大肠杆菌MG1655菌株ERIC-PCR图谱主带序列组成分析*

ERIC PCR已经在细菌分类、鉴定及混合菌群分析中得到广泛应用 ,但对其产物形成规律的认识仍存在分歧。以大肠杆菌MG1 655为对象 ,对其ERIC PCR指纹图谱中 1 1kb主带中的DNA片段进行了克隆、测序、基因组定位以及引物匹配分析。结果表明 ,这条1 1kb主带由分布在基因组中不同位置的 3种序列不同的片段组成 ,各片段的丰度差异较大 ,最高为 97 89% ;3种片段中的 2种所在的基因组区域仅一端含有ERIC序列。推测对含有ERIC序列的基因组DNA进行扩增时 ,ERIC PCR是一种非随     

副溶血性弧菌肠细菌基因间共有重复序列-PCR分子分型和耐药性、血清型研究

目的对副溶血性弧菌进行ERIC-PCR分子分型、耐药性和血清型相关性研究。方法肠细菌基因间共有重复序列（ERIC）为引物,对40株菌株基因组DNA进行扩增,得到DNA指纹图谱,并利用SPSS13.0统计软件对DNA扩增图谱进行分析,做出聚类图从而分型,并与菌株血清型、耐药性比较分析。结果40株菌用ERIC-PCR分为5个型,分辨力指数为（DI）为0.5;血清分型分为4个型;对8种抗生素中的萘啶酸、头孢噻亏、头孢西丁出现了不同程度的耐药。耐药菌株均出现在ERIC-PCR方法分型A型和血清分型O3型中。结论研究显示ERIC-PCR方法可以用于该菌分型分析,具有较好的分型能力。血清分型与ERIC-PCR方法分型一致。通过ERIC-PCR分型的树状图和血清分型结果推断,血清型O3群菌株很可能起源于血清型O1群菌株,血清型O3群和O1群密切相关。     

细胞质雄性不育高粱叶绿体 ndh D 基因的序列变异

片段SAAU－02 700特异地扩增自7种具可育细胞质的高粱材料的总DNA,含有叶绿体psa C(88bp)和ndh D(192bp)基因的部分序列。该片段与Eco Ri HindⅢ酶切的总DNA,线粒体DNA和叶绿体DNA杂交,在总DNA中获得了0.74kb的杂交带,而在叶绿体中获得0.74kb和0．45kb两条杂交带。与线粒体DNA无杂交;与经Hae Ⅲ酶切的总DNA杂交,在不育系中获得4．9kb的杂交带,而保持系的杂交带为4．45kb。参考GenBank中高粱的近缘物种玉米叶绿体基因组的序列,构建了ndh D基因区的酶切位点图谱,借此分析得出高粱不育系的叶绿体ndh D基因序列已发生改变。这种变异与高粱细胞质雄性不育反生的关系正在探讨中。     

ERIC-PCR鉴别苏云金芽胞杆菌与蜡状芽胞杆菌的研究

利用ERIC-PCR技术对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bc)和对照菌基因组DNA进行扩增,回收、标记BtPCR扩增片段,分别与各菌株的基因组DNA进行斑点杂交和Southern杂交,筛选Bt标识序列。结果显示:Bt各菌株均可扩增得到250bp的特异片段;Bt和Bc均可得到600bp的共有扩增片段;以筛选得到的569bp片段为探针,可特异性地与Bt基因组DNA杂交;ERIC-PCR技术可以在DNA指纹图谱水平区分鉴别Bt与Bc菌,正确反映出两者的亲缘关系。结果表明ERIC-PCR技术在Bt的检测及在Bt与Bc的鉴定中具有较强的实用性。     

肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列及ERIC-PCR

ERIC序列是近年来发现的存在于原核生物基因组中一类短的重复序列。该序列在染色体上的分布和拷贝数具种间特异性,根据序列中心高度保守的44bp的ERIC核心序列设计反向引物,可扩增出反映细菌基因组结构特征的谱带。由于ERIC-PCR快速简便,图谱重复性好,并可作为分子标记用于细菌的分类鉴定,所以,该方法已广泛应用到了科研和生产实践中;     

用长PCR方法检测含有较大缺失或插入的DNA大片段

选择位于19q13.3上的人类肌张力蛋白激酶基因(myotonin protein kina se gene,MT-PK)为靶基因(基因全长为14kb),以G+C含量较高且含有1kb缺失或插入,由基因第8内含子中的Alu±1kb的5'端至第15外显子3'非编码区中的CTG重复序列3'端,即两者间的距离为5.3kb的DNA片段为待扩增靶序列,通过优化DNA聚合酶的组合和反应缓冲体系,点考查了含有Alu-1k b和Alu+1kb缺失或插入的MT-PK等位基因片段共扩增的长PCR方法。本方法可有效地同步扩增6.5kb和5.5kb两个等位基因片段,对6.5kb和5.5kb纯合等 位片段则达到了更有效的扩增。     

