菜田节肢动物群落特征及其多样性恢复的研究

探讨了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响以及停止化学杀虫剂使用后多样性的恢复,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落的物种组成,多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等均有影响,菜田节肢动物群落结构变化同害虫类,捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的特征变化关系密切,经常使用化学杀虫剂的菜田与停止使用后的菜田相比,物种数量显减少,多样性指数降低,停止化学杀虫剂使用后,优势害虫的种群趋势指数明显降低,大敌对主要害虫的控制作用增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大,因此,限制化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于化学杀虫剂的使用而破坏了菜田环境,增强天敌对主要害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中起着重要的作用。     

茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。     

抗虫转基因水稻和化学杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

从功能团优势度、功能团内科组成及其优势度、功能团个体数量、群落主要参数及群落结构相异性等方面,就含crylAb／crylAc融合基因的Bt水稻和化学杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落影响进行比较研究．结果表明,与对照田相比,Bt稻田的节肢动物功能团组成及其优势度、各功能团内科组成及其优势度分布、功能团内个体数量的时间动态、群落参数(物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数)及时间动态在大多情况下均无显著差异,两者间群落结构相似性较高．Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落基本无明显的负效应、而化防田的功能团优势度等群落特征指标与对照田相比,有时具有明显甚至显著的差异;群落结构相似性也较低．综合分析表明,Bt水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响明显弱于化学杀虫剂。     

2009-2013年Bt棉田节肢动物群落多样性动态变化

研究多年种植转Bt基因棉花对棉田节肢动物群落昆虫结构与组成、生物多样性的影响,明确其变化趋势,可为棉田害虫综合治理与生态调控、转Bt基因棉花环境安全性评价提供科学借鉴。于2009-2013年连续5年对转Bt基因棉花中棉所41和非转基因棉花中棉所49棉田节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并结合5a气象因子的变化,分析了5年内棉田节肢动物群落相关参数的变化趋势。结果分析表明,2009-2013年中棉所41棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落所属目数有所上升,但差异不显著;所属科数、物种数、个体总数均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,个别年份差异显著,其余年份基本保持不显著的波动水平;昆虫群落和害虫亚群落多样性指数呈下降的趋势,至2013年下降达到显著水平,其余年份之间差异不显著,天敌亚群落多样性指数无显著变化;昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落均匀性指数无显著变化;昆虫群落和害虫亚群落优势集中性指数有所上升,至2013年差异达到显著水平,天敌亚群落优势集中性各年份间无显著变化;与中棉所49棉田相比,相同年份中棉所41棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落结构与组成、多样性指数、均匀性指数和优势集中性指数均无显著差异。可见,短期内非剧烈天气变化对转基因棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落在结构与组成、生物多样性方面没有明显的影响。     

有机管理对柑橘园节肢动物群落多样性恢复的作用

比较了有机管理、常规管理和自然园3种不同管理方式下柑橘树冠层节肢动物群落多样性。结果表明：常规管理的柑橘园转有机管理后,柑橘园节肢动物群落的物种组成增加了1目、24科、130种;害虫类群的个体数量减少,而天敌类群的个体数量增加;在有机管理方式下,节肢动物群落的多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等全年的波动幅度介于自然园和常规管理区之间;有机管理区节肢动物群落的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等指标与自然园相比无显著差异,而与常规管理之间差异显著。有机管理方式能够提高和恢复柑橘园节肢动物群落的多样性,有助于实现对柑橘害虫的生态控制。     

吡虫啉对烟田节肢动物群落的影响研究

利用群落参数分析了吡虫啉对烟田节肢动物群落及其各亚群落的影响。结果表明,施药后对烟田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落的物种数有一定的影响,对天敌昆虫和蜘蛛亚群落物种数的影响不明显。5月23日施药后至6月13日施药区(Ⅱ)和对照区节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落个体数均下降,下降程度施药区大于对照区。6月14日施药后施药区节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落个体数下降,对照区显著上升。两次施药对天敌昆虫和蜘蛛亚群落个体数的影响不明显,施药后一段时间内优势种烟蚜种群个体数量显著下降,使节肢动物群落和害虫亚群落优势集中性下降,多样性指数和稳定性增加。     

