基于细胞色素b基因序列的东亚鳜类系统发育关系

鳜类为东亚特有类群。为验证东亚鳜类的单系起源,解决其分类划分的争议,本文采用特异性引物PCR扩增法获得了鳜类中鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜细胞色素b基因的全长序列,结合GenBank中日本少鳞鳜、朝鲜少鳞鳜和中国少鳞鳜的序列,初步构建了东亚鳜类种间的系统发育关系。NJ树和MP树均一致表明,鳜类为单系类群,可分为两支:鳜鱼群和少鳞鳜群。长体鳜未单独成群,而与鳜鱼属聚为一支,不支持将长体鳜单独设属,而应归入鳜鱼属。鳜鱼群中,MP树推测的长体鳜、暗鳜较为原始,鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜和波纹鳜为特化种类的系统关系假设与其形态、生态特征表型进化较为一致。少鳞鳜群中,中国少鳞鳜与朝鲜少鳞鳜为姐妹种,再与日本少鳞鳜构成姐妹群的系统关系与其地理分布格局较为一致。本研究结果可为深入探讨鳜类物种有效性、系统分类位置及生物地理学提供依据。     

鳜类系统发育的线粒体Cytb基因全序列分析

测定了鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜、中国少鳞鳜等7种鳜类12个个体的线粒体细胞色素b基因全序列。结合GenBank中的同源序列,共分析了9种鳜类的系统发育关系。序列分析表明,鳜属鱼类属内种间的遗传距离(0.015～0.093)明显小于少鳞鳜属鱼类属内种间的遗传距离(0.152～0.178)。在分子系统发育树上,长体鳜与鳜属的鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、波纹鳜、暗鳜聚合成一分支,少鳞鳜属的种类聚成另一分支;支持将长体鳜归入鳜属,鳜类分为鳜属和少鳞鳜属等二个属的分类处理。在鳜属鱼类中,鳜和大眼鳜亲缘关系十分密切;斑鳜与波纹鳜亲缘较近;长体鳜与鳜属其它5个种的亲缘关系较远。在少鳞鳜属鱼类中,中国少鳞鳜和日本少鳞鳜的亲缘关系较远,韩国少鳞鳜的系统位置较不明确。鳜类的单系性及其鳜类的系统位置仍有待进一步研究。     

鳜亚科SINIPERCINAE鱼类的分类整理和地理分布

鳜亚科鱼类仅产于东亚。通过对中国各地、日本和朝鲜标本的研究,本文把鳜亚科鱼类总结为鳜、长体鳜和少鳞鳜3属11种,还对过去一些种的异名作了讨论,提出了看法。 本亚科共有3属9种分布于中国,另两种少鳞鳜只见于日本和朝鲜,是日本和朝鲜地区的特有种。越南有3种记录(Mai,1978)。其中鳜鱼和斑鳜分布最北,是横跨东洋地区和古北区的两个广布种。其他各种皆集中分布于江、淮流域以南,主要在长江流域以南和红河流域以东,但台湾省无鳜类分布。长江流域以南低纬度的华南区是鳜亚科鱼类的分布中心。     

禁食与胰岛素处理对鳜血糖和leptin-A基因表达的影响

为研究硬骨鱼类leptin基因表达与血糖之间的关系, 研究在禁食与胰岛素处理后, 检测鳜血糖和肝脏、肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因表达水平。在禁食实验中, 鳜被禁食10d, 并分别于禁食后0、4h、2d、6d和10d取样。禁食后6d鳜血糖开始降低, 禁食后10d鳜血糖显著降低。同时, 禁食后6d鳜肝脏leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平显著升高, 禁食后4h鳜肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平均显著升高。在胰岛素处理实验中, 分别于注射后12h和36h取样。腹腔注射胰岛素后12h, 鳜血糖显著降低, 而鳜肝脏、肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平无明显变化。腹腔注射insulin后36h, 鳜肠道leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平显著升高。研究结果表明, 长期禁食或胰岛素处理均能够降低鳜血糖水平, 且影响消化器官和脂肪储存器官leptin-A基因表达。     