甜菜碱增强长片段PCR的扩增

聚合酶链式反应(PCR)作为一项非常成熟的技术可以用于基因组序列的扩增。普通的PCR技术只适合于短片段DNA的扩增,一般在6kb以下。对于6kb至十几kb甚至几十kb以上的DNA片段的扩增就非常困难。通过添加不同化学物质,发现甜菜碱对长片段PCR的扩增有非常有效的增强作用。通过对玉米总DNA以及质粒DNA的扩增,发现1mol／L到2．5mol／L甜菜碱对改进PCR扩增效果明显。通过添加甜菜碱,可以从玉米基因组中扩增出9kb以上的单拷贝片段,从质粒中扩增出16kb以上片段。经过试验,发现不同GC含量的引物需要使用不同浓度的甜菜碱。甜菜碱可以减少甚至消除长片段PCR中的非特异性扩增。同时,我们发现其它的添加物,如DMSO,甘油,甲酰胺对长片段PCR的作用不明显。     

甜菜碱增强长片段PCR的扩增

聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)作为一项非常成熟的技术可以用于基因组序列的扩增。普通的PCR技术只适合于短片段DNA的扩增 ,一般在 6kb以下。对于 6kb至十几kb甚至几十kb以上的DNA片段的扩增就非常困难。通过添加不同化学物质 ,发现甜菜碱对长片段PCR的扩增有非常有效的增强作用。通过对玉米总DNA以及质粒DNA的扩增 ,发现 1mol L到 25mol L甜菜碱对改进PCR扩增效果明显。通过添加甜菜碱 ,可以从玉米基因组中扩增出 9kb以上的单拷贝片段 ,从质粒中扩增出 16kb以上片段。经过试验 ,发现不同GC含量的引物需要使用不同浓度的甜菜碱。甜菜碱可以减少甚至消除长片段PCR中的非特异性扩增。同时 ,我们发现其它的添加物 ,如DMSO ,甘油 ,甲酰胺对长片段PCR的作用不明显     

雄牛特异的SRY同源序列的扩增和分析

利用人、兔、鼠SRY序列设计引物,应用PCR扩增牛的SRY序列,获得200bp的雄牛特异的扩增片段。克隆该扩增片段,获得重组质粒pCH21,进行序列分析,并与人、兔和鼠SRY的对应区域比较,具有高度同源性。用pCH21 DNA作探针与牛的基因组DNA酶切图谱杂交,显示了雄牛特异的I．7kb的杂交带。分析200bp的PCR扩增片段是牛的SRY基因片段。用同一对引物扩增人和山羊的DNA样品,也获得雄性特异的200bp的扩增片段。     

Analysis of major band of Enterobacter sakazakii by ERIC-PCR and development of a species-specific PCR for detection of Ent. sakazakii in dry food samples

ERIC (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus)-PCR was employed to generate stable and reproductive ERIC-PCR fingerprints of Ent. sakazakii ATCC51329. Moreover, this study also cloned and sequenced a major band of Ent. sakazakii (ATCC51329) ERIC-PCR fingerprints. The major band was amplified with primer ERIC2 and sequences extending primer ERIC 2 showed poor similarity with ERIC elements. A comparison of the nucleotide acid with other sequences available in the GenBank revealed 90% of identity with Ent. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894, and 73%-74% of identity with oligopeptiase gene or protease gene of some species from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Two primers were synthesized to develop and optimize an Enterobacter sakazakii-specific PCR based on regions of major band unique to Ent. sakazakii. The expected fragment was amplified from all of Ent. sakazkaii but not from the negative controls. As few as 10(2) CFU/ml of Ent. sakazakii of PCR were directly detected in the infant formulas. This was the case even in the presence of other bacteria. A comparison of traditional methods and new developed PCR in commercial foods suggested that without using API20-E test, the DFI chromogenic medium and FDA method showed 46.15% and 50% false positive respectively. Moreover, one false negative was observed with FDA method. In contrast, PCR was highly sensitive and specific to Ent. sakazakii. A high heterogeneity between Ent. sakazakii and the other microorganisms was found on expected fragment sequence. In addition, Ent. sakazakii ATCC51329 formed a separate branch with >5% divergence from the type strain ATCC BAA-894 and major strains.     

