不同耕作方式对内蒙古旱作农田土壤性状及作物产量的影响

2005—2008年在内蒙古清水河县进行了定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式下土壤微生物量及土壤营养指标、作物产量的年际变化。结果表明:免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤微生物量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作;免耕有利于提高土壤有机质和土壤养分含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤有机质和养分含量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作,实施免耕的前3年,玉米产量不稳定,甚至造成玉米减产,第4年免耕增产效应有所显现;不同保护性方式下土壤指标与玉米产量之间的相关度较好,通径分析得知土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷及微生物量碳对玉米产量起直接作用,其中尤以土壤微生物量碳的作用最大;免耕有利于改善内蒙古农田旱作区的土壤生态环境,提高土壤肥力。     

不同施氮处理玉米根茬在土壤中矿化分解特性

以黄土高原南部地区7a定位试验不同氮肥处理玉米根茬为研究对象,通过室内培养试验研究了施氮量分别为0、120和240 kg N/hm2处理玉米根茬(分别用R0、R120、R240表示)在15-20 cm和45-50 cm土层土壤中有机碳矿化及其对土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和矿质态氮含量的影响.结果表明,不同处理玉米根茬C/N为R0＞R240 ＞R120.培养条件下,R120和R240根茬的碳矿化速率高于R0根茬,R120与R240根茬之间差异不显著.不同处理根茬C/N与其培养过程中碳素累积表观矿化量呈极显著负相关关系.3种施氮量处理的玉米根茬在培养过程中有机碳矿化率、潜在碳矿化量、土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳含量均为添加R120根茬的处理最高,R240次之,R0最低.添加R120和R240根茬显著提高了培养起始时土壤矿质态氮含量.R0、R120和R240根茬在15-20 cm土层土壤中的碳矿化率分别比其在45-50 cm土层土壤中高51.70％、26.41％和27.84％.在评价根茬还田对农田生态系统碳、氮等养分循环的作用时,应同时考虑施肥对根茬分解和转化的影响.     

玉米生长期间土壤微生物量与土壤酶变化及其相关性研究

研究了玉米生长期间土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性变化及其相关性．结果表明，玉米生长前期和中期，土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性迅速上升，并逐渐达到最大值；玉米生长后期，土壤微生物量碳、氮、酶活性下降至某一值后并逐渐趋于平稳．几种处理相比较，以秸秆＋尿素处理的土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性为最大．除玉米生长后期，土壤微生物量碳、氮与碱解氮、活性腐殖质、土壤ｐＨ不相关外，土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性及速效养分在玉米生长期间均相关或极相关     

不同土地管理方式对黑土土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的影响

在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验区，对比研究了黑土自然恢复、休闲裸地和种植作物3种管理方式对0～10、20～30和40～50cm深度土壤的微生物量碳和脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性的影响．结果表明：0～10cm表层土壤的微生物量碳和土壤酶活性均表现为自然恢复〉种植作物〉休闲裸地处理，而20～30cm和40～50cm深度土壤的微生物量碳和土壤酶活性虽也存在差异，但不如表层土壤变化显著．自然恢复和种植作物处理的土壤微生物量碳和土壤酶活性均随土层深度增加而降低，而休闲裸地处理的土壤微生物量碳和脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性却以20～30cm土层为高．相关分析表明，土壤全碳和全氮、土壤全碳和微生物量碳、土壤微生物量碳和4种土壤酶活性之间都存在极显著的正相关关系．土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳两项指标表明在自然恢复条件下黑土土壤质量较好．     

长期施肥对玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同养分管理对玉米生育期塿土微生物量碳、氮和酶活性动态变化的影响。试验包括6个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、NPK+秸秆(SNPK)以及有机肥+NPK(MNPK)。结果表明玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮变化显著。不同施肥管理下土壤微生物量碳、氮的高低显著性分别为MNPK>SNPK、NP、NPK>N、CK。玉米生育期内土壤酶活性也变化显著,蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶在玉米抽雄期达到活性高峰,而磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰。不同施肥管理对土壤酶活性的影响总体表现为MNPK处理最高,其次为SNPK处理,再次为NPK和NP处理,N和CK处理最低。不同施肥处理间土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷水平密切相关。塿土长期施用氮磷或氮磷钾化肥可以提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性。一季作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比有提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性的趋势。在等氮量下,有机肥配合化肥与其他施肥模式相比,均显著提升土壤化学肥力因素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性。因此,塿土上建议进行有机无机肥配合以提高土壤肥力,保持土壤生物健康。     

