新疆巴楚早志留世软骨鱼类微体化石

基于从新疆塔里木盆地西北缘巴楚依木于他马组获得的软骨鱼类微体化石新材料,建立1新属2新种．根据软骨鱼类的对比,确定依木干他乌组为志留系兰多维列统特列奇阶。依木干地乌组是我国正式报道的软骨鱼类微体化石的最低层位。软骨鱼类化石的发现表明,我国志留系富含无颌类和鱼类的“上红层”和“下红层”为滨海或浅海沉积。     

贵州西南部中三叠世拉丁期软骨鱼类鱼鳞化石(英文)

本文报道产自贵州西南部中三叠世拉丁期晚期竹杆坡组的软骨鱼类鱼鳞化石,这些化石归属于4属6种,其中有3新种,即Rugosicoronaci rcacarina sp.nov.,Fragilicorona wanlantricuspis sp.nov.和Glabrisubcorona triridgecorona sp.nov.。并将中国西南部与加拿大东南部相当地层中软骨鱼类微体化石进行了初步对比。     

浙江和江西二叠/三叠系界线以下的软骨鱼类微体化石——华南二叠/三叠系界线上下鱼类序列研究之五

记述了浙江长兴县煤山剖面、江西修水县四都乡东岭剖面和信丰县铁石口镇铁石口剖面二叠/三叠系界线以下的软骨鱼类10个类别的微体化石,包含5科6属5种,其中有3新属5新种,它们是:刘氏煤山鲨(Meishanselache liuigen.et sp.nov.)、王氏长兴鲨(Changxingsela-che wangigen.et sp.nov.)、东岭中华尖齿鲨(Sinacrodus donglingensis gen.et sp.nov.)、修水滑齿鲨(Lissodus xiushuiensis sp.nov.)和江西多尖齿鲨(Polyacrodus jiangxiensis sp.nov.)。浙、赣两省的这批软骨鱼类微体化石显示两个特点:组成以弓鲛超科化石为主;发现于特提斯区三叠纪的鲨类与发现于中国南方晚二叠世的鲨类具有密切的亲缘关系。这是包含全球二叠/三叠系界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)在内的全球二叠/三叠系界线以下软骨鱼类微体化石序列的首次报道。软骨鱼类是我国鱼类化石研究中最为薄弱的一个环节,本文化石的记述大大地填补了这个薄弱环节。     

鄂西地区中二叠世鱼类微体化石新材料

本文首次报道产自鄂西宜昌大天坑茅口组中的几种软骨鱼类的鱼鳞化石和硬骨鱼类(葆青鱼和古鳕鱼)鱼牙化石,这些鱼类微体化石与牙形刺Mesogondolella aserrata,Hindeodus minutus,Ellisonia teicherli,Xaniog-nathus elongatus等共生,表明其所在地层的时代为中二叠世。     

西秦岭地区志留/泥盆系过渡带中的鱼类微体化石及其组合序列

西秦岭是开展华南板块志留/泥盆系界线层序研究的一个重要地区.该区普通沟剖面中的志留/泥盆系过渡带包括羊路沟组上部和下普通沟组下部,产丰富的鱼类微体化石,包括花鳞鱼类、棘鱼类、软骨鱼类及盾皮鱼类.这些化石构成两个完全不同的鱼类微体化石组合:羊路沟组合和下普通沟组合.通过与波罗的海等地区鱼类微体化石带的对比,羊路沟和下普通沟组合的地质时代分别为志留纪普里道利世晚期和早泥盆世洛霍考夫期早期.西秦岭地区志留/泥盆系过渡带中的鱼类微体化石及其组合序列的研究,为该区志留/泥盆系界线的精确确定提供了重要的古鱼类学证据.     

