陕西省退耕还林工程生态效益评估

基于截止2013年底陕西省退耕还林工程的资源数据,依据林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》和《退耕还林工程生态效益监测评估技术标准与管理规范》,采用分布式测算方法从涵养水源、保育土壤、林木营养物质积累、固碳释氧、保护生物多样性、净化大气环境及森林防护等7个方面对陕西省退耕还林工程的生态效益进行评估,得出陕西省退耕还林工程生态效益价值量为973.47亿元/a,以涵养水源(274.06亿元/a)、净化大气环境(203.96亿元/a)和固碳释氧(173.95亿元/a)价值为主;3种植被恢复类型中以宜林荒山荒地造林模式的生态价值最高,封山育林模式的价值最低;在3个林种类型中,生态林的生态效益价值大于经济林和灌木林;在不同区域的生态效益价值评估中,以延安市的生态效益价值量为最高。     

基于GIS的关中-天水经济区土地生态系统固碳释氧价值评价

气体调节服务功能是生态服务功能的重要的一部分,生态系统的固碳释氧功能,对于人类社会和整个动物界以及全球气候平衡,都具有重要意义.采用光合作用方程式,利用遥感估算模型,基于植被NPP(第一性生产力)物质量测算结果,测算关中-天水天经济区绿色植物固碳释氧物质量,以此为基础,分别采用造林成本法和工业制氧法测算其价值量,探讨关天经济区生态系统固碳释氧价值的时间变化、空间分布.结果表明:1)1998-2007年关天水经济区年固定CO2的价值量为226.35亿元/a.10a间2005年固定CO2的价值量最高,为301.73亿元/a,2002年最低,为159.06元/a.释放O2价值量取两种测评方法的平均值,年平均价值量为240.45亿元/a,比固定CO2的年均值多14.1亿元/a.2)从各土地利用类型来看,1998年和2007年平均固碳释氧价值排序为:林地＞草地＞耕地＞其他类型.耕地向林地、草地转变时,平均固碳释氧价值分别增加了1614.29、1960.67元·hm-2·a-1,林地、草地向耕地转变时平均固碳释氧价值分别减少了1081.37、1706.60元·hm-2·a-1.3)从空间分布上来看,南部各县的单位面积固定CO2和释放O2价值普遍高于北部各县,总体上分布沿南部向北部逐渐降低.     

云南省国家级和省级自然保护区森林生态服务功能价值评估

采取文献查阅、资料数据处理、统计分析等研究方法,选取合理、成熟、可操作的森林生态服务评估体系和方法（LY/T 1721-2008）,测算出云南省国家级、省级自然保护区森林生态系统在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、积累营养物质、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护等6类生态系统服务功能的物质量和价值量,并从森林类型、质量、立地状况等多方面进行了分析。经评估,云南省自然保护区森林生态系统服务年总价值为2009.02亿元。其中,涵养水源价值为538.75亿元;保育土壤价值为493.79亿元;固碳释氧价值为122.09亿元;积累营养物质价值为16.11亿元;净化大气环境价值为83.21亿元;生物多样性保护价值为755.07亿元。保护区每年每公顷森林生态系统服务价值平均为12.31万元,相当于全国平均水平的2.9倍,云南省平均水平的2.4倍。     

基于集成生物圈模型的南岭不同植被类型碳收支研究

广东南岭保存着世界上同纬度带上最完整的亚热带植被,森林资源丰富,具有巨大的固碳潜力。然而,目前该地区不同森林植被类型的碳收支年积累量特征及月动态规律尚不明确。选择广东南岭国家级自然保护区内沟谷常绿阔叶林、山地常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和山顶常绿阔叶矮林4种典型森林植被为研究对象,运用集成生物圈模型(IBIS)对其2020年总初级生产力(GPP)、净初级生产力(NPP)、净生态系统生产力(NEP)和土壤异养呼吸(R_h)进行模拟,利用样地调查数据对NPP模拟结果进行验证,分析该地区不同植被类型的碳收支年积累量特征及月变化特征。研究结果表明,2020年南岭不同植被类型GPP、NPP、NEP和R_h的平均值分别为1.709、0.718、0.596和0.123 kg C m^-2 a^-1,4种植被类型中GPP最高的是沟谷常绿阔叶林,NPP、NEP最高的是山地常绿阔叶林,山顶常绿阔叶矮林的GPP、NPP和NEP均相对较低。南岭不同植被类型全年各月均表现出碳汇(NEP>0),逐月NPP和NEP均表现为双峰变化规律...     

