岛屿植物舟山新木姜子居群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

基于随机扩增多态 DNA(RAPD)方法分析了舟山群岛濒危植物舟山新木姜子 (N eolitsea sericea) 6个居群的遗传多样性及分化程度。 10条随机引物扩增出 84个可分析位点 ,多态位点百分比 (PPL)为 3 8.10 %。经 POPOGENE分析发现 ,舟山新木姜子居群平均水平的多态位点百分比 (PPL )为 2 3 .18% ,Nei' s基因多样度 (HE)为 0 .0 793 ,Shannon信息指数 (H )为 0 .12 0 1,与其它岛屿植物比较具有中等偏低水平的遗传多样性 ;岛屿各居群间遗传分化程度较高 (Gst=0 .3 646) ;地理距离与遗传距离之间具有显著相关性 (r=0 .7697,P=96.62 % ) ,岛屿隔离效应是导致居群间遗传分化的重要因素。结合居群遗传多样性及UPGMA聚类分析 ,推测普陀山岛舟山新木姜子部分个体可能为大猫岛迁入的后裔 ,而朱家尖岛舟山新木姜子则由人为移植自普陀山岛。基于舟山新木姜子的物种保护及资源利用 ,建议加强现有自然居群的就地保护 ,促进居群自然更新 ;建立种质资源库 ,收集不同岛屿的种源进行混合繁殖 ,促进基因交流 ;选育优良品系用于海岛植被恢复及园林观赏     

舟山群岛野生山茶种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记,利用筛选的20条引物对舟山群岛4个野生山茶（Camellia japonica）种群的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明：山茶种群的多态位点百分比（PPB）为64.06％,Nei’s基因多样性指数（HE）为0.2390,Shannon信息多态性指数（H）为0.3548,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst = 0.2241,表明种群间具有较高的遗传分化。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性（r = 0.9653,P<0.05）,表明岛屿隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明同岛种群间的亲缘关系更近。基于舟山群岛山茶种群遗传结构分析,建议在其自然生长地加强就地保护。     

中日5个岛屿山茶种群遗传多样性研究

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27%。经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间。Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P<0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响。基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度。     

Study on population genetic diversity of Camellia japonica in 5 islands between China and Japan

运用ISSR分子标记法对中、日两国5个岛屿天然山茶种群共150个个体进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明:筛选出的20条引物扩增得到205条清晰条带,其中183条为多态性条带,多态位点百分比(PPB)为89.27％.经POPGENE软件分析,山茶种群平均多态位点百分比(PPB)为72.00％,Nei's基因多样性指数(HE)为0.2743,Shannon信息多态性指数(H)为0.4023,种群水平遗传多样性较高.基因分化系数Gst=0.2033,表明遗传变异主要存在于种群内个体间.Mantel检验(r=0.7989,P＜0.05)和UPGMA聚类表明岛屿地理隔离对山茶种群遗传分化具有重要影响.基于岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的分析,建议加强我国岛屿自然种群的就地保护力度.     

舟山群岛四个养殖獐种群遗传多样性和遗传结构

基于ISSR分子标记技术,对来自舟山群岛4个獐(Hydropotes inermis)养殖种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析.26条ISSR引物共扩增出286个可分析位点,多态位点百分比(PPL)为64.34％.獐物种水平上的Nei's遗传多样性指数(H)为0.210,Shannon's多态信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.318,各种群的H介于0.157-0.190之间,I在0.228-0.278之间,与已报道的ISSR标记在其它动物物种中的应用结果相比,其遗传多样性较为丰富.Structure软件分析结果显示,所有个体根据遗传信息的不同可以被分为4个组群,每个养殖场内的个体基本上都在各自独立的组群中,这与地理区域的划分相似.另外发现各养殖场獐种群间已表现出了较大的遗传分化(Gst=0.163).同时,为了解各种群间的遗传关系,计算了各种群间的Nei's遗传距离,结果显示舟山种群(ZS)和秀山种群(XS)之间的遗传距离最近,为0.045,而岱山种群(DS)和朱家尖种群(ZJJ)间的遗传距离最大,为0.066.基于以上结果,建议加强不同岛屿种群间的个体交流,特别是朱家尖种群(ZJJ)与其它种群间的交流.     

