梨小食心虫迷向液剂的制备及应用研究

【目的】解决梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)迷向丝和迷向管在田间防治使用时悬挂数量多、人工费时等问题,并实现梨小食心虫性信息素在整个防治区域均匀释放。【方法】采用相分离法制备获得了稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂,并参考《农药田间使用准则》进行了田间应用技术研究。【结果】在6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂后,150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理区的平均蛀果率分别为0.17%和0.13%,对照处理的平均蛀果率为1.75%,而未施药果园的平均蛀果率为5.04%。梨小食心虫迷向液剂150 g/667m2和200 g/667m2处理对梨小食心虫的防治效果显著好于对照处理和未施药处理。【结论】相分离法可制备稳定的梨小食心虫迷向液剂。6月下旬至7月下旬,使用两次梨小食心虫迷向液剂150²00 g/667m2对梨小食心虫成虫进行防治,可获得良好的迷向和防治效果,梨小食心虫迷向液剂的成功制备对于生产无公害和有机水果具有较好的经济和社会效益。     

大面积连片应用性迷向素对桃园梨小食心虫的防控效果

为了评价梨小食心虫迷向素的实际防控效果,在大面积连片使用梨小食心虫性迷向素的北京市平谷区(约8667 ha),分别选择王辛庄镇翟各庄村、东杏园村和峪口镇西营村的3个处理果园。以临近的采用常规化学防治的顺义区杨镇小曹庄村为对照,采用性诱剂和糖醋液监测调查比较桃园梨小食心虫的发生动态、抽样法调查统计桃树蛀梢率和蛀果率等,评价性迷向素梨小食心虫田间控制效果。结果显示,迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的种群数量显著低于常规化学防治的对照区。3个迷向素处理区梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为99.05%、98.10%和99.68%;保梢效果均在98.40%以上,保果效果几乎达到100%。说明桃园大面积应用迷向技术对梨小食心虫具有很好的控制作用。     

湿度对梨小食心虫存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确湿度变化对梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)在果实外各阶段存活率和蛀果率的影响及湿度对害虫最终存活率产生影响的关键阶段。【方法】在室内相对湿度25%,40%,55%,70%和85%条件下,记录和分析梨小食心虫的产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、老熟幼虫化蛹率、蛹羽化率以及产卵、化蛹和羽化时间。【结果】湿度高低对化蛹率没有影响,供试的5种相对湿度下,化蛹率均为100%;但湿度对产卵量、卵孵化率、幼虫蛀果率、蛹羽化率和世代存活率均有显著影响,湿度越高,各阶段存活率、幼虫蛀果率和世代存活率也越高。不同虫态存活对湿度要求从高到低依次为:幼虫蛀果期成虫期卵期蛹期老熟幼虫期。湿度对害虫世代存活率产生显著影响主要发生在幼虫蛀果期、成虫期和卵孵化期。同时,湿度提高利于成虫产卵、化蛹和羽化,反之发育延缓。【结论】湿度会显著影响梨小食心虫各阶段的存活率、幼虫蛀果率和繁殖,成虫盛发期、卵期和蛀果期的湿度影响害虫种群数量和蛀果率的关键阶段。     

桃小食心虫生物学的研究——果实对幼虫蛀果、成活、生长发育及滞育的影响

桃小食心虫(Carposina niponensis Wals)是我国苹果、梨上的重要害虫,初孵幼虫在果面爬行片刻,即蛀入果内。幼虫能否入果,除受捕食性天敌和风雨等外界条件影响之外,与果实表皮组织有关系,蛀入果内幼虫的成活数量和生长情况亦受果肉组织及果实内含物的直接影响。因此,研究食料条件与桃小食心虫发生数量的关系,对提高该虫现有     

桃蛀果蛾学名的更正

桃蛀果蛾俗称桃小食心虫、苹果食心虫等,简称“桃小”,在国外分布于日本和朝鲜;在我国分布于31°N以北,102°E以东的广大地区,包括吉林、辽宁、河北、北京、天津、山东、江苏、浙江、江西、河南、山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、四川等省(市),寄主植物包括苹果、梨、枣、酸枣、山楂、桃、海棠、花红、李、杏、梅等10多种果树。桃蛀果蛾以幼虫取食这些寄主植物的果实,长期以来一直是我国果树生产上的重要害虫,所以国内各地对此虫的生物学、发生规律、防治等方面的研究颇多。目前国内普遍使用的学名是Carposina niponensis Walsingham,但我国分布的桃蛀果蛾,其学名究竟是不是C.niponensis,却有必要予以澄清,否则将引起混乱。     