1999—2003年陕西省森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能价值评估

基于陕西省森林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用陕西省第6次森林资源清查数据,根据陕西省南北部气候差异显著的情况,采用森林在陕西南、北不同气候带下的实际生产力计算了森林生态系统固碳释氧的实物量。并采用市场价值法、费用代替法、替代工程法、Volume-derived biomass等方法估算森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能的经济价值。结果表明:19992003年间,(1)陕西省北部森林生态系统年固碳量524.6×104t,年释氧量1404.6×104t,单位面积年固碳量1.364t/(hm.2a),单位面积年释氧量3.652t/(hm.2a)。(2)南部森林生态系统年固碳量1797×104t,年释氧量5918.9×104t,单位面积年固碳量3.459t/(hm.2a);南部单位面积年释氧量9.260t/(hm.2a)。陕西省南部森林生态功能明显优于北部森林。(3)从森林类型来看,林分单位面积生态功能最强,经济价值最大,疏林地的功能和价值则最小。(4)陕西省森林生态系统年固碳经济价值是328.27×108元,年释氧经济价值为732.35×108元,总价值1060.62×108元。(5)文中对陕西省优势树种固碳释氧功能的计算由于未能按照不同林龄分别计算,存在一定误差,需要进行更为深入、细致的研究。     

基于RS/GIS的东北地区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,其生态服务功能价值的评估是促进林业可持续发展的科学基础。利用2015年东北地区不同林地类型遥感解译数据,评估森林生态系统服务功能价值及其空间格局。结果表明:东北地区森林生态系统服务价值总计24066亿元,各项服务价值排名依次是:生物多样性保护(9424亿元)、固碳释氧(7842亿元)、涵养水源(5469亿元)、保育土壤(1118亿元)、积累营养物质(123亿元)和净化大气环境(90亿元);东北三省森林生态系统服务价值均呈现由西到东的增长趋势,黑龙江、吉林两省东西部差异明显。研究结果对制定东北地区森林管理政策及建立可持续环境经济核算体系具有重要意义。     

济南市森林生态系统服务功能的维持机制

森林作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持生物多样性、固碳、水源涵养和木材供应等方面起着不可替代的作用。依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721—2008),以济南市12个林分类型为研究对象,对济南市森林生态系统服务功能维持机制进行研究,得出济南市年森林生态系统涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境、生物多样性保护的价值为251.80亿元。其中,涵养水源、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护排在前3位;不同林分类型生态系统服务功能价值量中黑杨类和柏类占绝对优势,而泡桐、落叶松和竹林生态系统服务功能较弱;不同林龄生态系统服务功能价值量以中幼龄林为主;济南市森林生态系统服务功能的维持机制,受到森林资源面积、林龄结构、森林起源以及自然保护区建设等诸多因素的影响。     

济南市森林生态系统服务功能空间格局研究

森林生态系统服务同人类福祉密不可分,日益成为全球经济的重要组成部分。依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》（LY/T1721-2008）,以济南市森林生态系统为研究对象,对济南市森林生态系统服务功能进行量化评估,得出济南市年森林生态系统涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境、森林防护、生物多样性保护、森林游憩的价值为264.41亿元,其中涵养水源、固碳释氧、生物多样性保护排在前3位;各区/县年森林生态系统服务功能价值量排序为：历城区 > 长清区 > 章丘市 > 平阴县 > 商河县 > 济阳县 > 市中区 > 天桥区 > 历下区 > 槐荫区;除森林防护功能以外,其他各项森林生态系统服务功能价值量的空间格局分布大体上均呈现南部 > 北部 > 中部的趋势。     

粤港澳大湾区陆地生态系统演变对固碳释氧服务的影响

基于CASA模型、碳税法和工业制氧法，测算了粤港澳大湾区2015年固碳释氧量及其价值，并结合ESA CCI-LC产品探讨了2000-2015年研究区陆地生态系统演变及其导致的固碳释氧量和价值的变化。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年，研究区城市扩张明显，主要表现为城镇用地侵占农田和草地。（2）研究区陆地生态系统91.03%固碳释氧量及其价值集中在森林和农田生态系统，2000-2015年陆地生态系统演变造成区域内固碳量和释氧量分别减少了53.49 G g和518.65 G g，对应固碳释氧价值损失量分别为1.79亿元和2.06亿元，合计3.85亿元，91.57%损失量是由城市扩张导致的。（3）城市覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强负相关，其扩张会促使生态系统固碳释氧价值逐渐减少，林地覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强正相关，其比重增加将有利于生态系统固碳释氧价值的培育。本文利用"邻域代理法"获得了研究区多类陆地生态系统演变情况及其对固碳释氧服务的影响，具有一定的推广价值。在未来发展过程中，粤港澳大湾区应该优化陆地生态系统类型，合理控制城市扩张，保护森林和农田资源，减少人类活动作用，增强生态系统自然演变过程。     