高山地区甘蓝田节肢动物群落特征

对湖北省高山地区自然天敌控制害虫的甘蓝田的节肢动物群落结构进行了研究.结果表明：自然天敌控制害虫的甘蓝田内害虫优势种为小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella ）、甘蓝蚜（Brevicoryne brassicae）和甘蓝夜蛾（Mamestra brassicae）;天敌优势种为菜蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)、菜蛾绒茧蜂（Cotesia plutella）、草间小黑蛛(Erigonidum gramiaicolum)和大灰食蚜蝇（Syrphus corollae）.害虫及天敌亚群落物种的丰富度、多样性、均匀度及集中性在时间序列上有变化;害虫亚群落优势集中性高,优势种突出,群落多样性及均匀性指数较低,天敌亚群落的多样性和均匀性指数较高,优势集中性较低,群落相对比较稳定.经聚类分析,害虫和天敌亚群落的14个时序群落分别被划分为4类和3类.     

不同经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与多样性的影响

通过对不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的调查,研究了生产上典型的5种经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与多样性的影响.结果表明:5种不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落结构和多样性有较大差别,管理精细未用药型的锥栗林物种多样性和稳定性最高,植食性集团的多样性指数最高,天敌功能集团的相对丰盛度最高,对害虫的自然控制效能高,不利于优势害虫的暴发;相比管理撂荒型,精细的经营管理会提高林冠层物种多样性,而化学农药的使用降低了各功能集团的物种多样性、均匀度,提高了植食性集团的相对丰盛度.     

不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的时序动态

【目的】研究不同经营管理方式对锥栗林(Castanea henryi)节肢动物群落及主要害虫种群数量时序动态的影响,为锥栗林害虫防治提供科学依据。【方法】通过对不同经营管理方式下的锥栗林节肢动物群落的系统调查,分析和比较了生产上典型的5种经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数、天敌与害虫个体数量比例及主要害虫种群数量的时序动态。【结果】不同经营管理方式下锥栗林林冠层节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数变化趋势大体一致,物种丰富度、个体数量最高值在6月,物种多样性指数最高值在5月,但不同经营管理方式下物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数高低不同,管理精细未用药型锥栗林物种多样性指数最高,管理撂荒型的物种丰富度、个体数量最高;相对锥栗林管理撂荒型,其它各种经营管理方式都明显地降低了下木层的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数,不同经营管理方式下下木层物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数的动态变化相差较大;管理精细未用药型林冠层天敌与害虫个体数量比例相对最高,波动变化较大,自然控害能力最强;管理精细的锥栗林主要害虫栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus(Yasumatus)、栗实象Curculio davidi Fairmaire、栗链蚧Asterolecanium castaneae(Russell)种群数量显著低于管理撂荒和管理粗放的锥栗林。【结论】不同经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落及主要害虫种群数量的时序动态有较大影响,对锥栗林科学的精细管理有助于对主要害虫的有效控制。     

作物多样性对害虫及其天敌多样性的级联效应

植物物种丰富度对植食性、寄生性和捕食性节肢动物多样性的影响是群落生态学的一个重要研究内容.探讨了作物物种丰富度对害虫及其天敌多样性的影响.通过连续4年5个作物物种丰富度水平的野外实验,发现作物物种丰富度显著性影响害虫物种丰富度,但对天敌物种丰富度的影响甚微.然而,害虫物种丰富度却显著影响天敌物种丰富度.这些发现表明,相邻营养层之间的级联效应较强,而不相邻营养层之间的作用关系被中间营养层所弱化.此外,本研究还发现,混栽田中节肢动物群落稳定性高于单一种植田中节肢动物群落稳定性.本研究结果突出了不同营养层之间复杂的作用关系以及作物多样性在农业生态系统食物网中的关键性角色.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY AND THEIR DIVERSITY RESTORATION IN LEAFY VEGETABLE FIELDS

