表面活性剂对链霉素在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子:十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子:十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS;非离子,曲拉通100,TX-100)对链霉素(Streptomycin,STR)在内蒙古牧区土壤中吸附解吸的影响。结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加STR在土壤中吸附的线性程度。CTAB的存在抑制了STR在土壤表面的吸附同时抑制了STR的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了STR在土壤中的吸附量并增加了吸附过程的可逆性。与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX-100对STR在土壤中的吸附的影响取决于其添加浓度。低浓度的TX-100对STR的吸附促进作用大于高浓度。随着TX-100浓度的增加,TX-100对STR的增溶作用加剧。促使吸附在土壤表面的STR迁移到水相中,从而抑制了STR的吸附,进而促进了STR的解吸。     

溶解性有机碳在红壤水稻土中的吸附及其影响因素

吸附作用是影响土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)迁移转化及生物有效性的重要反应过程,研究DOC在土壤中的吸附行为,对正确阐明土壤有机碳的循环和转化特征以及进行污染风险评估有重要意义.采用平衡法研究了红壤水稻土对DOC的吸附特征,并分析土壤有机质、粘粒含量及pH值与DOC吸附量之间的关系.结果表明,供试土壤对DOC的吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Linear方程.不同土壤对DOC的吸附能力有明显差异.在相同浓度下,DOC吸附量以第四纪红色粘土发育的低肥力水稻土最大,第三纪红砂岩风化物发育的低肥力水稻土次之,两种高肥力水稻土最小.土壤对DOC的吸附过程分为快、慢两个阶段,0-0.25 h内DOC的吸附速率最大,随着时间的推移,吸附速率渐小,2-4 h后基本达到吸附平衡.描述供试土壤对DOC吸附动力学过程的最优模型为一级扩散方程,其次为Elovich方程和抛物扩散方程.粘粒含量和有机质是影响土壤DOC吸附量的重要因素,随着粘粒含量的增加,有机质含量的降低,DOC的吸附量增大.     

多效唑对草莓种质离体保存的影响

取离体培养形成的草莓单芽接种到1／2MS附加不同浓度多效唑和0．5mg／L6—BA的培养基上,研究了多效唑对草莓试管苗生长及其保存的影响。结果表明,多效唑对草莓试管苗芽的分化有明显的促进作用,对草莓试管苗的伸长具明显的抑制作用。当多效唑浓度为0．04mg／L,苗高为对照(多效唑浓度为0mg／L)的29％～63％,当多效唑浓度较高(0．2mg／L)时,延迟了试管苗的发根,且抑制根的伸长。在继代培养中,多效唑抑制芽的分化,同时抑制苗的生长。在本试验中,不同浓度的多效唑对草莓试管苗保存成活率差异不十分明显,但野生草莓品种在离体保存中多效唑浓度不宜高,以0．1mg／L为好。     

提高冬小麦花粉植株试管苗移栽成活率和结实率的研究

多效唑可促进冬小麦花粉植株生根壮苗。推迟栽入田间可以大幅度的提高试管苗的移栽成活率和结实率,现简介如下:1、多效唑对提高冬小麦花粉植株试管苗移栽成活率的影响 (1)多效唑对花粉再生植株生根壮苗的影响下将2—3cm 高的无根苗转入浓度为3mg/L 的多效唑和蔗糖浓度为8%的 MS 培养基上后,在22—23℃条件下培养30天调查,每株根数比对照提高87.5%,生根率比对照提高17.8%。在试验的范围内只有蔗糖浓度从3%提高到8%,多效唑才有良好的     

丛枝菌根真菌吸收磷酸盐的数值分析

本文利用对流扩散方程和菌丝长密度方程对丛枝菌根真菌的菌丝体吸收磷酸盐进行数值分析,研究了土壤缓冲能力、土壤含水量、磷酸盐的初始浓度、菌丝的平均半径和磷酸盐的扩散系数等五个参数对菌丝体养分吸收的影响.结果表明,土壤缓冲能力、磷酸盐的初始浓度和菌丝的平均半径都能促进菌丝体吸收磷酸盐;菌丝体吸收磷酸盐最强位置随三个参数值的增大分别向左移动、保持不变和向右移动;磷酸盐的初始浓度值不会影响菌丝体耗尽土壤中磷酸盐的时间;当菌丝的半径大于3×10~(-4)cm,菌丝体吸收磷酸盐的通量变化很小;在菌丝生长初期,根表面吸收磷酸盐强于菌丝体,在菌丝生长中后期,菌丝体占主导作用;菌丝体吸收磷酸盐的最大通量与土壤缓冲能力和磷酸盐的初始浓度呈线性相关.由于磷酸盐易被土壤吸附和固定,且溶解度较低,模型中的土壤含水量和磷酸盐的扩散系数对菌丝体磷酸盐吸收通量的影响不显著。土壤环境、资源和菌丝的形态共同决定菌丝体磷酸盐的吸收.     