梨小食心虫与苹果蠹蛾为害对苹果果实防御酶活性的影响

【目的】植物在生长过程中,面对昆虫的取食危害演化出了系统而有效的防御策略。本研究探索了苹果果实应对蛀果害虫危害的防御反应机制。【方法】本文以蛀果害虫梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta和苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella为研究对象,研究食心虫为害对果树防御酶活性的影响及反映寄主受其危害的应激程度。【结果】结果表明将梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾分别接虫于苹果果实处理后,寄主的蛋白质含量、CAT、POD和SOD活性明显高于未被危害果实且差异显著;梨小食心虫与苹果蠹蛾同时取食为害时,CAT活性4-8d时上升,12d后开始下降;POD活性增强明显高于其它4个处理,SOD活性明显高于其它处理且差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】苹果果实在遭受到虫害胁迫时,可诱导寄主体内防御酶出现应激反应,从而发挥重要保障作用。     

柿蒂虫的两种新寄主

柿蒂虫 Stathmopoda massinissa Meyrick属鳞翅目 ,展足蛾科 (原举肢蛾科 ) ,故又称柿举肢蛾。在由中国科学院动物研究所主编的《中国农业昆虫》等文献中记载 ,其寄主只有 1种 ,即柿树。近几年 ,经作者在野外调查、室内解剖虫果和人工饲养发现 ,在山东省泰安地区还有两种新的寄主 :梨树 Pyrus spp.和石榴 Punicagranatum L .。这两种树也是当地的重要经济树种。在梨树上 ,主要发生在梨与柿树混栽的地方 ,以幼虫钻蛀近成熟的梨果萼洼处 ,其被害状与白小食心虫非常相近 ,危害不达果心 ,蛀孔外褐色虫粪相连 ,在混栽的果园 ,梨果受害率约2 0 %…     

桃蛀果蛾寄主生物型分化的RAPD分析

以山茱萸蛀果蛾Carposina coreana Kim为外群,用44个随机引物对苹果、山楂、桃、杏、枣和酸枣等6种寄主植物上的桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura进行了RAPD 分析。结果表明,不同寄主上的桃蛀果蛾之间遗传差异出现了较大的分化,桃蛀果蛾6个寄主生物型之间的平均遗传距离在0.040～0.637之间,尤其是杏生物型分化最大。经聚类分析,可将不同寄主上的桃蛀果蛾明显分成两个类群,杏生物型为一群,其余为一群。两个类群间遗传距离为0.465,亚群内部的遗传距离为0.040～0.369。推测杏树上的“桃蛀果蛾 ”已经分化成为不同的物种。     

中国蛀果蛾科分类学整理及新种记述(鳞翅目：粪蛾总科)

记载中国蛀果蛾科昆虫8属23种（亚种）,其中有中国2新纪录：断斑洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis excisa Walsingham和日本拟蛀果蛾Alexotypa japonica (Walsingham）及2新种：天目坚蛀果蛾Archostola tianmushana sp.nov.和五峰洁蛀果蛾Meridarchis wufengensis sp.nov.。文中给出了中国蛀果蛾科分种检索表和中国新纪录及新种的特征图。     

桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii及其寄生蜂滞育后发育研究

室内条件下,研究了不同寄主植物卜桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura寄牛蜂种类、寄生率以及温度对苹果桃蛀果蛾及其寄生蜂章氏小甲腹茧蜂Chelonus(Microchelonus)zhangi滞育后发育的影响.结果表明,章氏小甲腹茧蜂寄生于苹果、枣、酸枣和山楂上的桃蛀果蛾;中国齿腿姬蜂Pristomerus chinensis Ashmead寄生于枣、酸枣和山楂上的桃蛀果蛾;杏寄主卜未发现寄生蜂.不同寄主植物上的寄生率差异显著,其中章氏小甲腹茧蜂在苹果桃蛀果蛾的寄生率最高,为16.45%,住山楂桃蛀果蛾的寄牛率最低,为1.58%;中国齿腿姬蜂在酸枣桃蛀果蛾的寄生率最高,为5.05%,在山楂桃蛀果蛾寄牛率最低,为1.09%.苹果桃蛀果蛾及章氏小甲腹茧蜂越冬幼虫开始发育至成虫羽化阶段的发育起点温度分别为7.27℃和10.96℃,有效积温分别为208.86DD和166.73DD.     

