牡丹PsCS基因的克隆及序列分析

以牡丹品种‘赵粉’(Paeonia suffruticosa L.cv.‘Zhao Fen’)为试材,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从雄蕊中获得了一个牡丹柠檬酸合成醇(citrate synthase,CS)基因cDNA全长,命名为PsCS,GenBank登录号为HQ449568.其cDNA全长1 564 bp,包含75 bp的5’非编码区、73 bp的3 '非编码区和一个长度为1 416 bp编码471个氨基酸的开放阅读框.序列比对和系统进化分析表明,PsCS与葡萄的亲缘关系最近,相似性达89.4％以上.     

棉蚜2个乙酰胆碱酯酶cDNA片段的基因克隆与序列分析

采用RT－PCR技术,利用简并引物从棉蚜（Aphis gossypii Glover)中克隆出2个乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的cDNA片段,Ag,ace 1l和Ag.ace2.Ag.ace1基因的cDNA片段为282bp,编码94个氨基酸;Ag.ace2基因的cDNA片段为264bp,编码88个氨基酸。扩增获得的2个乙酰胆碱酯酶基因cDNA片段所编码的氨基酸序列均与其他昆虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶基因有很高的同源性。首次从一种昆虫中克隆出2个乙酰胆碱酯酶基因片段,为同一种昆虫中存在多个乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的假设提供了直接的分子生物学证据。     

柿果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因克隆与序列分析

以'富平尖柿'(Diospyros kaki L.cv.Fuping Jianshi)为材料,采用RACE方法,首次获得了柿果实多聚半乳糖醛酶(PG)基因的3个全长cDNA(登录号为EU816197、EU816198、EU816199),分别命名为DKPG1、DKPG2、DKPG3.DKPG1全长1 616 bp,DKPG2全长1 654 bp,DKPG3全长1 545 bp.3个基因均含有一个1 326 bp的开放阅读框,共编码441个氨基酸.通过Blast比对发现该基因核苷酸序列与其他植物已报道的PG基因具有74%～78%的相似性;其氨基酸序列与其他植物的相似性为60%～73%.对GenBank同源性搜索获得的其他植物PG基因氨基酸序列进行系统进化分析,发现其与葡萄、猕猴桃、桃的亲缘关系近,与大豆亲缘关系较远.     

昆虫钠离子通道的研究进展

昆虫只有一个或两个电压门控钠离子通道α亚基基因,但两种转录后修饰(选择性剪切和RNA编辑)实现了昆虫钠离子通道的功能多样性。昆虫β辅助亚基TipE和TEH1-4在钠离子通道表达和调控中也起着重要作用。电压门控钠离子通道在动作电位的产生和传递中至关重要,是多种天然和人工合成神经毒素及杀虫剂的作用靶标,包括广泛使用的拟除虫菊酯类、茚虫威和氰氟虫腙等杀虫剂。其中,拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂通过调控昆虫钠离子通道的失活和去激活,延长跨膜钠离子流的时间,引起神经兴奋性传导障碍;茚虫威和氰氟虫腙阻断昆虫中枢和外周神经系统神经元的动作电位传导,这些神经毒剂都能干扰昆虫钠离子通道的正常功能。昆虫钠离子通道一般存在两个拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂结合位点,但不同物种钠离子通道与拟除虫菊酯的结合位点存在一定差异。据此,本文就昆虫钠离子通道及其与杀虫剂的相互作用加以综述,有望推动昆虫神经受体研究,且对鉴定昆虫抗药性相关突变位点和研发高效的杀虫剂均具有重要参考价值。     

水葫芦胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶EcGS1全长cDNA的克隆及序列分析

以水葫芦根部总RNA逆转录得到的cDNA为模板,参照其他植物的胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS1)氨基酸保守序列设计简并引物,进行PCR扩增,以得到的产物为基础,采用RACE技术获得水葫芦胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶EcGS1全长cDNA。全长为1 434 bp,开放阅读框为1 071 bp,编码356个氨基酸,分子量为39.3 kD,等电点pI为5.52。序列相似性分析显示,该序列与其他植物的GS1氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性。通过亚细胞定位预测,确定EcGS1为胞质型谷氨酰胺合成酶。     