不同耕作方式对内蒙古旱作农田土壤微生物量和作物指标的影响

研究了不同耕作方式下土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷及玉米全生育期叶面积指数、株高和干物质积累量的动态变化,并对土壤指标与作物指标之间的关系进行分析.结果表明:免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量.不同处理微生物量均表现为:免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕翻;土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量随土层深度的增加而呈降低趋势.除传统耕翻微生物量碳在10～20 cm土层深度含量提高外,其他处理微生物量碳、氮、磷均表现为0～10 cm>10～20 cm>20～30 cm>30～40cm土层深度;土壤生物量碳、氮、磷随季节的变化趋势基本一致,不同处理土壤生物量含量均为7月份含量最高、6月份次之、10月份最低;叶面积指数全生育期呈单峰曲线变化,株高和干物质积累呈S曲线变化.不同处理之间作物指标均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕翻;土壤微生物量与作物指标之间的相关度较高,特别是微生物量磷,土壤微生物量在一定程度上可以反映作物的生长状况.研究结果能够很好地揭示在黄河流域内蒙古农田旱作区实施免耕的优势.

Abstract：

This paper studied the dynamic changes of soil microbial biomass and crop indices on a degraded rain-fed maize field in the Qingshuihe County of Inner Mongolia under no tillage with low stubble (NL), no tillage with high stubble (NH), no tillage with low stubble and residues (NLS), no tillage with high stubble and residues (NHS), and conventional tillage (CT). No tillage increased the soil microbial biomass C, N, and P, with the sequence of treatments NHS > NLS > NH > NL > CT. Except that the soil microbial biomass C in CT had an increase in 10-20 cm soil layer, the soil microbial biomass C, N, and P in all treatments decreased with soil depth. The soil microbial biomass C, N, and P had the same seasonal pattern, being the highest in July, secondly in June, and the lowest in October. The LAI in whole growth period varied in unimodal form, while the plant height and dry matter accumulation were in "S" form. All the crop indices followed the order of NHS > NLS > NH > NL > CT. Soil microbial biomass, its P in particular, had positive correlations with crop indices. Our results revealed the advantages of no tillage on rain-fed farmlands in Inner Mongolia.     

免耕与留茬对土壤微生物量C、N及酶活性的影响

2005～2008年在内蒙古呼和浩特市清水河县进行定位试验,设免耕留低茬(NL)、免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)和传统耕翻(T)3种耕作处理方式.结果表明:(1)免耕留高茬覆盖及免耕留低茬长期实施,能显著提高表层土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,且免耕留高茬覆盖处理比传统耕翻分别提高了11%、41%、22%、15%、29%、27%、13%;在测定各个时期内,土壤各营养指标含量整体趋势为NHS＞NL＞T.(2)免耕留高茬覆盖及免耕留低茬耕作方式有利于提高土壤微生物量C、N含量,在各测定时期均以免耕留高茬覆盖处理的土壤微生物量C、N含量最高,传统耕翻最低.与传统耕翻相比,免耕留高茬覆盖处理土壤微生物量C、N含量分别平均提高了69%、43%;测定各个时期,不同处理土壤生物量C、N含量均以7月份含量最高、5月份次之、10月份最低.(3)免耕留高茬覆盖及免耕留低茬处理土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性高于传统耕翻,整个测定期内免耕留高茬覆盖处理4种酶平均活性,分别较传统耕翻增加了57%、82%、93%和25%;春季土壤酶活性开始增强,在7月份蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性达到最大值,而碱性磷酸酶的峰值出现在6月份.土壤微生物量C、N及土壤酶活性是评价土壤质量的重要因子.     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米秸秆降解的影响及其作用机制