辽宁省森林生态系统服务价值评估

基于森林生态系统的长期、连续定位观测,采用辽宁省2006年森林资源清查数据,利用中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721—2008)》对辽宁省14个地市的主要植被类型生态系统功能进行了物质量和价值量评估.结果表明:2006年,辽宁省森林生态系统水源涵养、保育土壤、固碳制氧、营养物质积累、净化环境、生物多样性保护、森林游憩所提供的服务价值为2591.72亿元,分别为同年辽宁省林业总产值和同年辽宁省国内生产总值(GDP)的8.54倍和28.02%;涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳释氧价值合计占总服务价值的79.09%,是辽宁省森林主要的生态系统服务功能;经济林、灌木林的单位面积生态系统服务价值较小,但面积较大,其总生态系统服务价值不容忽视;冷杉林、水曲柳林、黄波罗林和核桃楸林是辽宁省典型地带性植被,具有较高的生物多样性价值;受气候等因素的影响,辽宁省西部森林面积及森林质量均低于东部.     

1981—2000年中国陆地生态系统碳通量的年际变化

应用一个生物地球化学模型(CEVSA)估算了中国陆地净初级生产力(NPP)、土壤异养呼吸(HR)和净生态系统生产力(NEP)在1981—1998年期间对气候和大气CO2浓度变化的动态响应。结果显示,全国NPP总量波动于2．89—3．37Gt／a之间,平均值为3．09Gt C／a,年平均增长趋势约为0．32％。HR总量变化范围为2．89—3．21Gt C／a,平均值为3．02Gt C／a,年均增长0．40％。NEP总量变动于-0．32和0．25Gt C／a之间,在统计上没有明显的年际变化趋势。在研究时段内,年平均NEP约为0．07Gt C／a,表明中国陆地生态系统在气候与大气CO2浓度变化的条件下吸收了碳,为碳汇,总的吸收量为1．22Gt C,约占全球碳吸收总量的10％,与同期内美国由大气CO2和气候变化所产生的碳吸收量大致相当。尽管由于较高的年际变率,NEP在统计上没有明显的变化趋势,但NPP的增长率低于HR的增长率,说明在研究时段内,中国陆地生态系统的吸碳能力由于气候变化降低了。全国大多数地区年平均NEP接近零,明显的NEP正值区(即碳汇)出现在东北平原、西藏东南部和黄淮平原等地区,而大小兴安岭、黄土高原和云贵高原等地区NEP为负值(即碳源)。研究认为,1981～1998年期间中国气候温暖、干旱,因此估算的NEP可能低于其他时段。如果气候进入一个比较湿润的时期,碳吸收量可显著增加,但若当前干旱和暖化趋势以此为继,中国的NEP可能会变成一个负值。     

On linking multiyear biometric measurements of tree growth with eddy covariance-based net ecosystem production

Annual measurements of the diameter growth and litter fall of trees began in 1998 using a 1.0 ha permanent plot beneath a flux tower at the Takayama flux site, central Japan. This opened up an opportunity for studies that compare the interannual variability in tree growth with eddy covariance-based net ecosystem production (NEP). A possible link between multiyear biometric-based net primary production (NPP) and eddy covariance-based NEP was investigated to determine the contribution of autotrophic production and heterotrophic respiration (HR) to the interannual variability of NEP in deciduous forest ecosystems. We also defined the NEP^* as the measurable organic matter stored in an ecosystem during the interval in which soil respiration (SR) measurements were taken. The difference of biometric-based NEP^* from eddy covariance-based NEP within a given year varied between 55% and 105%. Woody tissue NPP (stems and coarse roots) varied markedly from 0.88 to 1.96 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ during the 8-year study period (1999–2006). Annual woody tissue NPP was positively correlated with eddy covariance-based NEP ( r ²=0.52, P <0.05). However, neither foliage NPP ( r ²=0.03) nor HR ( r ²=0.06) were correlated with eddy covariance-based NEP. Therefore, it was hypothesized that interannual variability in the ecosystem carbon exchange was directly responsible for much of the interannual variation in autotrophic production, especially carbon accumulation in the woody components of the ecosystem. Moreover, similar interannual variations of biometric-based NEP^* and eddy covariance-based NEP with small variations in SR and foliage NPP suggest a constant net accumulation of carbon in nonliving pools at the Takayama site.     