多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响

多效唑是一种高效的植物生长延缓剂,通过不同浓度的多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响进行研究。结果表明多效唑能明显提高金钗石斛试管苗再生芽分化的数量,促进再生苗根的分化,提高生根的数量;同时,多效唑能使再生苗的叶片变短,对再生植株有显著的矮化作用,使植株的茎段变粗,抑制根的伸长生长。多效唑对金钗石斛试管苗生长的影响具有明显的规律性,其作用效果均随着其使用浓度的升高而增强,并在3~4mg/L的范围处达到最强效果,再提高浓度则趋于饱和。     

多效唑对不同立地条件下黄荆生长及生理特征的影响

该试验以绿化卷材为基质材料,对沙场、渣场和混凝土屋面3种立地条件下生长的黄荆进行不同浓度(0、100、200、300、400mg·L~(-1))多效唑处理,研究根施多效唑对黄荆生长和生理特征的影响以及不同立地环境的应用差异。结果显示:(1)随多效唑浓度升高,3种立地类型黄荆株高和生物量呈降低趋势,冠幅、基径、叶面积、根幅、主根长和主根径呈减小趋势,叶片长宽比和根冠比表现出增大的趋势;多效唑处理使黄荆叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,使丙二醛含量下降。(2)不同立地条件下黄荆对多效唑处理的表现具有一定差异,隶属函数法综合评价显示,对沙场、渣场和屋面3种立地类型的黄荆生长调控效果最佳的多效唑浓度分别为400mg·L~(-1)、300mg·L~(-1)、100mg·L~(-1)。(3)当多效唑浓度在渣场和屋面分别为400、300mg·L~(-1)时,黄荆叶片开始受到伤害,对多效唑的耐受阈值表现为沙场渣场屋面。研究认为,多效唑可有效调控黄荆的形态和生物量分配,增强细胞渗透调节和抗氧化损伤能力,从而提高黄荆的抗逆性和环境适应性,但在应用时应考虑不同立地背景的差异,因地制宜地选择使用浓度和用量,使其更好地应用于人工植被恢复与建设。     

黄单胞菌P5310-luxAB菌株在水稻根际的吸附与土壤中的存活

目的研究标记菌株在水稻国丰1号幼根根表的吸附动态规律和不同类型土壤中存活情况,为禾本科植物凝集素介导作用、吸附的影响参数和联合固氮的研究及应用提供科学依据。方法采用三亲本杂交法将发光基因luxAB导入水稻根际促生菌黄单胞菌（Xanthom onassp）P5310菌株中,标记菌株P5310-luxAB能稳定遗传,luxAB基因的导入不影响标记菌株生长特性。结果 P5310-luxAB菌株存在稳定型和松散型两种吸附,随标记菌株浓度变化的吸附规律符合Langmu ir等温吸附方程,水稻根表最大吸附量qm=3.33×109CFU/g,吸附系数α=2.86×10-8。凝集素处理的水稻根表对标记菌株的亲和力增强,吸附量也随之增大。标记菌株在灭菌土壤和不灭菌土壤中都能很好的存活。在前25 d,不灭菌土壤中菌落数要低于灭菌土壤,随着营养的消耗,细菌明显减少;但补充营养后,在灭菌土壤和不灭菌土壤中标记菌株数量都快速增加,证明标记菌株与不灭菌土壤中的土著微生物的竞争占优势,很快与灭菌土壤中的菌数接近,证明菌株能在土壤中很好地存活与定植。结论以上研究结果为菌株P5310的开发应用提供了可靠的实验数据。     

多效唑对花生叶片多胺含量及衰老的调节作用

通过对大田条件下生殖生长期花生喷施不同浓度的多效唑,研究了多效唑对叶片内源多受及其它衰老指标的影响,结果证明多效唑对内源多胺的影响较复杂,多效唑降低了幼嫩叶片的多胺含量,却提高了成熟叶片衰老阶段的多胺含量,并起到延缓衰老的作用,讨论了多效唑影响多胺含量的可能原因。     