Analysis of major band of Enterobacter sakazakii by ERIC-PCR and development of a species-specific PCR for detection of Ent. sakazakii in dry food samples

ERIC (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus)-PCR was employed to generate stable and reproductive ERIC-PCR fingerprints of Ent. sakazakii ATCC51329. Moreover, this study also cloned and sequenced a major band of Ent. sakazakii (ATCC51329) ERIC-PCR fingerprints. The major band was amplified with primer ERIC2 and sequences extending primer ERIC 2 showed poor similarity with ERIC elements. A comparison of the nucleotide acid with other sequences available in the GenBank revealed 90% of identity with Ent. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894, and 73%–74% of identity with oligopeptiase gene or proteaseⅡgene of some species from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Two primers were synthesized to develop and optimize an Enterobacter sakazakii-specific PCR based on regions of major band unique to Ent. sakazakii. The expected fragment was amplified from all of Ent. sakazkaii but not from the negative controls. As few as 10² CFU/ml of Ent. sakazakii of PCR were directly detected in the infant formulas. This was the case even in the presence of other bacteria. A comparison of traditional methods and new developed PCR in commercial foods suggested that without using API20-E test, the DFI chromogenic medium and FDA method showed 46.15% and 50% false positive respectively. Moreover, one false negative was observed with FDA method. In contrast, PCR was highly sensitive and specific to Ent. sakazakii. A high heterogeneity between Ent. sakazakii and the other microorganisms was found on expected fragment sequence. In addition, Ent. sakazakii ATCC51329 formed a separate branch with > 5% divergence from the type strain ATCC BAA-894 and major strains.     

ERIC-PCR及其指纹图谱技术的研究

肠杆菌基因间重复共有序列（Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus,ERIC）是主要存在于肠道细菌中的一类基因间重复序列,长度为127 bp,该序列在肠道细菌染色体上的分布和拷贝数有种间的特异性。根据ERIC序列建立的ERIC-PCR实际上是一种半随机性质的PCR,广泛应用于细菌分型、流行病学调查和分子微生态学研究。本文简介了ERIC-PCR反应的特点及其应用的原理,详细阐述目前广泛应用的ERIC-PCR琼脂糖凝胶电泳（PCR-PCR-AGE）技术的不足,指出该方法所获电泳图谱中相同位置的DNA条带可能包括不同的DNA序列,指纹图谱分析时可能夸大模板DNA的相似性。强调ERIC-PCR变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-PCR-DGGE）技术是其应用的一个新方向,所得的指纹图谱能够更加敏感、准确、有效地展示底物序列的差异,其中的DNA条带不需测序就可直接用于科研和生产实践中。     

Repetitive element sequence-based PCR for species and strain discrimination in the genus Listeria

Repetitive element sequencebased PCR (rep-PCR) was used to generate DNA fingerprints for Listeria spp. Two primer sets (REP 1R-I REP 2-I and ERIC 1R ERIC 2) used in respectively REP-and ERIC-PCR revealed that bacteria of the genus Listeria possess short repetitive extragenic palindromic elements and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences. Specific band profiles obtained by ERIC-PCR enabled the identification of Listeria species. With both REP-and ERIC-PCR the L. monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3b and 4b could be clearly distinguished from each other. Within the serotype 1/2a, REP-PCR showed a higher discriminative potential than ERIC-PCR and a comparable discriminative potential as RAPD combining 3-4 primers.     

Utilisation of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence-based PCR to fingerprint the genomes of Bifidobacterium isolates and other probiotic bacteria

Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus based on PCR (ERIC-PCR) was used to generate DNA fingerprints for bifidobacteria and other probiotic bacteria. Two primers (ERIC 1R and ERIC 2) used in ERIC-PCR revealed that all of the probiotic bacteria tested possess enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences with the PCR products ranging from 250 bp to 5000 bp. The bacterial strains can be differentiated by comparing fingerprint patterns. The dendrogram of the fingerprints revealed that most of the bifidobacterial wild type strains fell into one cluster at similarity level of approximately 79%.     

Intraspecies discrimination of Lactobacillus paraplantarum by PCR

Lactobacillus paraplantarum is a species phenotypically close to Lactobacillus plantarum. Several PCR methods were evaluated to discriminate L. paraplantarum strains and among them, a PCR using an enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequence differentiated L. paraplantarum from other Lactobacillus species. In addition, a combination of ERIC and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis distinguished among seven strains of L. paraplantarum tested. ERIC-PCR profiles showed several strain-specific DNA fragments in L. paraplantarum, among them, a 2.2-kb ERIC marker, termed LpF1, found to be specific to strain FBA1, which improved the skin integrity in an animal model. The LpF1 encodes three proteins similar to Lactobacillus fermentum AroA, TyrA, and AroK, which are involved in the shikimate pathway. A primer pair specific to FBA1 based on the internal sequence of LpF1 amplified a 950-bp FBA1-specific fragment LpF2. Southern blot analysis of Dra I-digested genomic DNA of L. paraplantarum strains using LpF2 as a probe showed that LpF2 is distinctive of strain FBA1 among 16 L. paraplantarum strains. Because both ERIC- and RAPD-PCR are fast and technically simple methods, they are useful for the rapid discrimination of L. paraplantarum strains and for the development of new strain-specific DNA markers for identifying industrially important strains.     