果树介壳虫寄生蜂资源的研究

介壳虫是果树的重要害虫,研究利用寄生蜂的自然控制作用是果树介壳虫生物防治和综合治理的重要途径。本论述了果树介壳虫寄生蜂资源的研究,报道了小蜂总科寄生蜂5科25属63种。     

Facilitation in Ovipositional Behavior of Bactrocera tryoni Flies

Mature female Queensland fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, released into canopies of field-caged trees containing host fruit, did not discriminate between fruit having or lacking two resident conspecific females when selecting fruit on which to alight. When released individually onto a fruit, mature females showed no greater or lesser propensity to initiate boring with the ovipositor into fruit having or lacking a resident female engaged in pre-ovipositional or post-ovipositional behavior. However, boring propensity of introduced females was significantly enhanced or facilitated when released onto fruit on which a conspecific female was in the act of ovipositing. Introduced females were significantly more prone to initiate boring into high-ranking fruit (nectarines) than low-ranking fruit (lemons) and to do so when having a high rather than a low egg load. Neither fruit type nor egg load of introduced females had a significant effect on the occurrence of encounters between introduced and resident females, on the occurrence of contests, or on the propensity of introduced females to initiate boring in the presence of a resident female. Among introduced females, there was a consistent trend to initiate boring earlier in the presence than in the absence of a resident female. We discuss circumstances, likely to be narrow, under which boring propensity of an intruding female might be facilitated in the presence of a resident female.     

Reducing losses inflicted by insect pests on cashew,using weaver ants as a biological control agent

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Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Scolytinae) associated with young Tasmanian blue gum trees

Eucalypts are among the most widely planted forest trees in the world, and outside their native Australian range, the main arthropod pests are sap‐sucking insects, defoliators, gall‐making insects and xylophagous beetles. We report on a new association between a polyphagous wood‐boring beetle and Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) in Central Portugal. Unidentified wood‐boring insects were found attacking two three‐year‐old E. globulus trees showing signs of decline among otherwise healthy trees in a commercial plantation, in June 2018. Declining trees presented dead twigs and branches, and recently developed epicormic sprouts evident on the trunks. Insects emerging from logs were identified as Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff), a species native to eastern and southern Asia, with the taxonomic identification validated by molecular analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first record of A. rubricollis associated with a eucalypt species worldwide. It is not clear whether the beetles played any significant role on the decline of the trees, but Ambrosiodmus may be potential pests for several tree and shrub species in Europe, as these beetles can transport pathogenic fungi.     

苹果园主要害虫生态调控体系的研究

通过在果园地面种植牧草或花生、油菜等覆盖作物,改善了生态环境,为天敌种群提供了良好的栖息条件和充足猎物,促进天敌群落的早期发展,在4－6月份使树上天敌总量增加60％,地面捕食性天敌增加20倍以上,不仅使苹果蚜、螨高峰期推迟,并使高峰值分别降低39％和1倍以上,使前中期害虫得很好控制。良好的果园生态环境也可促 使周围农田生态系中的天敌因季节性变动向果园迁移,并通过不同生态系之间的运动,扩大天敌种群,达到控制中后期害虫的效果,对优势天敌因季节性变动向果园迁移,并通过不同生态之间的运动,扩大天敌种群,达到控制中后期害虫的效果,对优势天敌在果园生态系中的作用亦做了研究和评价,认为在天敌－害虫相互作用系统中,天敌群落的综合功能是最重要的,针对不同害虫,小花蝽、草蛉、六点蓟马、赤眼蜂等也具有各自的重要作用。通过天敌的人工操纵和补充释放技术以及选择性药剂的筛选运用,在地面覆草,增强天敌功能的基础上,建立起果园主要害虫的生态调控体系,每年可使苹果园比通常减少用农药40％－50％,使果园生态逐步形成良性循环。     

Lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga area (Lepidoptera)

Data on 154 species of lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga region, of which 9 are considered as principal, 29 as minor, and 116 as potential pests are summarized. Most of harmful species belong to the families Tortricidae (27), Noctuidae (24), Gelechiidae (11), Gracillariidae (9), Geometridae (8), and Lymantriidae (6). The pests of forest trees and shrubs are most numerous, followed by the pests of fruit trees and berry shrubs, pests of ornamental trees and shrubs, etc. There is no lepidopteran pest of field and forage crops in the region. On the whole, the economic importance of Lepidoptera in the Upper Volga region is lower than that of the other insect orders.     