镉在黑土和棕壤中吸附行为比较研究

比较研究了重金属镉在黑土和棕壤中的吸附热力学和动力学行为.结果表明,在实验设定的浓度范围内,黑土和棕壤对Cd²⁺吸附量随溶液中Cd²⁺浓度的增加而增加.黑土对Cd²⁺的吸附固定能力明显强于棕壤.在平衡液浓度为20 mg·kg^-1时,黑土对Cd²⁺的吸附量为1 485.2 mg·kg^-1、棕壤为700.6 mg·kg^-1.两种土壤对Cd²⁺的吸附等温线与Langmuir、Freundlich和Henry方程均有较好的拟合性,而Temkin方程不适合用来描述Cd²⁺在两种土壤中的等温吸附.根据Langmuir的拟合结果,Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤中的最大吸附量分别可达5 939.3和2 790 mg·kg^-1.黑土较高的吸附能力与其高的有机质含量和粘粒含量有关.黑土和棕壤中Cd²⁺的吸附是一个快速反应过程,2 min内能达到平衡吸附量的90%,15～30 min左右达到吸附平衡.一级动力学方程是拟合Cd²⁺在黑土和棕壤中吸附动力学过程的最优方程,其次为Elovich方程和双常数方程.随着初始浓度的增加,Cd²⁺在土壤中的吸附速率也不断增大.随着吸附量的增大和反应时间的延长,吸附速率不断下降.在较低的初始浓度下,Cd²⁺在黑土中的下降趋势要快于棕壤.     

Vegetative growth retardation,improved rooting and viability of olive cuttings in response to application of growth retardants

Spray and soil treatments of paclobutrazol and uniconazole were applied to young and mature olive plants and olive cuttings. Two clear phases, were found in the growth response of olive shoots to growth retardants: an early phase, which retards and even inhibits growth considerably; and a later phase, during which the shoots are released from the retardation and start to elongate rapidly. A somewhat slower response of the plants to soil application than to spray application of growth retardants was noticed. Paclobutrazol enhanced the rooting of cv. Manzanillo cuttings, whether applied to the mother plants or to the cuttings themselves. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was needed in both cases. Sprouting was shown to reduce rooting. Paclobutrazol significantly inhibited sprouting and increased the meristematic activity in the base of the cuttings. Rooting of the hard-to-root cv. Kalamata was not enhanced by the treatments although callus formation was induced and viability was prolonged.     

Growth and biomass production in potato grown in the hot tropics as influenced by paclobutrazol

Two similar field trials were carried out during 2003 in a hot tropical region of eastern Ethiopia to investigate the effect of leaf and soil applied paclobutrazol on the growth, dry matter production and assimilate partitioning in potato. A month after planting paclobutrazol was applied as a foliar spray or soil drench at rates of 0, 2, 3, and 4 kg a.i. paclobutrazol ha^–1. Plants were sampled during treatment application and subsequently 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment application. The data was analyzed using standard growth analyses techniques. None of the growth parameters studied was affected by the method of paclobutrazol application. Paclobutrazol decreased leaf area index, crop growth rate, and total biomass production, and increased specific leaf weight, tuber growth rate, net assimilation rate, and partitioning coefficient of potato. At all harvesting stages, paclobutrazol reduced the partitioning of assimilate to the leaves, stems, and roots and stolons and increased allocation to the tubers. Although paclobutrazol decreased the total biomass production it improved tuber yield by partitioning more assimilates to the tubers. Paclobutrazol improved the productivity of potato under tropical conditions by redirecting assimilate allocation to the tubers.     

Effects of plant growth regulators in soil on clover growth and nitrogen fixation

Effects of the growth regulators Barleyquat B, New 5c Cyocel, Cerone, Terpal and paclobutrazol on Rhizobium trifolii in vitro, on growth and root nodulation of clover grown in pots and on symbiotic nitrogen fixation were measured.Paclobutrazol in soil markedly reduced the weight of clover plants but had no effect on nodulation in relation to plant size. Paclobutrazol decreased the amount of nitrogen fixed per plant (measured by acetylene reduction) when present in soil at a concentration which would result from a single direct application at 0.25 kg a.i. ha^–1 remaining unchanged and evenly distributed in the top 5 cm of soil. A concentration in soil equal to that from an application at 0.125 kg a.i. ha^–1 had no significant effect on the rate of nitrogen fixation per plant and the rate relative to plants weight increased. It was evident that the inhibitory effect on plant growth was greater than on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The other PGR's had virtually no effect on clover.None of the compounds seems likely to affect nitrogen fixation by a subsequent clover crop in the field if previously applied to a cereal crop once at typical rates of application.