Abstract  The effect of chemical insecticides on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in various vegetable fields and the restoration of their biodiversity after stopping application of chemical insecticides were studied. The results showed that the effect of chemical insecticides on the arthropods in vegetable fields could be characterized the species structure, the diversity index and the evenness of species distribution. Components of arthpod species depended closely on the species number of insect pests, predatory natural enemies and spiders. Investigations showed that the numbers of species in the vegetable fields managed with chemical insecticides were obviously reduced, and their diversity indices were lower comparing with that without chemical insecticides. When the applications of chemical insecticides were stopped in vegetable fields, the index of population trend ( I ) of dominant insect pests decreased greatly, the control effect of natural enemies on major insect pests increased, and the diversity index of arthropod increased at the same time. Thus, limiting the application of chemical insecticides, resuming the environment of vegetable fields destroyed by using chemical insecticides, escalating the control ability of natural enemies on main insect pests will play an important role in the ecological control of insect pests in vegetable fields.     

Do weaver ants affect arthropod diversity and the natural‐enemy‐to‐pest ratio in horticultural systems?

High biodiversity is an important component of sustainable agricultural systems, and previous studies have found that increases in the diversity of the natural enemies of pests are associated with decreases in pest populations. Weaver ants are well known for their highly territorial and aggressive behaviour and for their control efficiency of many insect pests in tropical crop trees. Because of this, the ants have been used as a key component in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for tropical crop trees. In implementing the IPM programmes, we received a number of enquiries related to whether weaver ants have negative effects on arthropod diversity and other natural enemies in orchard systems due to their aggressive behaviour. To answer these questions, we regularly sampled canopy arthropods in cashew and mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia in 1996, 2002 and 2003. We sampled, using a vacuum sampler, orchards with and without weaver ants. Cashew and mango plots with abundant weaver ants had similar or higher canopy arthropod and natural enemy diversity and similar ratios of natural enemies to insect pests, compared with plot where the weaver ant was absent. The study also showed that the application of insecticides reduced arthropod diversity and the ratio of natural enemies to insect pests in a mango orchard. However, insecticide spray did not affect natural enemy diversity and abundance, which may be related to a high immigration rate of natural enemies in small plots surrounded by areas that were not sprayed.     

Field spray abdominal gland secretions of rove beetles: Effects on the pest abundance and arthropod community

Alternative environmentally friendly methods for pest control are in high demand because of the environmental impacts of pesticides. Notably, predator-released kairomone is a natural compound released by natural enemies, which mediates non-consumptive effects between natural enemies and prey. However, this novel pest control agent is underutilized relative to pesticides and natural enemies. Additionally, the effects of spraying predator kairomone on the number and diversity of arthropods in fields and whether this method is environmental-friendly are poorly understood. In the present study, a predator kairomone, rove beetle (Paederus fuscipes Curtis) abdominal gland secretion (AGS), was sprayed in rice fields to investigate whether AGS can suppress pest populations or will affect the fields’ arthropod communities. After AGS spraying, the abundance of arthropods decreased throughout the first 12-d period, including arthropod pests such as hemipterans (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and leafhoppers), and lepidopterans (rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée). The abundance of arthropod predators was not affected, except for predatory spiders, which decreased, and rove beetles (P. fuscipes), which increased. In the terms of arthropod diversity, neither pests nor their natural enemies were changed by AGS application. This work highlights that predator kairomone can temporarily suppress pest populations in fields but has no adverse effects on arthropod diversity; thus, this approach is environmentally friendly and can be used in real-world applications. Broadly, present studies suggest that the application of predator kairomone may have synergistic or cumulative effects on pest suppression.     