陕南寒武系底部宽川铺组微体化石人工智能识别

我国陕南寒武纪初期的宽川铺组(距今大约535百万年)以盛产磷酸盐化的微体小壳化石和球状动物胚胎化石而闻名于世,是探索早期动物门类起源和寒武纪生命大爆发研究中的一个非常重要的窗口。在宽川铺组中寻找微体化石新类型主要依赖显微镜下人工挑选的传统方法日趋低效,迫切需要新的技术手段来解决这些问题。而微体化石数量庞大,大小接近,形态简单,非常适合于采用机器学习的手段进行人工智能分类。我们在宽川铺组微体化石中尝试使用机器学习的手段来进行化石图像识别和机器分拣。采用方向梯度直方图来提取化石图像的主要向量特征,并设计了二叉树型多分类识别器进行化石数字分类。目前处理了5 000多张微体化石照片的人工智能识别,已经取得了较高的准确率。     

浙江和江西二叠/三叠系界线层上下的辐鳍鱼类化石与鱼类的绝灭、复苏和辐射

记述了浙江长兴县煤山剖面、江西修水县四都乡东岭剖面和信丰县铁石口镇铁石口剖面二叠/三叠系界线层上下的辐鳍鱼类6个类别的微体化石,包含2新属2新种,它们是:赵氏浙江鱼(Zhejiangichthys zhaoi gen.et sp.nov.)和小齿葆青鱼(Baoqingichthys microdontus gen.et sp.nov.)。这是包括全球二叠/三叠系界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)在内的全球二叠/三叠系界线层上下辐鳍鱼类微体化石序列的首次报道。在总结煤山剖面已记述的鱼类大化石和微体化石资料的基础上,分析了长兴煤山剖面二叠纪末鱼类的集群绝灭。绝灭发生得很晚,持续的时间很短,规模也很大,绝灭率高达93%。讨论了华南二叠/三叠系之交大绝灭后鱼类的复苏和辐射,认为鱼类和牙形类一样都是大绝灭后在三叠纪最早复苏的类别,最早复苏的鱼类为裂齿鱼类;鱼类从绝灭期到辐射期仅用了1.3 Ma到4 Ma,从地质时间考虑,大绝灭后鱼类的复苏和辐射是相当快的。华南早三叠世以裂齿鱼类的张氏鱼(Zhangina)和软骨鱼类的弓鲛(Hybodus)为代表的组合替代了晚二叠世以古鳕类的中华扁体鱼(sinoplatysomys)和软骨鱼类的中华尖齿鲨(Sinacrodus)为代表的组合。华南晚二叠世海相地层产出的辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类的一些土著属与产于特提斯区三叠纪的一些属非常相近,表明华南下扬子区很可能是后来繁盛于特提斯区的三叠纪鱼类的发源地。     

北祁连山东段早石炭世棘鱼类、辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类--北祁连山东段石炭纪鱼类序列研究之一

对甘肃靖远一带和内蒙古自治区黑山地区早石炭世前黑山组、臭牛沟组和靖远组中三亚纲鱼类微体化石进行了形态学和古组织学研究。这些化石涉及 7个目或亚目 ,含 4属 4种 ,其中有 2新种。文中记述的属均为全球广布的属。建立了 3个早石炭世鱼类组合 ,这是我国早石炭世第一个鱼类组合序列。辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类中 2个目的化石均为我国早石炭世鱼类的首次记录     

西藏南部堆纳－岗巴地区晚白垩世瓮虫类及相关微体化石的发现

文章首次报道了产于西藏南部堆纳─岗巴、时代为晚白垩世Ｃａｍｐａｎｉａｎ期宗山组下部的瓮虫类及其相关微体化石,分别概括地说明了它们的形态特征,讨论了它们的系统分类,在Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄｅａ超科的Ｃａｌｐｉｏｎｅｌｌｉｄａｅ科中,建立新属Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｉｃｏｌｌａｒｉａ属。瓮虫类的相关微体化石,是指过去长期来作为分类位置未定的钙球类分子,它们营浮游生活,常与瓮虫类共生的一类微体化石,现已作为钙质沟鞭藻而归于Ｃａｌｃｉｏｄｉｎｅｌｌａｃｅａｅ科。依据宗山组下部灰岩的岩性特征、时代及微体化石的产状,作者认为上述微体化石为原生成因,提出瓮虫类化石的时代不仅仅局限于晚侏罗世至早白垩世,它们可以延续至晚白垩世Ｃａｍｐａｎｉａｎ期的新的结论。     

湖北元古代微体化石新材料

黄麦岭磷矿的8个中元古代黄麦岭组变质岩地层剖面中发现了两类微体化石。一类是丁丁虫中的Funnelasinensisgen.etsp.nov.,另一类是球形分类位置未定的Sinosphaera hubeiensisgen.etsp.nov.。两者均为多细胞化石,它们都含磷。在该磷矿中,凡是含微体化石越多的层位,磷矿的品位也就越高。     

The role of Branhamella catarrhalis in the "bloody-nose syndrome" of cynomolgus macaques.

