桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择适应性

植食性昆虫对寄主植物的选择适应性是研究昆虫和植物协同进化关系的核心内容之一。评估寄主植物对植食性昆虫种群的适合度,需要综合分析昆虫对寄主的产卵选择性和寄主对昆虫的取食适合性。以桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇为研究对象,分别测定了这两种实蝇对6种寄主果实:番石榴、香蕉、杨桃、木瓜、甜橙、番茄的产卵选择性以及幼虫取食后对其生长发育的影响。寄主产卵选择性实验分别采用完整寄主果实直接供试产卵和块状寄主果实气味引诱产卵两种处理方式;在生长发育适应性实验中,以幼虫和蛹的存活和生长发育等相关参数作为评价指标。实验结果表明,寄主的供试方式不同,两种实蝇的选择性均有明显差异;对寄主气味选择性强的寄主更适合于两种实蝇后代的生长发育。两种实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择性和后代发育适合性两者相关性不显著,与许多文献报道单一地采用发育适合性(如发育历期、存活率或蛹重等)作为评价寄主选择性的结果不一致。两种实蝇之间对6种寄主果实的产卵选择和幼虫取食适合性既具相似性也具差异性,表明这两种实蝇在寄主生态位上既有重叠性又有分化性。     

木瓜实蝇对七种寄主果实的选择性

木瓜实蝇属于我国进境检疫性害虫。为明确该虫对不同寄主果实的选择性,以评价其危害风险,本研究选择橙子、苹果、番石榴、杨桃、木瓜、西红柿、辣椒7种果实作为供试寄主,在室内选择性条件下比较了木瓜实蝇在不同寄主上的产卵量和幼虫发育的适合性。结果表明,以寄主气味诱导产卵器采卵时,雌虫在番石榴、橙子上产卵量明显高于其它所有供试寄主;以果实直接诱导产卵时,则以番石榴饲养出的幼虫数最多,而在橙子、西红柿上的幼虫数为0。在非选择性条件下将幼虫接入果实供试,表明木瓜实蝇幼虫在不同供试寄主上的存活率(化蛹率)均较高,最高为木瓜和杨桃,分别为92.0%和91.3%,最低为苹果,达到66.0%。不同供试果实对木瓜实蝇幼虫的发育历期、存活率(化蛹率)和蛹重有显著影响,但各适合性指标在不同寄主间的变化趋势不一致。上述结果表明,寄主气味及果皮特征对成虫的产卵选择性具有明显的影响,以产卵选择性和幼虫发育为综合指标,认为木瓜实蝇对番石榴的选择性最高。     

6种寄主果实对南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇产卵选择及其子代发育的影响

为探讨南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主的产卵选择性及其与子代生长发育的关联度,采用生态测定方法,研究2种实蝇对南瓜、黄瓜、姜柄瓜、西葫芦、丝瓜和苦瓜6种寄主果实的产卵选择以及幼虫取食6种寄主后对其生长发育的影响。在产卵选择性试验中,2种实蝇对6种寄主的产卵选择性较为一致,均偏向于在丝瓜和黄瓜上产卵。在非产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在黄瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在丝瓜和姜柄瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对姜柄瓜有一定的偏好。在气味诱导的产卵选择性试验中,南瓜实蝇在姜柄瓜和黄瓜上的产卵量较多;瓜实蝇在黄瓜和丝瓜上的产卵量较多;2种实蝇都对黄瓜气味有一定的偏好;且南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇都不偏好在苦瓜上产卵。南瓜实蝇分别取食黄瓜、苦瓜时,其幼虫期、蛹期较短;取食姜柄瓜时,蛹重最大;分别取食南瓜和黄瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。瓜实蝇取食西葫芦时,幼虫期较短;取食丝瓜时,蛹期较短,且蛹重最大;分别取食黄瓜和南瓜时的化蛹率、羽化率最高。南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵选择性均存在明显差异,寄主外部物理性状对实蝇的产卵选择有显著影响,2种实蝇对6种寄主果实产卵选择性和幼虫生长发育适应性的相关性不显著。     

橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇卵及蛹的种间竞争

【背景】实蝇的竞争可能发生在生活史的各个阶段,但未见卵和蛹的种间竞争的相关报道。【方法】将橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵及蛹按照相应的比例或龄期分别进行混合培养,分析2种实蝇的卵或蛹混合后的发育历期和存活率是否受到彼此影响。【结果】橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵同龄等量混合,对彼此卵的历期和孵化率无影响。当橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的蛹为新鲜蛹时,分别与比它们蛹龄大1 d的对方蛹混合,蛹的羽化率分别为(87.67±3.61)%和(84.33±2.56)%,显著小于对照,说明在此混合蛹处理中,后化蛹者的发育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。【结论与意义】总体上,在卵和蛹期,橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇未产生竞争作用;但不排除蛹期竞争的可能性,这种竞争可能存在于特定的蛹期。     

不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇对寄主气味的行为反应

【目的】探究番石榴果实气味对番石榴实蝇Bactroceracorrecta行为的影响,为番石榴实蝇的化学生态防治提供理论依据。【方法】利用风洞观察箱观察性未成熟、性成熟未交配和交配3种不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌、雄成虫对单个番石榴果实气味的定向反应,对不同生理状态的雌、雄虫的飞行速度进行了分析。【结果】番石榴果实气味对不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫均能产生显著的引诱效果,交配雌虫降落到气味源的数量最多,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫降落数最少。不同生理状态下的番石榴实蝇雌雄成虫逆风飞行的速度均显著高于空白对照,性成熟的番石榴实蝇雌成虫的逆风飞行速度均高于雄成虫。【结论】不同生理状态的番石榴实蝇雌雄虫对寄主番石榴气味具有不同的敏感性和选择性,已交配雌虫反应最强,其次是性成熟未交配的雄虫,性未成熟的雄虫的反应最弱。     

泽兰实蝇雌成虫的寄主选择行为

【背景】泽兰实蝇是紫茎泽兰的专性寄生天敌,已成为控制紫茎泽兰的重要因子。泽兰实蝇的寄主选择力对其控制紫茎泽兰至关重要,但相关报道还很少。【方法】采用\"Y\"形嗅觉仪在实验室内测定泽兰实蝇雌成虫对寄主植物——紫茎泽兰及其他植物的选择行为,以及紫茎泽兰受重金属胁迫后泽兰实蝇对其选择的变化。【结果】不同日龄的泽兰实蝇雌成虫对紫茎泽兰的选择性不具有显著差异;交配与否对雌成虫的寄主选择没有显著影响;雌成虫对紫茎泽兰的选择显著高于黄蒿、水葫芦和蓝花鼠尾草等非寄主植物;雌成虫对花期及机械损伤的紫茎泽兰选择更显著;紫茎泽兰经重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)单一及复合处理后,泽兰实蝇雌成虫对其选择性显著降低。【结论与意义】泽兰实蝇雌成虫的寄主选择性随植物种类、寄主植物(紫茎泽兰)的生育期、健康状况及重金属胁迫而变化,这有助于更好地利用泽兰实蝇控制紫茎泽兰。     

橘小实蝇对不同硬度番石榴果实的产卵选择

为了弄清番石榴果实的最佳套袋时间,室内试验研究番石榴果实硬度对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)产卵选择性的影响。结果表明,果实的硬度越小,对橘小实蝇雌虫的引诱作用越强,并且不同硬度范围的果实引诱的产卵量存在显著性差异。当番石榴果实硬度>11kg.cm-2时,橘小实蝇不会在其上面产卵,此时是最佳的果实套袋时期。     

橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇卵的提取物对两种实蝇行为的影响及化学成分分析

[目的]探究橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis和番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta卵提取物对2种实蝇雌虫行为的影响,以及2种实蝇卵表面化合物的差异,为2种实蝇的化学生态防治提供理论依据.[方法]利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了橘小实蝇交配雌虫和番石榴实蝇交配雌虫对卵表提取物的行为反应,并利用EthoVision XT软件分析雌虫在Y管内的运动轨迹;利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定分析橘小实蝇卵和番石榴实蝇卵的化合物成分,并利用标准曲线法测定了各组分的含量.[结果]橘小实蝇卵提取物对橘小实蝇交配雌虫具有显著引诱作用(x2=9.383,P=-0.002),对番石榴实蝇交配雌虫具有显著驱避作用(x2=6.737,P=0.009),番石榴实蝇卵提取物对番石榴实蝇交配雌虫(x2=4.235,P=0.040)和橘小实蝇交配雌虫都具有引诱作用(x2=5.818,P=0.016).从橘小实蝇卵表提取物中共鉴定出11种化合物,分别是茴香脑、十五烷、十二烷酸、十二酸乙酯、(Z)-11-十四碳烯酸、十四烷酸、十四酸乙酯、(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、十六烷酸、十八碳烯酸、(Z)-9-十八碳烯酸乙酯.从番石榴实蝇卵表提取物中仅鉴定出7种化合物,而且这7种化合物在橘小实蝇的卵提取物中都存在.仅存在于橘小实蝇卵表的4种化合物是茴香脑、十二烷酸、十二酸乙酯、(Z)-11-十四碳烯酸.在2种实蝇卵提取物的相同成分中,十四烷酸、(E)-9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、十六烷酸在橘小实蝇卵表的含量显著高于番石榴实蝇.[结论]番石榴实蝇具有通过卵表化合物识别同种卵和异种卵的能力,2种实蝇的卵表化合物具有明显的差异.     

桔小实蝇、木瓜实蝇和番石榴实蝇耐热性的热动力学分析

果实蝇属是重要的检疫性有害生物之一, 其中桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)、 木瓜实蝇B. papayae Drew & Hancock和番石榴实蝇B. correcta (Bezzi)近几年在口岸检出率居高。本研究利用热水浸泡处理法比较这3种实蝇的卵、 1龄幼虫和3龄幼虫在44~47℃下的耐热性, 利用热动力学模型和活化能比较每种实蝇的耐热虫态以确定耐热种。结果表明： 在测定温度范围内, 3种实蝇卵、 1龄幼虫和3龄幼虫的死亡率都与处理时间呈正相关。热动力学系数取0.5时, 最适合热动力学模型预测3种实蝇在各实验温度LT_99.9968的致死时间。3种实蝇在44~47℃耐热性均为： 卵>1龄幼虫>3龄幼虫。番石榴实蝇在3种实蝇中最耐热。本研究结果为实蝇热处理指标的制定提供了实验依据。     

桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇幼虫的种间竞争研究

本文研究了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)与番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta （Bezzi）幼虫在实验室2种环境温度,4种寄主及5个虫口数量比例条件下的种间竞争现象。结果显示,在温度26℃以桃和香蕉为寄主条件下,桔小实蝇存活率高于番石榴实蝇;以芒果为寄主情况下两者存活率差异不显著;以番石榴作为寄主,虫口数量较大的一方具有竞争优势。在温度33℃条件下,就所测试的各种寄主,番石榴实蝇均具有竞争优势。分析发现,温度是影响番石榴实蝇幼虫存活率的关键环境因素;虫口比例对于桔小实蝇的存活率有重要影响;在不同的寄主中,桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的存活率也表现出较大的变化,寄主种类与温度及虫量形成综合效应,决定了桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇竞争的最终结局。     

番石榴果实蝇与桃实蝇的形态区别

介绍我国口岸截获频率较高的2种形态相似的实蝇---番石榴果实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) correcta(Bezzi) 和桃实蝇Bactrocera zonata Saunders的鉴别特征。两者主要区别在于桃实蝇具1对卵圆形黑色颜斑,中胸背板红褐色。     