为了比较菌根、菌丝、植物根系对玉米秸秆降解的影响,采用4室分根装置即土壤室(S)、根室(R)、菌根室(M)和菌丝室(H),分室间用400目尼龙网和有机板分隔,尼龙网袋包埋玉米秸秆于不同分室内,以玉米为宿主植物,接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌Glomus mosseae。试验分别在移栽后第20、30、40、50、60天时取样,通过测定接种AM真菌后玉米秸秆的碳、氮释放,土壤中3种常见酶活性、微生物量碳和氮及土壤呼吸的动态变化,探讨AM真菌降解玉米秸秆可能的作用机制。研究结果表明:经60 d的培养后,与未接种S室相比,接种AM真菌的M室和H室玉米秸秆降解量提高了27.72%和8.07%;另外,M室玉米秸秆碳素释放显著增加,而氮素的释放减少,致使碳氮比显著低于其他3室,较初始值降幅达8.72%,有利于秸秆进一步降解。在试验条件下,M室中土壤酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶活性较其他3室都有显著提高,并增加了微生物量碳、氮和土壤呼吸作用,形成了明显有别于根际的微生物区系。这一系列影响都反映出AM直接或间接作用于玉米秸秆的降解过程,是导致玉米秸秆降解加快的重要原因。     

麦茬处理方式对夏玉米（Zea mays L.）根际生物活性的影响

通过两年3点的大田试验,研究了不同麦茬处理方式(平茬、立茬、除茬)对夏玉米(Zea mays L.)根际生物活性的影响.结果表明:不同麦茬处理的夏玉米根际微生物数量、土壤蛋白酶和脲酶活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,且在吐丝期达到最大值,但在不同生育时期,不同处理间有所差异,趋势为平茬>立茬>除茬,且苗期差异较大,后期逐渐减小.麦茬处理方式对夏玉米田土壤碳通量的影响也表现出同样趋势.     

玉米幼苗根际土壤微生物活性对芘污染的响应

用根际袋法土培试验研究了玉米幼苗根际与非根际土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵、代谢熵和土壤酶活性对不同芘污染水平(50、200、800mg·kg-1,记为T1、T2、T3)的响应差异。结果表明,较低浓度芘可适当的刺激玉米幼苗的生长,而较高浓度芘则抑制幼苗生长,其抑制作用随芘处理浓度的提高而增强;芘对玉米根系的影响要大于对茎叶的影响。玉米幼苗能够明显促进土壤中芘的去除。根际和非根际土壤中芘的去除率分别为56.67%-76.18%和32.64%-70.44%,根际土壤中芘的平均去除率比非根际土壤高16.06%。同处理中根际土壤芘含量显著低于非根际土壤,随着芘处理浓度的提高其差异更加显著。根际土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵、多酚氧化酶活性、脱氢酶活性和磷酸酶活性均高于非根际土壤,代谢熵低于非根际土壤,且其差异随芘处理浓度的提高而增大。在不同芘污染水平下,微生物量碳、微生物熵和脱氢酶活性根际和非根际土壤为T1T2T3,代谢熵为T3T2T1;多酚氧化酶活性根际土壤为T2T1T3,非根际土壤为T1T2T3;磷酸酶活性根际土壤为T3T1T2,非根际土壤为T1T2T3。土壤中残余芘含量与土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著负相关,与代谢熵呈显著正相关。     

不同促腐条件下秸秆还田对土壤微生物量碳氮磷动态变化的影响

通过2年田间定位试验,研究了冀东地区小麦 玉米轮作制度下,不同促腐条件下玉米秸秆配施化肥直接还田对土壤微生物量C、N、P动态变化的影响,并讨论了其与土壤养分和酶活性的关系.结果表明,秸秆配施化肥并调节其C/N条件下,施用促腐剂处理作物各生育期土壤微生物量C、N、P均表现出高于未施用处理的趋势,并使微生物量N、P达到高峰期的时间提前,对土壤养分调控效果较好.土壤微生物量C、N、P与土壤酶活性在作物各生育期均表现为显著和极显著正相关关系,但与土壤碱解氮、有效磷的相关性受到施肥制度和作物生长的强烈影响.     

The effects of stubble retention and nitrogen application on soil microbial community structure and functional gene abundance under irrigated maize

The effects of agronomic management practices on the soil microbial community were investigated in a maize production system in New South Wales, Australia. The site has been intensively studied to measure the impact of stubble management and N-fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions (CO(2) and N(2)O), N-cycling, pathology, soil structure and yield. As all of these endpoints can be regulated by microbial processes, the microbiology of the system was examined. Soil samples were taken after a winter fallow period and the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities was measured using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Stubble and N shifted the structure of bacterial and fungal communities with the primary driver being stubble addition on the fungal community structure (P<0.05 for all effects). Changes in C, N (total and NO(3)), K and Na, were correlated (P<0.05) with variation in the microbial community structure. Quantitative PCR showed that nifH (nitrogen fixation) and napA (denitrification) gene abundance increased upon stubble retention, whereas amoA gene numbers were increased by N addition. These results showed that the management of both stubble and N have significant and long-term impacts on the size and structure of the soil microbial community at phylogenetic and functional levels.     