湖北野生天麻的遗传分化及栽培天麻种质评价

采用7条ISSR引物对天麻(Gastrodiaelata)8个自然居群和6个人工栽培居群共483个样本的居群遗传多样性进行了初步检测,共检测出清晰、重复性好的DNA带77条,其中64条为多态性带,总多态位点百分比PPB=83.12%。遗传多样性分析结果表明:天麻自然居群的遗传多样性参数分别为:多态位点百分比PPB=59.09%,有效等位基因数Ae=1.29,Nei’s遗传多样度H=0.176,Shannon’s多态信息指数I=0.270,明显高于人工栽培居群(PPB=35.71%,Ae=1.16,H=0.100,I=0.155),揭示出栽培居群存在明显的遗传基础狭窄和遗传均质性问题。UPGMA聚类分析表明,自然居群与栽培居群存在明显的分化而分别聚为两大类群。自然居群间基因分化系数GST=0.2558,与AMOVA分析所揭示的居群间遗传变异量占总变异的27.25%的结果相近,说明天麻自然居群间亦存在一定程度的遗传分化;居群间基因流(Nm)为1.4547,相对较弱,可能对自然居群的遗传分化有一定影响。自然居群聚类结果显示出一定程度的地理区域聚类趋势,但Mantel检验表明自然居群间遗传距离与地理距离并不存在显著相关(r=0.1669,P=0.2110),揭示出天麻自然居群的分化现状可能是其生活史特性、地理隔离与人为破坏综合作用的结果。栽培居群的遗传均质化趋势,揭示了引种驯化的瓶颈效应和长期无性繁育所导致的遗传多样性丧失,也反映出栽培天麻种质的遗传基础狭窄。而栽培居群与自然居群间存在着明显的遗传分化,反映天麻栽培居群与自然居群间可能存在基因流的阻断。     

秦岭秀雅杜鹃野生种群遗传多样性和遗传分化的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术,对秦岭地区7个秀雅杜鹃野生种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行研究.结果表明:M52E41、M62E46和M64E94等3个引物组合共扩增出182条DNA片段,其中151条是多态的,多态位点比率为83.1％.7个秀雅杜鹃种群所检测的多态位点百分率(PPL)、Nei的基因多样性指数(h)和Shannon信息指数(I)的变化趋势一致,其排序为眉县种群＞柞水种群＞镇安种群＞户县种群＞宁强种群＞南郑种群＞周至种群.POPGENE分析表明,秀雅杜鹃在物种水平(PPL=91.22％,I=0.7217,h=0.5095)和种群水平(PPL=77.56％,I=0.6409,h=0.4725)都具有较高的遗传多样性.种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为7.26％,说明有92.74％的变异存在于种群内部.AMOVA分析表明,在总的遗传变异中,85.3％的变异发生在种群内,14.7％的变异发生在种群间,说明秀雅杜鹃种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内部.UPGMA聚类分析表明,种群间的遗传距离与种群间的地理距离没有明显的相关性.最后提出了秦岭地区秀雅杜鹃种质资源的保护策略.     

生境片段化对千岛湖岛屿上黄足厚结猛蚁遗传多样性的影响

利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记法,对千岛湖片段化生境中14个岛屿上的黄足厚结猛蚁(Pachycondyla luteipes)种群遗传结构和多样性进行研究。利用5对SRAP引物对42份材料的基因组进行扩增,共得到大小在50-800 bp之间的71个可重复位点,其中63个为多态性位点,多态性比率达88.73%。AMOVA分析结果显示,65.03%的遗传变异存在于种群间,34.97%的遗传变异来自种群内(P < 0.001)。利用PopGene Version 1.32软件对SRAP多态性数据进行分析,不同岛屿种群的多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数变化范围分别介于35.21%-91.55%和0.2662-0.4905之间,平均值分别为58.25%和0.3729,其中多态位点比率最高的岛屿为面积最大的JSE岛。多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数与岛屿面积、海拔均无显著相关性,但与隔离度呈显著正相关关系。种群间遗传分化指数介于0.0777-0.9328之间,平均值为0.4419,基因流值介于0.0360-5.9350之间,平均值为1.0451,种群间遗传分化程度较高,基因流较低。利用UPGMA聚类分析法对14岛屿上的42个个体进行遗传聚类分析,表明地理距离较近的个体和岛屿具有优先聚在一起的趋势。Mantel 检验表明黄足厚结猛蚁各种群间地理距离与遗传距离间存在显著相关性(r=0.7757,P < 0.01)。以上结果表明地理隔离是影响千岛湖黄足厚结猛蚁种群遗传结构和多样性的主要因素。     

水松自然种群和人工种群遗传多样性比较

采用ISSR分子标记技术分析水松不同起源种群的遗传多样性.结果表明:10条引物共检测出95个扩增位点,多态位点数占39.0%.与其他濒危裸子植物相比,水松的遗传多样性较低,遗传分化系数Gst为0.3982,基因流Nm仅0.3778,种群间存在一定程度的遗传分化,但种群内变异占主导地位;遗传距离与地理距离呈正相关关系.自然种群的多态位点百分率(P)、Nei的条带多样度(He)和Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)平均值(39.3%、0.1499和0.2202)分别高于人工种群(30.7%、0.1265和0.1759).自然种群的遗传分化系数(Gst0.4513)和平均遗传距离(D=0.0301)也高于人工种群(Gst=0.3025,D=0.0192).     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.