蔬菜害虫及其天敌昆虫群落多样性和相关性研究

在比较脆弱的菜田生态系统中,蔬菜害虫和天敌如果没有人为防治的干扰,天敌群落和害虫群落在结构上有动态的消长规律。江淮地区蔬菜害虫主要为菜缢管蚜(Brevicoryae brassicae)、瓜绢螟(Diaphania indica)、朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)及桃蚜(Myzus persicae)等;昆虫天敌主要为异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyndis)、广赤眼蜂(Trichogramma evanescens)及七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)等。8月下旬～9月下旬,菜田昆虫种类丰富、个体发生量大,多样性指数及均匀度指数较大。经典型相关分析,蔬菜害虫和天敌群落间典型相关系数达极显著水平,其中载荷较大的指标为多样性指数和均匀度,即两个群落结构间的相关,主要是多样性指数和均匀度的相关。     

蔬菜害虫防治技术的发展与应用

<正> 我国幅员广、气候差异大、蔬菜品种多、茬口复杂、其害虫种类已达300多种,重要的有40余种。其发生情况常因蔬菜品种、栽培制度、气候类型不同而异。其     

Tea: Biological control of insect and mite pests in China

Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. To secure its production and quality, biological control measures within the context of integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely popularized in China. IMP programs also provide better control of arthropod pests on tea with less chemical insecticide usage and minimal impact on the environment. More than 1100 species of natural enemies including about 80 species of viruses, 40 species of fungi, 240 species of parasitoids and 600 species of predators, as well as several species of bacteria have been recorded in tea ecosystems in China. Biological and ecological characteristics of some dominant natural enemies have been well documented. Several viral, bacterial, and fungal insecticides have been commercially utilized at large scale in China. Progress in biological control methods in conjunction with other pest control approaches for tea insect pest management is reviewed in this article. Knowledge gaps and future directions for tea pest management are also discussed.     

间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落的结构及动态

对间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明:杂交杏李园害虫种类有蚜虫类、叶螨类、食心虫类、介壳虫类、吮吸类、食叶类等,危害最为严重的是蚜虫类、叶螨类和食心虫类,这三种害虫的数量直接影响果实的产量。蓄草果园的天敌种类主要有蜘蛛类、瓢虫类和草蛉类,这三类天敌对主要害虫具有一定的控制作用,而且对维持果园害虫及其天敌之间平衡起着重要作用。对各功能类群的数量结构、生态优势度和多样性分析表明,间种牧草果园节肢动物群落结构比较稳定,各种群落指标相对平衡,天敌自然控害效果比较明显。分析认为果园有害生物综合治理应坚持大量利用自然天敌为主的生态控制的途径,不断优化果园生物群落结构、提高群落多样性和均匀度,减少群落生态优势度,增强群落自身调节控害能力,辅助使用农药,逐步达到生态控制果园有害生物的目的。     

Conservation biological control and IPM practices in Brassica vegetable crops in China

Brassicas are major vegetable crops in China but the systems for growing the crops are complex. During the last 30 years, the area of vegetable crops has increased steadily, however, the control of insect pests on brassica vegetables has largely relied on the heavy use of chemical insecticides, resulting in high levels of resistance, insecticide residues hazardous to human health and other serious consequences. Nevertheless, efforts to develop practical and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for brassica vegetables have been implemented. Here we first review the work on surveys of natural enemies of insect pests in brassicas and describe the biology and ecology of a few important parasitoids. We then introduce the progress of conservation biological control by reviewing studies on evaluation of natural enemies and selective insecticides, the work on the development of action thresholds and some successful examples of IPM field trials at the cropping system level. The successful examples of IPM practices in brassicas show the great potential of conservation biological control to reduce chemical pesticide input and improve vegetable production in the future.     

蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构及动态的影响

以物种丰富度(S)、个体数量(N)、香农指数(Shannon’sindex,H′)和均匀度指数(E)作为多样性指标,研究了蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构和季节动态的影响.结果表明:蚜虱净对天敌亚群落物种数的影响大于害虫亚群落,使总群落和害虫亚群落的优势集中性显著增加,但5月底施药对传粉蜜蜂类亚群落的优势集中性无显著影响.喷药初期,蚜虱净显著降低了蚜虫、蓟马等害虫数量,7d后蚜虫、蓟马等种群数量迅速回升,40d后超过对照;施药初期天敌亚群落的物种数大幅减少,多样性和均匀度指数较低,7d后天敌的物种数逐渐回升,到后期与对照田基本一致,但个体数量一直未恢复至对照水平.