During a 15-month period, 25 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at the Johns Hopkins University were observed to have nasal discharge. Fifteen (60%) of these animals had positive nasal cultures for Branhamella catarrhalis. Clinical signs associated with infection by this bacterium were sneezing, epistaxis, and mucohemorrhagic nasal discharge. Treatment with antibiotics resulted in prompt resolution of clinical signs. Post-therapeutic nasal cultures were negative for B. catarrhalis. Two groups of clinically normal, culture-negative, cynomolgus macaques were inoculated with natural isolates of B. catarrhalis which had been passaged in culture for various amounts of time. Five of the eight animals inoculated became culture-positive and had mild nasal discharge. Presence of blood on nasal swabs was indicative of infection with B. catarrhalis. Three of the inoculated animals had post-swabbing epistaxis. This report documents the role of B. catarrhalis as an upper respiratory pathogen in the cynomolgus monkey which causes mild self-limiting disease reminiscent of the so-called "Bloody-Nose Syndrome." In addition to the obvious clinical significance of this finding to primate clinicians, development of an animal model for human disease caused by this organism may be possible.     

Taphonomies of Topography: From the Death of "Place" to Its Hyphenated Apotheosis

Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Marc Augé. London: Verso, 1995. 122 pp.
Landscape and Power in Vienna. Robert Rotenberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 385 pp.
Imagineering Atlanta: The Politics of Place in the City of Dreams. Charles Rutheiser. London: Verso, 1996. 322 pp.     

SURVIVAL ESTIMATES FOR FLORIDA MANATEES FROM THE PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUALS

We estimated adult survival probabilities for the endangered Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris ) in four regional populations using photoidentification data and open-population capture-recapture statistical models. The mean annual adult survival probability over the most recent 10-yr period of available estimates was as follows: Northwest - 0.956 (SE 0.007), Upper St. Johns River - 0.960 (0.011), Atlantic Coast - 0.937 (0.008), and Southwest - 0.908 (0.019). Estimates of temporal variance independent of sampling error, calculated from the survival estimates, indicated constant survival in the Upper St. Johns River, true temporal variability in the Northwest and Atlantic Coast, and large sampling variability obscuring estimates for the Southwest. Calf and subadult survival probabilities were estimated for the Upper St. Johns River from the only available data for known-aged individuals: 0.810 (95% CI 0.727–0.873) for 1st year calves, 0.915 (0.827–0.960) for 2nd year calves, and 0.969 (0.946–0.982) for manatee 3 yr or older. These estimates of survival probabilities and temporal variance, in conjunction with estimates of reproduction probabilities from photoidentification data can be used to model manatee population dynamics, estimate population growth rates, and provide an integrated measure of regional status.     

Purification by preparative electrophoresis and characterization of histone H2B from rat chloroleukaemia.

Highly purified histone H2B from rat chloroleukaemia has been isolated by preparative electrophoresis at pH 2.7 in polyacrylamide slab gel, using the fraction F2b of Johns (Johns E. W. (1964) Biochem, J. 92, 55-59) as starting material. This histone was characterized by amino acid analysis and end groups determination. Comparative studies with homologous calf thymus histone show similarity of the amino acid compositions and of the amino terminal groups. the carboxyl terminal sequence presents two conservative substitutions.     

Sexual Behavior and Condom Use among Gay Men,Female Sex Workers,and Their Customers: Evidence from South Korea

Background

Despite the significance for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) control in East Asia, few studies have examined the relationship between high-risk sexual behavior and condom use. We investigated how three sexually vulnerable groups for STDs show differences in condom use behaviors (CUBs) depending on their STD infection.