植物果实、颜色和形状对橘小实蝇产卵选择的影响

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是近几年入侵江苏南部地区,严重危害当地水果、蔬菜的重要害虫。为深入了解其在该地区果树、蔬菜上的产卵特性,进行植物果实、颜色和形状对其产卵选择影响的研究。实验室中"纸杯法"的产卵选择试验结果表明,橘小实蝇对不同水果的产卵偏好性由高到低依次为:柑橘、香蕉、芒果、枣、石榴、苹果、桃子、梨、李、葡萄、柿;对不同蔬菜的产卵偏好性由高到低依次为:丝瓜、豇豆、苦瓜、黄瓜、茄子、南瓜、青椒、番茄。对不同寄主颜色和形状的产卵选择特点为,雌虫常选择桔黄色、绿色,以及圆球形的寄主产卵,而较少选择黑色、方形的寄主产卵。从试验结果可以看出,寄主果实散发出的气味,及其颜色和形状对橘小实蝇的产卵选择有影响。     

柑橘大实蝇的产卵特性

通过田间调查,明确柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)的产卵特性和在3种寄主植物上产卵的时间动态。柑橘大实蝇对杂柑为害率最高,3个寄主品种均以中层北面果实受害严重。柑橘大实蝇最喜在直径为(3.3±0.2)cm的果实上产卵。     

自然变温条件下番石榴实蝇发育历期、起点温度和有效积温

在室内自然变温条件下研究了番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta(Bezzi)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,除雌虫产卵前期表现出26℃最短、随着温度升高或者降低均延长的规律外,卵、幼虫和蛹发育历期随着温度升高总体呈现变短的趋势。该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、雌虫产卵前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为15.25、9.24、10.35、20.14℃和21.24、91.06、180.85、135.66日·度,建立了各虫态发育速率与温度关系模型。     

橘大实蝇对三种寄主植物的偏好比较

比较取食3种不同寄主植物脐橙、杂柑、蜜橘对橘大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)minax(Enderlein)的蛹特征、卵量及为害率的影响,研究橘大实蝇对寄主植物的选择性。结果表明,取食蜜橘的橘大实蝇其蛹长及蛹宽显著大于取食脐橙的;取食杂柑的与取食脐橙的无显著差异。三者之间蛹重差异显著。取食蜜橘的雌成虫卵量显著大于取食脐橙的,取食杂柑的雌成虫卵量与取食脐橙的其无显著差异。对寄主植物的为害率顺序为:脐橙>杂柑>蜜橘。     

Influence of fruit traits on oviposition preference and offspring performance of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on three tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) cultivars

Abstract  In Queensland, three tomato ( Lycopersicon lycopersicum ) cultivars, Grosse Lisse, Roma and Cherry, are infested by Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). In this study, we examined if there was a correlation between oviposition preference and offspring performance of B. tryoni among the three tomato cultivars. We also investigated host plant traits that may explain any variation in preference and performance. Choice and no-choice experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions. A positive correlation between oviposition preference and offspring performance of B. tryoni was observed in the three tomato cultivars. Grosse Lisse and Roma cultivars were highly preferred by B. tryoni over Cherry cultivar. Performance (measured as proportion of eggs developing to the pupal stage) was significantly higher in Grosse Lisse and Roma cultivars than in Cherry cultivar. The pericarp toughness of Cherry cultivar appears responsible for its low rate of infestation, while the presence of 2-butanol and 1,4-butanediamine in Roma and Grosse Lisse, respectively, may partly be responsible for the high oviposition preference shown by B. tryoni towards these cultivars.     