羊草OEE1基因的克隆及盐胁迫下的表达

从羊草(Leymus chinensis )叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到可能编码33 kD的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)外周蛋白(oxygen-evolving enhancer protein1,OEE1)全长cDNA(GenBank登录号为EF583851),命名为LcOEE1.序列分析结果表明,该cDNA全长1 107 bp,5′非编码区为32 bp,3′非编码区为71 bp,编码区长987 bp,编码328个氨基酸.BALSTp比对发现,该基因氨基酸序列与已报道的小麦和水稻中的OEE1序列具有95%和94%的相似性.聚类分析表明,该基因与小麦和水稻的亲缘关系较近,与拟南芥和菠菜OEE1基因的亲缘关系较远.Northern杂交结果表明,在200 mmol/L的NaCl处理7 d的幼叶中,OEE1 mRNA的表达量明显高于未处理的对照,说明羊草中OEEl基因受盐诱导.     

马哈利樱桃PGIP cDNA克隆序列分析

以马哈利樱桃（Prunus mahaleb L.）为材料,通过RT－PCR获得了1045bp的目的段,经克隆测序,证实该片段包含1个完整的开放阅读框架,该阅读框架由990碱基组成,编码330个氨基酸。该序列与杏、梨、苹果的PGIP cDNA序列同源性分别达97.2%、83.4%和83.6%,可能编码的氨基酸与杏、梨、苹果的PGIP cDNA所编码的氨基酸的同源性分别达到96.7%、85.2%和85.2%。与已经克隆的PGIP DNA序列的对比分析表明,PGIP DNA序列中包含2个外显子和1个内含子,内含子全长147 ,符合TG－AG规律,2个外显子长度分别为581bp、464bp。     

金花茶查尔酮合成酶基因全长克隆与序列分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,从我国珍稀植物金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)花瓣中获得了查尔酮合成酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)基因的cDNA全长,命名为Cn-CHS,GenBank登录号HQ269804.碱基序列分析表明,Cn-CHS全长1 454bp,包含77 bp的5'非翻译区、207 bp的3'非翻译区和一个长为1 170 bp编码389个氨基酸的开放阅读框.氨基酸序列分析显示该基因编码的蛋白具有CHS家族保守存在的所有功能活性位点和特征性多肽序列.氨基酸序列比对分析表明,CnCHS与蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、茄科等植物的CHS相似性都在92%以上;与山茶科山茶属物种山茶(C.japonica)CHS完全一致;与茶(C.sinensis)CHS相似性达99%,有5个氨基酸位点存在差异,其中包括一个功能性位点.     

牧草盲蝽CYP6A13和钠离子通道LPVSSC基因的克隆及参与高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性分析

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性主要是解毒酶活性的增强和钠离子通道的敏感度降低所致。本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得了牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis P450 CYP6A13基因（GenBank登录号：MN782520）及钠离子通道LPVSSC基因cDNA全长序列（GenBank登录号：MW821485）。其中CYP6A13基因全长2 003 bp,开放阅读框1 503 bp,编码500个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量为57.2 kDa,主要位于细胞内质网,等电点为5.77,无跨膜区和信号肽,存在血红素结合保守功能区。同源比对与系统进化分析表明,牧草盲蝽的CYP6A13与分类学关系上较为接近的昆虫同源蛋白间高度相似。钠离子通道序列LPVSSC开放阅读框6 072 bp,编码2 024个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子质量为228.94 kDa,等电点为4.99,无信号肽,有多个跨膜区域,4个同源结构域（I~IV）,每个结构域有6个跨膜片段（S1~S6）,存在MFM基序。基因表达谱结果表明：CYP6A13在牧草盲蝽成虫头部的表达量高于胸、腹部;室内筛选的高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性R14、R6品系的CYP6A13表达量是敏感品系的18.74和5.45倍;CYP6A13表达量在雌、雄成虫之间无显著差异;不同发育期基因表达量为：初羽化成虫>5龄若虫>4龄若虫>3龄若虫>2龄若虫>1龄若虫。测序比对高效氯氟氰菊酯抗性与敏感品系的钠离子通道序列IIS4~IIS6区域,未发现存在可能导致靶标抗性的氨基酸突变。结果表明CYP6A13基因过表达可能导致了牧草盲蝽对高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗药性,为深入解析CYP6A13基因介导抗药性的功能研究奠定基础。     