Pest management through tropical tree conservation

Tropical trees can provide various ecological services to adjacent agricultural environments, including maintaining and amplifying the numbers of beneficial insects. In Mexico, certain tree species harbor a diverse guild of hymenopteran parasitoids that attack pest fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and are at the same time sources of valuable hardwood timber. Indigenous trees and their associated fauna are slowly disappearing due to forest clearance and the expansion of crop monocultures. Here we explore the relationship among pest and non-pest fruit flies, their fruit-hosts and parasitoids in the context of mango orchards and surrounding patches of uncultivated vegetation and propose a novel mechanism to use these associations in favor of conservation purposes and pest management. Trees of conservation biological control interest are classified as: (1) parasitoid multiplier plants, species that serve as alternate hosts for key fruit fly pests when their commercial hosts are not available, but in which they are unusually vulnerable to parasitism; (2) parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced trees in whose fruits non-pest fruit flies serve as hosts to generalist parasitoids that are able to attack pest tephritids in other species of commercially grown fruit; and (3) pest-based parasitoid reservoir plants, native or introduced species that are not economically important locally, but which harbor fruit flies that would be pests in other circumstances and that serve as hosts for parasitoids of the important pests in the vicinity. Protection, multiplication and dissemination of such tree species has the potential to increase the number of naturally produced fruit fly parasitoids and could assist in the management of tephritid pests in areas where destruction of forests has impoverished the historical sources of fruit fly natural enemies. Tropical forest conservation may help resource-poor farmers reduce crop losses, increase biodiversity within fruit-growing regions and conserve native forests for both conservation purposes and commercial use of native hardwoods.     

Developing a systems approach for Sternochetus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in South Africa

Sternochetus mangiferae (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a quarantine pest of mango, Mangifera indica L., in South Africa. The aim of the study was to test cultural and chemical control measures in a systems approach for risk mitigation of S. mangiferae in South Africa. A large-scale experiment, using a randomized block design with three replicates, was undertaken on 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes in South Africa. Five treatment combinations were applied over two seasons: (1) untreated control; (2) sanitation and physical removal of egg-infested fruit (P+S); (3) thiamethoxam, P+S; (4) thiamethoxam, fipronil, P+S; and 5) thiamethoxam, two fenthion applications, P+S. A weekly random sample of eight fruit from 40 trees per orchard was taken from 5 wk to harvest over two harvest periods. In total, 57,600 fruit were sampled. In a separate experiment, the same variety was used to test the efficacy of covering fruit with paper bags over one season in a completely randomized design. In both trials, all the pests were recorded from internal and external fruit inspections. In trial 1, results after the first season showed >98% control in the three chemical combination treatments. In the second season, treatment 2 provided 19% and treatment 3 99.9% control, whereas no fruit were infested with S. mangiferae in treatments 4 and 5. Trial two showed that fruit bagging significantly reduced S. mangiferae infestation. The data showed that a systems approach for S. mangiferae control in South Africa can be effective and that bagging can be an effective organic control option.     

桃小食心虫越冬幼虫过冷却能力及体内生化物质动态

为研究桃小食心虫Carposina niponensis Walsingham自然种群过冷却能力的变化动态,从生理生化水平上探讨桃小食心虫幼虫耐寒机制,测定了桃小食心虫幼虫在越冬前后不同月份的过冷却点、体内含水量、脂肪、蛋白和糖原的含量。结果表明:桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的过冷却点(super-cooling point, SCP)和结冰点(freezing point, FP)随越冬期温度降低而逐渐降低, 并在冬季过后随温度升高而逐渐升高,其中在3月份时最低,分别为-14.89℃和-9.95℃,显著低于其它月份。幼虫体内含水量、总蛋白含量、糖原含量在越冬前后变化趋势与SCP变化相似并且各自又有不同的特点,但在2月份时都达最低,分别为44.83%、32.44μg/mg、1.95μg/mg。幼虫体内的总脂肪含量由越冬初期(2008-10)的29.04％逐渐降低至越冬后期(2009-06)的15.56％。结果说明桃小食心虫幼虫越冬过程中体内水分、总蛋白、糖原等生化物质含量的变化与其抗寒能力存在一定的联系,显示了其对冬季温度变化的生态适应。     

论短期农作物生境中节肢动物群落的重建Ⅲ.群落重建与天敌保护利用

保护利用天敌是农田害虫生物防治的基本手段。短期农作物生境中的天敌亚群落周期性地呈现出群落重建、群落发展和群落瓦解3个阶段。其中的重建阶段对抑制害虫的发生和危害至关重要。天敌亚群落的重建与其种库、群落本身和作物生态系统之间的相互作用关系,是群落水平上保护利用天敌的理论基础之一。因此,可以指导自然天敌的保护和持续利用,促进短期农作物生境中的害虫生物防治。