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Zusammenfassung Die Einflüsse der Wachstumsregulatoren Barleyquat B, New 5c, Cyocel, Cerone, Terpal und Paclobutrazol auf das Wachstum von Rhizobium trifolii in vitro, auf das Wachstum und Knöllchenbildung des Klees und auf die symbiotische N₂-Bindung wurden bestimmt.Paclobutrazol im Boden führte zu einer bedeutenden Gewichtsverminderung der Kleepflanzen, blieb aber ohne Einfluß auf die Knöllchenbildung in bezug auf die Pflanzengröße. Paclobutrazol reduzierte die Menge Stickstoff gebunden pro Pflanze, (gemessen mittels Acetylenreduktion) wenn er im Boden in einer Konzentration enthalten war, die anwesend wäre, wenn eine einzige Applikation von 0,25 kg Wirkstoff.ha^–1 unverändert und gleichmäßig in den oberen 5 cm des Bodens verteilt bleiben würde. Eine Bodenkonzentration gleich jener von einer Applikation von 0,125 kg Wirkstoff.ha^–1 hatte keine signifikante Wirkung auf die N₂-Bindungsleistung pro Pflanze, und das Bindungstempo in bezug auf das Pflanzengewicht nahm zu. Offensichtlich war die Hemmwirkung auf das Pflanzenwachstum größer als auf die symbiotische N₂-Bindung.Wahrscheinlich wird keine der Verbindungen die N₂-Fixierung des Klees im Freiland beeinträchtigen, wenn sie einmal vorher auf eine Getreidearte in der üblichen Aufwandmenge appliziert werden.

     

Response of potato grown under non-inductive condition paclobutrazol: shoot growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, tuber yield, quality, and dormancy

The effect of foliar and soil applied paclobutrazol on potato were examined under non-inductive condition in a greenhouse. Single stemmed plants of the cultivar BP1 were grown at 35(±2)/20(±2) °C day/night temperatures, relative humidity of 58%, and a 16 h photoperiod. Twenty-eight days after transplanting paclobutrazol was applied as a foliar spray or soil drench at rates of 0, 45.0, 67.5, and 90.0 mg active ingredient paclobutrazol per plant. Regardless of the method of application paclobutrazol increased chlorophyll a and b contents of the leaf tissue, delayed physiological maturity, and increased tuber fresh mass, dry matter content, specific gravity, dormancy period of the tubers. Paclobutrazol reduced the number of tubers per plant. A significant interaction between rates and methods of paclobutrazol application were observed with respect to plant height and tuber crude protein content. Foliar application gave a higher rate of net photosynthesis than the soil drench. Paclobutrazol significantly reduced total leaf area and increased assimilate partitioning to the tubers. The study clearly showed that paclobutrazol is effective to suppress excessive vegetative growth, favor assimilation to the tubers, increase tuber yield, improve tuber quality and extend tuber dormancy of potato grown in high temperatures and long photoperiods.     

长春市不同土地利用生境土壤螨类群落结构特征

2003年7月和9月对长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境进行土壤螨类调查,Tullgren法提取土壤螨类,应用个体密度、类群数量、群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI等指数,研究土壤螨类的群落生态结构特征,了解土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。研究区共捕获土壤螨类3亚目92属8703只,其中隐气门亚目（Cryptostigmata）54属5091只,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17属1582只,中气门亚目21属2030只。研究结果表明：长春市土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构特征影响明显,其中地表凋落物的移除和耕作活动是影响螨类群落结构的主要因素,地表凋落物的移除显著减少螨类群落的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性和丰富度,耕作活动促进螨类个体向土壤剖面下层移动,而地表植物群落类型对土壤螨类群落生态结构特征影响差异不显著。     

Effect of paclobutrazol on abscisic acid levels in wheat seedlings

Contradictory results have been reported for the effects of triazoles on abscisic acid (ABA) levels in plants. Paclobutrazol reduced the height, fresh weight, and ABA levels of wheat seedlings. The magnitude of the inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on ABA levels was dependent on the length of time after application. ABA levels in plants as determined by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) were reduced by 50–60% 2 days after soil application. A further 15% reduction occurred by the seventh day after treatment. ABA level analyses began at the time of treatment with 4-day-old seedlings and continued until 21 days after treatment when only a 20% reduction was detected. These determinations using GC-SIM-MS should increase the understanding of triazole effects on ABA levels.     