Methods

The source of data came from the National Survey for STD Prevalence Rate and Sexual Behavior of the High-Risk Sexual Community. The effects of behavioral determinants on CUBs were estimated by using path analysis models. An 11-item questionnaire assessing subjects’ health risk behaviors, sexual beliefs, sexual risk behaviors, and condom use.

Results

Condom use was higher for men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 108) when they were bisexuals and had high self-efficacy, for Johns (Johns; n = 118) when they had experience of STD infection, and for female sex workers (FSWs; n = 1,083) when they had high self-efficacy, did not engage in drunken sex, and were anxious about infection. Regardless of whether they were infected with STDs, FSWs always used condom when they had high sexual beliefs. On the contrary, Johns exhibited a negative relationship between sexual risk behavior and condom use when they had experience of STD infection. The variable commonly significant to all three groups was the number of sex partners; but it exhibited a positive relationship with MSMs and Johns, and a negative one with FSWs.

Conclusions

CUBs were related to sexual beliefs as well as sexual risk behavior. At the same time, the experience of STD infection mediated the relationship between the two. Therefore, we need to draw social attention to promote safer sex among STD-vulnerable groups.     

Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States. A field guide. By Patricia Dalton Haragan The University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0336

In 1843 S. B. Buckley (1809–1884) traveled up the St. Johns River, Florida in search of plants, shells, and possibly other natural history objects. Buckley encountered many difficulties in interior Florida and his trip did not live up to his original expectations. It was unfortunate that the took years to distribute his plant specimens, since few botanists or naturalists had preceded him into that poorly explored region.     

Assay for the Killing Properties of T2 Bacteriophage and Their "Ghosts".

Duckworth, Donna H. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.), and Maurice J. Bessman. Assay for the killing properties of T2 bacteriophage and their "ghosts." J. Bacteriol. 90:724-728. 1965.-A procedure for the assay of bacteriophage and their "ghosts" which is based on their ability to kill cells is described. The method is derived from the well-known ability of phage and ghosts to prevent the induction of beta-galactosidase. Conditions are described whereby a direct relationship is found between the decrease in beta-galactosidase and the number of phage or ghosts present during the induction period. The number of phage measured by this method was found to be identical with the number of plaque-forming units found in a fresh lysate. The method has been used to follow the fate of ghosts under several conditions and to measure killer (but nonviable) particles in various preparations of phage.     

The elusive prospect of sustainable forestry

Timber Production and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Rain Forests by A.G. Johns Cambridge University Press, 1997. ￡40.00/$69.95 hbk (xvii+225 pages) ISBN 0 521 57282 7.     

Meteorological influences on algal bloom potential in a nutrient-rich blackwater river

1. The effect of variability in rainfall on the potential for algal blooms was examined for the St Johns River in northeast Florida. Water chemistry and phytoplankton data were collected at selected sites monthly from 1993 through 2003. Information on rainfall and estimates of water turnover rates were used in the analyses of trends in phytoplankton biomass.
2. Major trends in rainfall and runoff within the lower St Johns River catchment over the 10-year study period were marked by both significant drought and flood periods. Autumn and winter rainfall patterns were strongly correlated with the range of Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies associated with El Niño events and La Niña periods. The effect of these major shifts in rainfall was evident in the strong relationship to replacement rates for water within the lower St Johns River.
3. The eutrophic status of the river was reflected in the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus observed at all sampling sites, with total nitrogen concentrations up to 3100  μ g L⁻¹ and total phosphorus concentrations up to 180  μ g L⁻¹.
4. While it is clear that the high phytoplankton biomass and frequent blooms that characterize the freshwater portions of the lower St Johns River are fundamentally based on nutrient status, the expression of that potential was strongly correlated to water replacement rates, as revealed by the inverse relationship between phytoplankton biovolume increase and water turnover rate, with an R ² of 0.80 for the major bloom season. The sensitivity of algal blooms to rainfall patterns over the 10-year study period suggest that longer-term temporal and spatial shifts in rainfall, such as multi-decadal cycles and the global-warming phenomenon, will also influence the frequency and intensity of algal blooms.