Evaluation of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China

Evaluation of forest ecosystem services is a hot topic,both in China and at abroad,but it has not yet obtained a consistency of evaluation indicator systems and evaluation methods.Under the framework of evaluation criteria to be implemented for forest ecosystem services,years of consecutive observation data from Long Term Ecological Research Stations affiliated to Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network(CFERN),forest resource inventory and public data were applied to carry out a detailed and dynamic evaluation on the physical quantity and value of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China.The results showed that the above services had the total value and unit value of 1144.9640 billion(1.1449640×10 12 )RMB and 52.074 thousand RMB per hectare per year,respectively during the 9th Five-year Plan(1996―2000),and of 1190.5461 billion RMB and 52.101 thousand RMB per hectare per year,respectively,during the 10th Five-year Plan(2001―2005).For Chinese pine forests,water conservation was 40.40 hundred million cubic meters annually,soil conservation was 67 million tons and C fixation 9 million tons annually,production of healthful negative ions was 1.96×10 20 , absorption of SO2 was 5.02 hundred million kilograms and dust-catching was 759.10 hundred million kilograms. Among the 15 provinces of China with Chinese pine forests,the biggest beneficiary from ecosystem services was Liaoning Province;while Hunan Province was the smallest beneficiary between the 9th Five-year Plan.     

Evaluation of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China

Evaluation of forest ecosystem services is a hot topic, both in China and at abroad, but it has not yet obtained a consistency of evaluation indicator systems and evaluation methods. Under the framework of evaluation criteria to be implemented for forest ecosystem services, years of consecutive observation data from Long Term Ecological Research Stations affiliated to Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network (CFERN), forest resource inventory and public data were applied to carry out a detailed and dynamic evaluation on the physical quantity and value of ecosystem services of Chinese pine forests in China. The results showed that the above services had the total value and unit value of 1144.9640 billion (1.1449640×10¹²) RMB and 52.074 thousand RMB per hectare per year, respectively during the 9th Five-year Plan (1996–2000), and of 1190.5461 billion RMB and 52.101 thousand RMB per hectare per year, respectively, during the 10th Five-year Plan (2001–2005). For Chinese pine forests, water conservation was 40.40 hundred million cubic meters annually, soil conservation was 67 million tons and C fixation 9 million tons annually, production of healthful negative ions was 1.96×10²⁰, absorption of SO₂ was 5.02 hundred million kilograms and dust-catching was 759.10 hundred million kilograms. Among the 15 provinces of China with Chinese pine forests, the biggest beneficiary from ecosystem services was Liaoning Province; while Hunan Province was the smallest beneficiary between the 9th Five-year Plan.     

Establishing and validating individual-based carbon budget model FORCCHN of forest ecosystems in China

According to the principles of plant physiology, forest ecology and soil environment, the individual-based carbon budget model of forest ecosystems in China was established. The model process included two timesteps: the primary daily process comprises photosynthesis, plant respiration, allocation and litter production, and soil respiration and transfer; the primary annual process consists of allocation between stands, increase of tree height and breast diameter, and production of large amount of litter fall. Through validating net primary productiviry (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) at the plot level and at the country level, it was demonsteated that the model can well simulate carbon budget of forest ecosystems in China, so it can also simulate dynamics of carbon budget of forest ecosystems in the past and in the future.     

Establishing and validating individual-based carbon budget model FORCCHN of forest ecosystems in China

According to the principles of plant physiology, forest ecology and soil environment, the individual-based carbon budget model of forest ecosystems in China was established. The model process included two timesteps: the primary daily process comprises photosynthesis, plant respiration, allocation and litter production, and soil respiration and transfer; the primary annual process consists of allocation between stands, increase of tree height and breast diameter, and production of large amount of litter fall. Through validating net primary productiviry (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) at the plot level and at the country level, it was demonsteated that the model can well simulate carbon budget of forest ecosystems in China, so it can also simulate dynamics of carbon budget of forest ecosystems in the past and in the future.     