Influence of paclobutrazol in the soil on growth,nutrient elements in the leaves,and flood/freeze tolerance of citrus rootstock seedlings

Paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3ol] was applied to soil at 0, 100, or 250 mg/3.78-liter pot containing seedlings of Swingle citrumelo, Carrizo citrange, Cleopatra mandarin, sour orange, rough lemon, and Sun Chu Sha. All cultivars were sensitive to paclobutrazol, which caused a proliferation of shorter/thicker roots, and top growth showed shorter internodes and lower dry weight. Induced changes resulted in greater root/shoot ratios, and paclobutrazol treatments showed higher concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, boron, iron, and manganese in the leaves of different cultivars. Paclobutrazol-treated seedlings did not show a greater ability to tolerate flooded soil for 60 continuous days under greenhouse conditions nor survive-6.7°C controlled freeze tests. Paclobutrazol is a potentially useful plant growth regulator to dwarf citrus, but it apparently is not a strong candidate for increasing flooding and freezing tolerance in citrus rootstock seedlings.Abbreviations PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density - ANOVA analysis of variance     

Effect of paclobutrazol on abscisic acid levels in wheat seedlings

Contradictory results have been reported for the effects of triazoles on abscisic acid (ABA) levels in plants. Paclobutrazol reduced the height, fresh weight, and ABA levels of wheat seedlings. The magnitude of the inhibitory effect of paclobutrazol on ABA levels was dependent on the length of time after application. ABA levels in plants as determined by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) were reduced by 50–60% 2 days after soil application. A further 15% reduction occurred by the seventh day after treatment. ABA level analyses began at the time of treatment with 4-day-old seedlings and continued until 21 days after treatment when only a 20% reduction was detected. These determinations using GC-SIM-MS should increase the understanding of triazole effects on ABA levels.     

岷江上游4个栽培树种细根功能性状垂直分布的差异性

细根(直径≤2 mm)功能性状及垂直分布格局是反映植物对土壤资源吸收策略和影响森林地下生态过程的关键。本研究以岷江上游4个人工林树种连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、华山松(Pinus armandii)和油松(P.tabuliformis)为对象,调查不同海拔树木细根功能性状及其在不同土层间的垂直分布格局,并分析细根功能性状分布与构型之间的相关关系。结果表明:阔叶树种比针叶树种有更大的根长密度、生物量、比根长和比表面积,而直径反之;4个树种细根集中在0~20 cm土层,根长密度和生物量在较高海拔地段均显著大于较低海拔,且均随土壤深度增加而减少,但比根长、比表面积和直径无显著的海拔差异,随土层加深也无明显的垂直变化规律;针阔树种间的细根构型差异显著,但不受海拔差异的影响,阔叶树的细根分支强度与一级根数量显著大于针叶树种;一级根数和根尖密度与比根长以及分根比与根长密度和生物量均呈显著正相关,而分叉与几个细根功能参数均呈负相关;随着土层深度增加,细根总生长量明显减少,但细根资源利用效率和策略不变;5个细根功能性状的垂直分布格局差异明显,且受树种特性影响显著,细根分支构型对其垂直分布及资源获取策略具有显著影响。     

Effects of the growth retardant paclobutrazol on large-scale micropropagation of daylily (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hemerocallis</Emphasis> spp.)

Summary Meristematic clusters were induced from daylily scape explants (pedicel-scape junction) in the presence of the growth retardant Paclobutrazol on semisolid agar medium. Liquid shake culture was used to proliferate meristematic clusters. Highly efficient regeneration of adventitious shoots occurred on clusters after subculture on a 0.8% agar strength semisolid medium with the addition of activated charcoal. Paclobutrazol and sucrose levels in the media were found to significantly affect starch accumulation, growth value, and dry weight percentage of liquid-cultured meristematic clusters. The use of liquid shake cultures for mass proliferation of meristematic clusters followed by regeneration of adventitious shoots on semisolid agar culture could be an efficient system for large-scale micropropagation of daylily.