长期培肥黑土微生物量碳动态变化及影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期采用2种不同量有机肥(M2、M4)、化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK)4种方式培肥土壤为研究对象,对生长季微生物量碳的动态变化进行研究．结果表明,施用有机肥,微生物量碳显著高于施用化肥和不施肥,容量在620mg·kg^-1以上．在各处理中。微生物量碳大小顺序为M4>M2>NPK≥CK．M2、M4微生物量碳最大峰值出现在抽雄吐丝期,NPK最大峰值出现在播种期,CK最大峰值出现在蜡熟期,季节性变化平稳．施肥数量和种类不同所引起的微生物量碳的差异,并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而改变．微生物量碳的动态变化与绝大多数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化无显著相关性;与黑土生物、理化特性。植物氮、磷、钾及作物籽粒粗蛋白含量之间存在较好的正相关性．     

Effects of slow-release urea fertilizers on urease activity,microbial biomass, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil

A field experiment was carried out at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology (CAS) in order to study the effects of slow-release urea fertilizers high polymer-coated urea (SRU1), SRU1 mixed with dicyandiamide DCD (SRU2), and SRU1 mixed with calcium carbide CaC2 (SRU3) on urease activity, microbial biomass C and N, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil during the maize growth period. The results demonstrated that the application of slow-release urea fertilizers inhibits soil urease activity and increases the soil NH4+-N content. Soil available N increment could promote its immobilization by microorganisms. Determination of soil microbial biomass N indicated that a combined application of coated urea and nitrification inhibitors increased the soil active N pool. The population of predators/omnivores indicated that treatment with SRU2 could provide enough soil NH4+-N to promote maize growth and increased the food resource for the soil fauna compared with the other treatments.     

Effects of slow-release urea fertilizers on urease activity,microbial biomass, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil

A field experiment was carried out at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology (CAS) in order to study the effects of slow-release urea fertilizers high polymer-coated urea (SRU1), SRU1 mixed with dicyandiamide DCD (SRU2), and SRU1 mixed with calcium carbide CaC2 (SRU3) on urease activity, microbial biomass C and N, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil during the maize growth period. The results demonstrated that the application of slow-release urea fertilizers inhibits soil urease activity and increases the soil NH4+-N content.Soil available N increment could promote its immobilization by microorganisms. Determination of soil microbial biomass N indicated that a combined application of coated urea and nitrification inhibitors increased the soil active N pool. The population of predators/omnivores indicated that treatment with SRU2 could provide enough soil NH4+-N to promote maize growth and increased the food resource for the soil fauna compared with the other treatments.     

Plant diversity drives soil microbial biomass carbon in grasslands irrespective of global environmental change factors

Soil microbial biomass is a key determinant of carbon dynamics in the soil. Several studies have shown that soil microbial biomass significantly increases with plant species diversity, but it remains unclear whether plant species diversity can also stabilize soil microbial biomass in a changing environment. This question is particularly relevant as many global environmental change (GEC) factors, such as drought and nutrient enrichment, have been shown to reduce soil microbial biomass. Experiments with orthogonal manipulations of plant diversity and GEC factors can provide insights whether plant diversity can attenuate such detrimental effects on soil microbial biomass. Here, we present the analysis of 12 different studies with 14 unique orthogonal plant diversity × GEC manipulations in grasslands, where plant diversity and at least one GEC factor (elevated CO₂, nutrient enrichment, drought, earthworm presence, or warming) were manipulated. Our results show that higher plant diversity significantly enhances soil microbial biomass with the strongest effects in long‐term field experiments. In contrast, GEC factors had inconsistent effects with only drought having a significant negative effect. Importantly, we report consistent non‐significant effects for all 14 interactions between plant diversity and GEC factors, which indicates a limited potential of plant diversity to attenuate the effects of GEC factors on soil microbial biomass. We highlight that plant diversity is a major determinant of soil microbial biomass in experimental grasslands that can influence soil carbon dynamics irrespective of GEC.