海南省公益林生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究

构建了海南省公益林生态系统服务功能的评价指标体系,依据2009年国家森林资源清查数据、尖峰岭生态定位站连续观测数据、社会公共数据等数据资料,利用影子工程法、替代工程法等方法,首次对海南全省公益林生态服务功能价值(2010年)进行评估。结果显示,海南省公益林生态系统服务功能2010年总价值为1113.60亿元,相当于当年全省生产总值(GDP)2050亿元的54%,单位面积森林提供的服务功能的价值为14.09万元/hm2。由于考虑森林提供负氧离子的功能,8项森林生态系统服务功能价值贡献值之中,净化大气环境>固碳释氧>生物多样性>水源涵养>森林保护>森林游憩>保育土壤>积累营养物质。     

长白山阔叶红松林生态系统碳动态及其对气候变化的响应

应用基于干物质生产理论的过程模型（Sim-CYCLE）估算了1982—2003年间长白山阔叶红松林生态系统总第一生产力（GPP）、净第一生产力（NPP）、净生态系统生产力（NEP）及其季节动态变化以及碳储量（WE）、植物碳储量（WP）和土壤碳储量（WS）,并分析了这些指标在当前气候情景和碳平衡情况时的差异及其对未来气候变化情景的响应.结果表明：在当前气候情景下, 长白山阔叶红松林GPP、NPP和NEP分别为14.9、8.7和2.7 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1,三者分别比实测值减少2.8 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1、增加1.4 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1和增加0.2 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1;长白山阔叶红松林6—8月的NEP占全年总量的90%以上,其中,7月最高（1.23 Mg C·hm^-2·month^-1）;研究区WE、WP和WS分别为550.8、183.8和367.0Mg C·hm^-2,其与实测值均具有较高的一致性.从当前气候情景下到达碳平衡前,长白山阔叶红松林碳储量均有不同程度的增加,GPP和NPP分别为17.7和7.3 Mg C·hm^-2·a^-1,表明研究区碳“汇”的作用随着碳储量的增加逐渐减弱;温度增加2 ℃时,不利于长白山阔叶红松林GPP、NPP和NEP的增长,CO²浓度倍增则可有利地促进三者的增长,CO²浓度倍增、温度增加2 ℃对GPP、NPP和NEP增幅的影响与单纯CO₂浓度倍增的影响相似,气候变化情景对长白山阔叶红松林碳储量的影响规律与对生产力幅度的影响相同,这可能是生态系统生产力影响碳积累所致.     

Response of terrestrial carbon uptake to climate interannual variability in China

The interest in national terrestrial ecosystem carbon budgets has been increasing because the Kyoto Protocol has included some terrestrial carbon sinks in a legally binding framework for controlling greenhouse gases emissions. Accurate quantification of the terrestrial carbon sink must account the interannual variations associated with climate variability and change. This study used a process‐based biogeochemical model and a remote sensing‐based production efficiency model to estimate the variations in net primary production (NPP), soil heterotrophic respiration (HR), and net ecosystem production (NEP) caused by climate variability and atmospheric CO₂ increases in China during the period 1981–2000. The results show that China's terrestrial NPP varied between 2.86 and 3.37 Gt C yr^?1 with a growth rate of 0.32% year^?1 and HR varied between 2.89 and 3.21 Gt C yr^?1 with a growth rate of 0.40% year^?1 in the period 1981–1998. Whereas the increases in HR were related mainly to warming, the increases in NPP were attributed to increases in precipitation and atmospheric CO₂. Net ecosystem production (NEP) varied between ?0.32 and 0.25 Gt C yr^?1 with a mean value of 0.07 Gt C yr^?1, leading to carbon accumulation of 0.79 Gt in vegetation and 0.43 Gt in soils during the period. To the interannual variations in NEP changes in NPP contributed more than HR in arid northern China but less in moist southern China. NEP had no a statistically significant trend, but the mean annual NEP for the 1990s was lower than for the 1980s as the increases in NEP in southern China were offset by the decreases in northern China. These estimates indicate that China's terrestrial ecosystems were taking up carbon but the capacity was undermined by the ongoing climate change. The estimated NEP related to climate variation and atmospheric CO₂ increases may account for from 40 to 80% to the total terrestrial carbon sink in China.