毛木耳漆酶基因的克隆、序列分析及其鉴定

本文利用PCR和RACE技术首次从毛木耳AP4菌株中获得编码漆酶基因的cDNA及其基因组全长序列,基因组大小为2514 bp.通过比较该漆酶基因的cDNA和基因组DNA的全长序列,发现该基因包含14个外显子和13个内含子.cDNA序列的全长为1972 bp,其包含一个完整的ORE长度为1860 bp,编码619氨基酸,推测的分子量大小为68 kD,等电点pI为5.15.在氨基酸序列的氨基末端存在一个信号肽序列,同时该基因还包括含铜氧化酶的三个功能结构域KOG1263、SufI和pfam00394.氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的真菌漆酶蛋白序列比对表明:该氨基酸序列与其它真菌漆酶蛋白序列有较高的同源性,氨基酸序列相同性最高达41%,相似性为58%,并且含有真菌漆酶的四个保守的Cu-bind结构域.将获得的漆酶基因lacl与毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pYH3660,将其转化到毕赤酵母中,经甲醇诱导该基因在第10天产酶高达123 IU/L,并通过Native SDS-PAGE电泳获得预期大小的漆酶蛋白条带.结构分析和功能验证均表明:本研究获得的基因lacl为漆酶基因.     

Dosage Effects of a Drosophila Sodium Channel Gene on Behavior and Axonal Excitability

The effects of para mutations on behavior and axonal excitability in Drosophila suggested that para specifically affects sodium channels. This hypothesis was confirmed by molecular analysis of the para locus, which demonstrates that the encoded para product is a sodium channel polypeptide. Here we characterize the effects of altered para+ dosage on behavior and axonal excitability, both in an otherwise wild-type background and in combination with two other mutations: napts, which also affects sodium channels, and ShKS133, which specifically affects potassium channels. Whereas it was previously shown that decreased dosage of para+ is unconditionally lethal in a napts background, we find that increased dosage of para+ suppresses napts. Similarly, we find that para hypomorphs or decreased dosage of para+ suppresses ShKS133, whereas increased dosage of para+ enhances ShKS133). The electrophysiological basis for these effects is investigated. Other genes in Drosophila that have sequence homology to sodium channels do not show such dosage effects, which suggests that the para+ product has a function distinct from that of other putative Drosophila sodium channel genes. We conclude that the number of sodium channels present in at least some Drosophila neurons can be affected by changes in para+ gene dosage, and that the level of para+ expression can strongly influence neuronal excitability.     

Molecular characterization of an arachnid sodium channel gene from the varroa mite (Varroa destructor)

Voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in most excitable cells. They are the target sites of several classes of insecticides and acaricides. Isolation of full-length sodium channel cDNA is a critical and often difficult step toward an understanding of insecticide and acaricide resistance. We previously cloned and sequenced two overlapping cDNA clones covering segment 3 of domain II (IIS3) to segment 6 of domain IV (IVS6) of an arachnid sodium channel gene (named VmNa) from the varroa mite (Varroa destructor) (J. Apicultureal Res. 40 (2002) 5.). In this study, we isolated three more overlapping cDNA clones and revealed the entire coding region of VmNa (Genbank accession number: AY259834), thus providing the first complete cDNA sequence of an arachnid sodium channel gene. The composite VmNa cDNA contains 6645 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 2215 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of VmNa shares a 51% overall identity with Drosophila Para and a 41% identity with the mammalian sodium channel alpha-subunit Na(v)1.2. All hallmarks of sodium channel proteins are conserved in the VmNa protein. Three optional exons and one retained intron were identified in VmNa. The precise position and size of only one exon is conserved in three insect sodium channel genes and mammalian Na(v)1.6 genes in human, mouse and fish, whereas the other three are novel. Interestingly, one of the novel exons is located in the C-terminus, where no alternative exons have been identified in any other sodium channel gene.     

