years, and the 100 % agricultural treatment had higher DOC concentrations than all NPV treatments during the one extreme event. Because the NPV treatments reduced runoff, DOC export tended to be highest in the 100 % agricultural watersheds over the 3 years and during high flows. We also compared two watersheds that were restored to 100 % NPV and found decreases in DOC concentrations and loads indicating that complete conversion to prairie leads to less watershed DOC export. Regression results also support the contention that increases in the percentage of NPV in the watershed decreases watershed export of DOC. Further analysis indicated that DOC concentrations were diluted as flow event size increased, independent of any treatment effects. It appears groundwater sources become an important component to flow as flow event size increases in these watersheds.     

中国主要森林生态系统水文功能的比较研究(英文)

 基于中国不同区域生态站的观测资料,着重从降雨截留（林冠截留、枯枝落叶层截持和土壤蓄水）、调节径流和蒸散等3个方面对我国主要森林生态系统的水文生态功能进行了比较研究。各生态系统林冠年截留量在134～626 mm间变动,由大到小排列为：热带山地雨林,亚热带西部山地常绿针叶林,热带半落叶季雨林,温带山地落叶与常绿针叶林,寒温带、温带山地常绿针叶林,亚热带竹林,亚热带、热带东部山地常绿针叶林,寒温带、温带山地落叶针叶林,温带、亚热带落叶阔叶林,亚热带山区常绿阔叶林,亚热带、热带西南山地常绿针叶林,南亚热带常绿阔叶林,亚热带山地常绿阔叶林。枯落物持水量可以达到自身干重的2～5倍,但也因林型而异。土壤非毛管持水量变动在36～142 mm之间,平均89 mm。常绿阔叶林的非毛管持水量通常高于100 mm,而寒温带/温带落叶阔叶林和常绿针叶林通常低于100 mm. 土壤的非毛管持水量通常占生态系统中截持水量的90%,其次是枯落物和林冠层。这说明,森林土壤在调节降雨截留中占有重要地位,其水文功能的大小取决于土壤结构和空隙度,而这些恰恰又受枯落物和森林植被特征的影响。森林皆伐后,一般地表径流会显著地增加,而适当抚育措施则对地表径流影响不大。流域径流受诸多因素的影响,包括植被、土壤、气候、地形、地貌以及人类影响导致的流域景观变化,比较研究表明森林变化对流域径流的影响尚未得到一致的规律性的结果。通过对比研究不同森林的蒸散变化,发现随降雨量的增加,森林蒸散量略有增加,而相对蒸散率却在下降,相对蒸散率在40%～90%间变动。     

Response of land use/coverage change to hydrological dynamics at watershed scale in the Loess Plateau of China

In this study Qiaozidong and Qiaozixi watersheds in Loess Plateau were selected as the case to investigate the effects of land use/coverage change on hydrological dynamics. The results showed that the runoff coefficient of controlled watershed reduced by about 50%, 85%, 90%, respectively, in wet, normal and dry years in comparison with that of uncontrolled watershed. The average runoff coefficient reduced by 73.6% during the period of 1995–2004 compared with that in the previous period of 1986–1994 for land use in controlled watershed. And the impacts of land use and vegetation changes on runoff were strengthened in response to the increasing rainfall. Additionally, the impacts of land use/coverage change on runoff yield are characterized by seasonal fluctuation. The maximum monthly runoff reduction in the both watersheds occurred in May, which was consistent with the period of the maximum land coverage appeared. Finally, when the rainfall intensity reached a certain threshold, the variance of flood peak in two watersheds reduced, which showed that the effects of forest on flood weakened. The flood peak discharge frequencies indicated that peak discharge would respond to the land use and vegetation change obviously on condition that there were the same frequencies of rainfall intensity in the earlier and later periods.     

Stormflow Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Total Dissolved Nitrogen in a Small Urban Watershed

We examined patterns of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) loading to a small urban stream during baseflow and stormflow. We hypothesized that lower DOC and TDN contributions from impervious surfaces would dilute natural hydrologic flowpath (i.e., riparian) contributions during storm events in an urban watershed, resulting in lower concentrations of DOC and TDN during storms. We tested these hypotheses in a small urban watershed in Portland, Oregon, over a 3-month period during the spring of 2003. We compared baseflow and stormflow chemistry using Mann–Whitney tests (significant at p<0.05). We also applied a mass balance to the stream to compare the relative significance of impervious surface contributions versus riparian contributions of DOC and TDN. Results showed a significant increase in stream DOC concentrations during stormflows (median baseflow DOC = 2.00 mg l⁻¹ vs. median stormflow DOC = 3.46 mg l⁻¹). TDN streamwater concentrations, however, significantly decreased with stormflow (median baseflow TDN = 0.75 mg l⁻¹ vs. median stormflow TDN = 0.56 mg l⁻¹). During storms, remnant riparian areas contributed 70–74% of DOC export and 38–35% of TDN export to the stream. The observed pattern of increased DOC concentrations during stormflows in this urban watershed was similar to patterns found in previous studies of forested watersheds. Results for TDN indicated that there were relatively high baseflow nitrogen concentrations in the lower watershed that may have partially masked the remnant riparian signal during stormflows. Remnant riparian areas were a major source of DOC and TDN to the stream during storms. These results suggest the importance of preserving near-stream riparian areas in cities to maintain ambient carbon and nitrogen source contributions to urban streams.     

Computation and visualization of regional-scale forest disturbance and associated dissolved nitrogen export from Shenandoah National Park,Virginia

Long-term watershed research conducted in Shenandoah National Park (SNP) in Virginia and elsewhere in the eastern U.S. indicates that annual export of dissolved nitrogen (N) from gaged forested watersheds to surface waters increases dramatically in response to vegetation disturbances. Dissolved N leakage is a common, well-documented response of small forested watersheds to logging in the larger region, while recent defoliation outbreaks of the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar) larva in the deciduous forests of SNP have been shown to generate similar biogeochemical responses. A recent modeling analysis further suggests that a parsimonious, empirical, unit N export response function (UNERF) model can explain large percentages of the temporal variation in annual N export from a group of small gaged forested watersheds in the years following disturbance. The empirical UNERF modeling approach is completely analogous to the unit hydrograph technique for describing storm runoff, with the model representing annual N export as a linear deterministic process both in space and in time. The purposes of this analysis are to (1) test the applicability of the UNERF model using quarterly streamwater nitrate data from a group of ungaged watersheds in SNP; (2) demonstrate a park-wide application of a regional UNERF model that references the geographic distributions of bedrock geology and the timing and extent of gypsy moth defoliation over the entire SNP area; and (3) visualize the temporal and spatial patterns in vegetation disturbance and annual dissolved N export through the use of computer animation software. During water year 1992, the year of peak defoliation, our modeling study suggests that park-wide export had transiently increased by 1700% from a baseline rate of about 0.1 kg/ha/year. SNP forests appear to be characteristic of other N-limited second-growth forests in the eastern U.S. that leak little N under undisturbed conditions, despite receiving relatively large inputs of N from atmospheric deposition sources. Vegetation disturbances can apparently cause major changes in N input-output balances with potentially important ramifications for low-order forest streams and downstream receiving waters.