Diversity of DNA Sequences Among Restriction Endonucleases Producing Selenomonas ruminantium Isolates Detected by Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR)

Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-based polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was found useful for discrimination of rumen selenomonads. Simultaneous use of ERICIR and ERIC2 primers yielded strain-specific banding patterns. The patterns were compared using Dice similarity coefficients and a DNA relatedness dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) was constructed. Five clusters and four single strains were identified at a similarity level of 50%. Very weak grouping was observed for lactilytica and ruminantium subspecies ofSelenomonas ruminantium , indicating that lactate utilization has probably no taxonomic value. Restriction and modification phenotypes are weakly reflected in the dendrogram probably as the result of horizontal genetic transfer of genes encoding these phenotypic traits. While diverse in ERIC-PCR analysis, strains shown little variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified 16S-rRNA genes. All but one strain produced nearly identical profile indicating that majority of DNA diversity observed is due to epigenetic factors and not due to evolutionary divergence.     

Molecular typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Philippines by PCR-based methods

AIM: The main aim of the present study was to use three PCR-based techniques for the analysis of genetic variability among Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Philippines. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventeen strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from shrimps (Penaeus monodon) and from the environments where these shrimps are being cultivated were analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) and repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR). The results of this work have demonstrated genetic variability within the V. parahaemolyticus strains that were isolated from the Philippines. In addition, RAPD, ERIC and REP-PCR are suitable rapid typing methods for V. parahaemolyticus. All three methods have good discriminative ability and can be used as a rapid means of comparing V. parahaemolyticus strains for epidemiological investigation. Based on the results of this study, we could say that REP-PCR is inferior to RAPD and ERIC-PCR owing to the fact that it is less reproducible. Moreover, the REP-PCR analysis yielded a relatively small number of products. This may suggests that the REP sequences may not be widely distributed in the V. parahaemolyticus genome. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variability within V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated in the Philippines has been demonstrated. The presence of ERIC and REP sequences in the genome of this bacterial species was confirmed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The RAPD, ERIC and REP-PCR techniques are useful methods for molecular typing of V. parahaemolyticus strains. To our knowledge this is the first study of this kind carried out on V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Philippines.     

两种PCR方法对木耳属菌株的遗传多样性评价

应用ERIC和RAPD两种PCR方法对木耳属3种29个菌株进行遗传鉴别,其中ERIC方法是首次运用于食用菌的研究领域。在相似系数75％的水平上,ERIC和RAPD分别将供试菌株分为9组和6组。由ERIC所得的聚类图可将黑木耳和毛木耳两个种区分开,而RAPD则不能完全区分两个种,但两种方法得到了一个相似的结果,即琥珀木耳与黑木耳的亲缘关系极其相近。Southern杂交实验进一步证明了ERIC所得到的29个菌株的同源性关系。分析表明,RAPD方法主要在种的水平上进行鉴别,而ERIC则可以在菌株水平上进行鉴别,结果与菌株栽培性状更为一致。研究结果表明ERIC-PCR是一种比RAPD更快捷可靠的分子标记方法,可以替代RAPD应用于木耳属的遗传多样性及遗传分类的研究。     

Effectiveness of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting for Helicobacter pylori strain differentiation

We compared the robustness and discriminatory power of the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting methods for detecting cases of mixed Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian shantytown residents. H. pylori isolates from 63 participants were cultured, and five single colonies and a pool of additional colonies from each participant were analyzed by ERIC-PCR and by RAPD tests with four 10-nucleotide primers (one primer per reaction). There was 94% agreement between the ERIC and RAPD profiles in classifying sets of isolates as uniform versus closely related but not identical versus probably unrelated, indicating a high kappa statistic of 0.8942. Subtle differences in related ERIC or RAPD patterns likely reflect gene transfer between strains, recombination, and/or mutation, whereas markedly different patterns reflect infection by unrelated strains. At least half of infected shantytown residents seemed to carry more than one H. pylori strain, although in 19 of 31 persons, the strains were closely related. Three RAPD tests, each with a different primer, were needed to achieve the sensitivity of one ERIC test. ERIC-PCR constitutes a resource- and time-efficient method for H. pylori strain differentiation.