Mutation of the Axonal Transport Motor Kinesin Enhances Paralytic and Suppresses Shaker in Drosophila

To investigate the possibility that kinesin transports vesicles bearing proteins essential for ion channel activity, the effects of kinesin (Khc) and ion channel mutations were compared in Drosophila using established tests. Our results show that Khc mutations produce defects and genetic interactions characteristic of paralytic (para) and maleless (mle) mutations that cause reduced expression or function of the alpha-subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels. Like para and mle mutations, Khc mutations cause temperature-sensitive (TS) paralysis. When combined with para or mle mutations, Khc mutations cause synthetic lethality and a synergistic enhancement of TS-paralysis. Furthermore, Khc mutations suppress Shaker and ether-a-go-go mutations that disrupt potassium channel activity. In light of previous physiological tests that show that Khc mutations inhibit compound action potential propagation in segmental nerves, these data indicate that kinesin activity is required for normal inward sodium currents during neuronal action potentials. Tests for phenotypic similarities and genetic interactions between kinesin and sodium/potassium ATPase mutations suggest that impaired kinesin function does not affect the driving force on sodium ions. We hypothesize that a loss of kinesin function inhibits the anterograde axonal transport of vesicles bearing sodium channels.     

Molecular characterization of a sodium channel gene from the Silkworm Bombyx mori

The voltage-gated sodium channel mediates the rapid rising phase of action potentials in almost all excitable cells and is a molecular target of a variety of neurotoxins including pyrethroid insecticides. Most studies have focused on the expression of sodium channel genes in the adult stage, information on other developmental stages, however, is limited. In this study, we characterized the para sodium channel orthologous gene (BmNa(v)) of the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model insect of Lepidopteran species. The BmNa(v) gene covers a 31 kb genome region and contains 36 exons. The longest ORF contained 6258 bp and encoded 2085 amino acid residues, which shares 74%, and 77% overall amino acid sequence identities with the sodium channel proteins from Drosophila melanogaster and Blattella germanica, respectively. Using high-throughput Solexa sequence technology we conducted sequence analysis of BmNa(v) cDNAs from embryos, larvae, pupae and adults of the silkworm, identified alternative splicing sites and determined the frequencies of these splicing events in four developmental stages. Three optional exons, two sets of mutually exclusive exons, and one internal spliced exon were identified. One optional exon is unique to BmNa(v), while the others are conserved in other insect sodium channel genes. Interestingly, the expression of the mutually exclusive exons is developmentally regulated.     

napts, a mutation affecting sodium channel activity in Drosophila, is an allele of mle, a regulator of X chromosome transcription.

napts is a recessive mutation that affects the level of sodium channel activity and, at high temperature, causes paralysis associated with a loss of action potentials. We show, by genetic complementation tests, germline transformation, and analysis of mutations, that napts is a gain-of-function mutation of mle, a gene required for X chromosome dosage compensation and male viability. Molecular analyses of nap and mle mutations indicate that mle+, nap+, and napts activities are encoded by the same open reading frame and suggest that napts is due to a single amino acid substitution. Although napts is known to act via para+, an X-linked sodium channel structural gene, its effect is not due to a simple defect in para+ dosage compensation.     

PCR-generated conspecific sodium channel gene probe for the house fly.

A segment of the house fly (Musca domestica) homologue of the para (paralytic) sodium channel gene of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated by using mixed sequence oligonucleotide primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The specificity of the procedure was demonstrated by genomic Southern analysis using the housefly PCR amplification product as a probe and by DNA sequence analysis. The latter showed structural homology to the para gene, but not to the corresponding region of DSC1, another D. melanogaster gene with structural similarity to vertebrate sodium channel genes.