三种鳜鱼骨骼肌生长及相关调控基因表达比较

通过制作骨骼肌石蜡切片研究了鳜、斑鳜及斑鳜(♀)×鳜(♂)杂交一代不同发育时期(孵化后10D、20D、30D、60D、90D)骨骼肌肌纤维的生长特征,同时,利用q PCR技术分析了肌肉中myostatin、Myo D、myogenin三个基因m RNA的表达变化。结果表明,3种鳜鱼全长均随日龄呈增大趋势,种间生长差异显著,鳜生长最快,斑鳜最慢,杂交一代介于斑鳜和鳜之间。不同发育时期,3种鳜鱼骨骼肌肌纤维数目较为接近,增生生长种间无明显差异,而肌纤维平均直径大小与其生长快慢间呈正相关,表明不同鳜鱼种间生长差异主要由肌肉肥大生长引起的。鳜、斑鳜和杂交一代myostatin m RNA在D20出现表达高峰,之后表达量呈下降趋势。Myo D在D10、D20表达水平较高,后期表达水平下降;Myogenin在D20时表达量最低,之后,鳜表达量升高最为明显,杂交一代次之,斑鳜保持平稳。不同种类鳜鱼肌肉生长差异与3种基因表达差异间存在一定相关性。     

鳜肌酸激酶M-CK cDNA的克隆与组织表达分析

利用RT–PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法（RACE）克隆了鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）cDNA序列,并分析了该基因的结构特征和系统关系。鳜CK cDNA序列全长1586 bp,包括5′端非翻译区92 bp,3′端非翻译区348 bp和开放阅读框（ORF）1 146 bp,共编码381个氨基酸。鳜CK具有脊椎动物CK共有的保守结构域和肌型肌酸激酶（M-CK）同工酶的特异识别位点;氨基酸序列与M-CK型的相似度最高,而与脑型肌酸激酶（B-CK）和线粒体型肌酸激酶（Mi-CKs）的相似度较低;在CK系统关系树中鳜CK与M-CK群聚类。这些均表明,鳜CK属脊椎动物M-CK型。RT-PCR分析表明,鳜M-CK在成体不同组织中的表达量不同,其中,在皮肤、卵巢、肾脏、胃、肌肉和心脏中表达较强;而在眼和脑、肝胰脏中表达较弱。     

禁食与胰岛素处理对鳜血糖和leptin-A基因表达的影响（英文）

为研究硬骨鱼类leptin基因表达与血糖之间的关系,研究在禁食与胰岛素处理后,检测鳜血糖和肝脏、肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因表达水平。在禁食实验中,鳜被禁食10d,并分别于禁食后0、4h、2d、6d和10d取样。禁食后6d鳜血糖开始降低,禁食后10d鳜血糖显著降低。同时,禁食后6d鳜肝脏leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平显著升高,禁食后4h鳜肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平均显著升高。在胰岛素处理实验中,分别于注射后12h和36h取样。腹腔注射胰岛素后12h,鳜血糖显著降低,而鳜肝脏、肠道和脂肪组织leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平无明显变化。腹腔注射insulin后36h,鳜肠道leptin-A基因mRNA表达水平显著升高。研究结果表明,长期禁食或胰岛素处理均能够降低鳜血糖水平,且影响消化器官和脂肪储存器官leptin-A基因表达。     

鳜早期发育阶段骨骼肌纤维的增生与肥大生长

骨骼肌是鱼体的主要组成部分,也是衡量鱼体生长发育的重要指标.为了解鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)早期发育阶段骨骼肌纤维的生长发育特征,通过制作孵化后1 ～41日龄个体骨骼肌背右侧第一肌节石蜡切片,利用图像分析软件统计该肌节中肌纤维的数目和面积,分析了鳜骨骼肌纤维的增生和肥大生长特征.结果表明,鳜早期发育阶段骨...     

鳜类鱼类的线粒体DNA控制区结构及其系统发育分析

鳜类为低等鲈形目鱼类,是东亚特有类群。然而,关于其系统位置、分类以及一些物种的有效性等尚有争议。采用PCR扩增直接测序的方法,获得了鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜、中国少鳞鳜线粒体DNA控制区基因的序列。对比其他已报道鱼类控制区的结构识别序列,对鳜类鱼类控制区的结构进行了分析,识别了终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,并找到了DNA复制终止相关的序列ETAS和中央保守区的保守序列CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-D以及保守序列区的保守序列CSB1、CSB2、CSB3。几种鳜鱼间共有191个变异位点,其中,终止序列区的变异最高,占总变异的61．3％,中央保守区和保守序列区占总变异的38．7％。这一结果可为全面了解鱼类线粒体DNA控制区的结构特征提供资料。同时,利用高度变异的控制区序列,以鲈科和错科作为外群,使用邻接法和最大简约法构建了这几种鳜鱼的系统发育树。结果表明：鳜类为一单系类群,鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜构成一支鳜鱼群,其中,鳜与大眼鳜为姐妹种;中国少鳞鳜为另一支少鳞鳜群;长体鳜未单独成一支,而是聚入鳜鱼群内,应更名为Siniperca roulei。研究结果支持将现生鳜类分为两个类群的观点。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.