Population level correlation between pre-alighting and post-alighting host plant preference in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

1. In many populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia, ovipositing females exhibit a post‐alighting preference for one of the potential host plant species available. The work reported here aimed to establish whether females with different post‐alighting preferences can discriminate between their host plant species prior to alighting, and whether pre‐alighting and post‐alighting preferences are correlated at the population level. 2. Alighting and oviposition events were recorded for groups of females from six populations in greenhouse and field experiments. 3. Landing frequencies did not change with experience, indicating that M. cinxia females did not learn from previous encounters with host plants. 4. Females from populations exhibiting post‐alighting preference searched efficiently for their host plants in the sense that they landed mainly on the species on which they oviposited predominantly. Pre‐alighting and post‐alighting preferences were correlated at the population level. 5. The correlation between pre‐alighting and post‐alighting preferences helps to explain why in nature, where the host plants often occur in distinct patches, females are more likely to colonise habitat patches in which their preferred host plant is abundant.     

The influence of host plant variation and intraspecific competition on oviposition preference and offspring performance in the host races of Eurosta solidaginis

1. A series of experiments was conducted to measure the impact of plant genotype, plant growth rate, and intraspecific competition on the oviposition preference and offspring performance of the host races of Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly that forms galls on Solidago altissima and Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae). Previous research has shown that both host races prefer to oviposit on their own host plant where survival is much higher than on the alternate host plant. In this study, neither host race showed any relationship between oviposition preference and offspring performance in choosing among plants of their natal host species. 2. The larval survival of both host races differed among plant genotypes when each host race oviposited on its natal host species. In one experiment, altissima host race females showed a preference among plant genotypes that was not correlated with offspring performance on those genotypes. In all other experiments, neither the altissima nor gigantea host race demonstrated a preference for specific host plant genotypes. 3. Eurosta solidaginis had a preference for ovipositing on rapidly growing ramets in all experiments, however larval survival was not correlated with ramet growth rate at the time of oviposition. 4. Eurosta solidaginis suffered high mortality from intraspecific competition in the early larval stage. There was little evidence, however, that females avoided ovipositing on ramets that had been attacked previously. This led to an aggregated distribution of eggs among ramets and strong intraspecific competition. 5. There was no interaction among plant genotype, plant growth rate, or intraspecific competition in determining oviposition preference or offspring performance.     

南亚果实蝇对六种果实的趋性和产卵选择性

南亚果实蝇Bactroceratau(Walker)是危害黄瓜、南瓜、冬瓜、丝瓜和苦瓜等果蔬作物的一种重要检疫性害虫。趋性反应和产卵选择性实验结果表明,该虫对不同的果实切片具有不同的趋性和产卵选择性。在黄瓜、南瓜和丝瓜上,成虫的落虫数量分别占落虫总量的23.68%,19.94%和21.18%,产卵量分别占产卵总量的21.57%,18.93%和22.74%,均高于其它3种果实冬瓜、苦瓜和柑橘上落虫数和产卵量。幼虫在黄瓜、南瓜和丝瓜上取食的数量亦较高,分别占幼虫总量的23.33%,31.44%和21.67%;而在柑橘上仅占幼虫总量的2.22%。成虫和幼虫均对受害与未受害果实的趋性和选择性表现出一定的差异,总体上在受害果实上的虫口数量较多,而在未受害果实上的数量较少。因此,在这6种寄主植物中,南亚果实蝇喜好在黄瓜、南瓜和丝瓜以及受害的果实上获得补充营养或产卵。     

Effect of insectary rearing on host preference and oviposition behavior of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been produced in the laboratory for >160 generations on the larvae of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), the propagation hosts raised routinely on a semi-synthetic wheat diet formulation. Choice tests using modified stinging units were conducted in the laboratory to investigate whether insectary rearing had altered the host seeking and oviposition behavior of female parasitoids. Results showed that fruit fly larvae that developed in papaya, Carica papaya L. var. solo, were less preferred for oviposition than fruit fly larvae that developed on wheat diet when both were exposed concurrently to naive D. longicaudata females (= females without prior oviposition experience). The substrates (pureed papaya or wheat diet) in which treatment larvae were exposed to parasitoids did not affect oviposition preference of gravid D. longicaudata for wheat diet-reared fruit fly larvae. Our study demonstrated the possibility that rearing in an insectary system may have modified the parasitization behavior of female D. longicaudata.