北京东灵山地区植物群落为多样性的研究

选用描述种种－我度关系的 共８个模型（对数级数分布ＬＳ、对数正态分布ＬＮ、负二项分布ＮＢ和几何分布ＧＯＭ以及“分割线段”模型ＢＳＭ、天府闰优先占邻模型ＮＰＭ、Ｚｉｐｆ模型ＺＭ和和Ｚｉｐｆ－Ｍａｎｄｅｌｂｒｏｔ模型ＺＭＭ）对东灵山地区９个类型的森林群落进行了研究。结果表明,ＬＳ和ＮＢ对大多数群落可以很好地拟合,ＬＮ和ＧＯＭ对第五个群落都不能很好地拟合;ＺＭＭ可以很好地、ＮＰＭ也可以较好地拟合第一个群     

四川卧龙亚高山林线生态交错带群落的种多度关系

以盖度作为物种多度指标,用描述物种多度分布的模型：断棍分布、几体级数分布、对数级数分布和截尾对数正态分布研究了卧龙巴郎山岷江冷棚林线交错带附近草本群落的种－－我镀分布关系。结果表明,截尾对数正态分布和对数级数分布能较好地拟合交错带附近群落的种－多度分布,截尾对数正态分布模型更适合交错带群落,对数级数分布 较好地适合亚高山草甸群落。对数级数分布的参数α和对数正态分布的参数λ是反映群落结构特征内在性质     

闽北地区森林群落物种多样性的测定

采用8个物种多样性指数对闽北地区的8个森林群落类型物种多样性进行测定,并选用4个种一多度关系模型(对数正态分布、Weibull分布、对数级数分布、生态位优先占领模型)分析其物种-多度关系,把多样性指数与对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型的有关参数进行线性回归,以分析多度模型参数描述物种多样性的可行性。结果表明：(1)多数物种多样性指数对群落的测度是一致的,(2)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型对8个群落的物种多度拟合效果很好;(3)对数正态分布、Weibull分布和生态位优先占领模型有关模型参数与部分物种多样性指数的线性关系达显著或极显著水平。通过闽北地区8个类型森林群落物种多样性指数测定,使生物多样性较准确地数量化,同时还说明采用改进单纯形法进行非线性分布函数的拟合是简单有效的,可推广应用。     

南亚热带森林群落种-多度的对数正态分布模型研究

通过对地处南亚热带的广东省黑石顶自然保护区森林群落的定点研究结果的分析表明：当用１,２,３,…分组每种个体数ｒ时,５个不同类型的群落样地的种一多度分布的直方图都呈明显的倒Ｊ－形;经Ｐｒｅｓｔｏｎ“倍程（ｏｃｔａｖｅｓ）”法分组ｒ后,其种－多度都服从对数正态分布。由种－多度模型可以推出另一新的模型一个体一多度分布模型,即Ｉ（Ｒ）＝２R0ＳＯＥＸＰ［［１ｎ２）２／４ａ２〕ＥＸＰ｛－ａ２（Ｒ－（ＲＯ＋１ｎ２／２ａ２）］２｝,它也符合对数正态分布。另外,还运用积分方法推导出估计总体（整个群落）中总种数Ｓ*和总个体数Ｉ*理论值的公式,用此公式估计的结果较为合理。     

山西霍山油松林的物种多度分布格局

 物种多度格局分析对理解群落结构具有重要的意义。该文首次选用描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(生态位优先模型NPM、分割线段模型BSM、生态位重叠模型ONM)、生物统计模型(对数级数分布模型LSD、对数正态分布模型LN)以及中性理论模型NT, 对山西霍山油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林的物种数量关系进行了拟合研究, 并采用卡方(χ²)检验、Likelihood-ratios(L-R)检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息量准则(AIC)选择最适合模型, 结果表明: (1)描述乔木层物种多度格局的最优生态位模型为NPM (3种检验方法均接受该模型, p > 0.05, 且该模型具有最小的AIC值), ONM的拟合效果次之, 不服从BSM; 三种生态位模型均可较好地拟合灌木层物种多度格局; ONM是草本层最佳生态位模型, BSM、NPM拟合效果较差; LSD可以描述油松林各层物种多度结构; LN可以很好地解释灌草层物种数量关系; NT不能解释油松林任何层次的物种多度结构。(2)霍山油松林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性均明显小于草本层; 该群落物种富集种少而稀疏种多, 且群落的均匀度相对较小。(3)从该区油松林种-多度分布来看, 同一个模型可以拟合不同的物种多度数据, 相同的数据可以由不同的模型来解释。因此, 研究森林群落物种分布时, 应采用多个模型进行拟合, 同时选用多种方法筛选最优模型。     

多物种集合的种-多度关系模型研究进展

种 -多度关系是群落结构研究最基本的方面之一。Preston最早描述的物种“常见性和罕见性的分布”是群落中种 -多度关系的一般特性。自从 Motomura开创性地提出一个几何序列模型用于描述这种特性后 ,生态学家已建立了许多拟合种 -多度关系的经验模型和理论模型 ,主要包括对数序列分布、对数正态分布等统计模型 ,几何序列模型、分割线段模型等生态位模型以及反映群落动态和环境制约作用的动态模型 ,还有其中一些模型的扩展模型。近年来 ,种 -多度关系研究领域已大大拓宽 ,如“群落”的内涵已延伸为“多物种集合”,物种“多度”的测度推广到“广义多度”。尽管种 -多度关系研究已取得很大进展 ,仍有一些问题尚待解决 ,诸如多度指标选择、种 -多度分布时空变化规律及其机制以及种 -多度关系模型的选择、检验、解释与应用。     

荔枝胚胎发育的研究

荔枝胚胎发育的研究邱燕平,张展薇,丘荣熙（广东省农科院果树所,广州５１０６５０）（广东教育学院,广州５１０３０３）ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＥＭＢＲＹＯＡＮＤＥＮＤＯＳＰＥＲＭＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＬＩＴＣＨＩＣＨＩＮＥＮＳＩＳＳＯＮＮ￥ＱｉｕＹａｎ－ｐｉｎ...     

海甘蓝愈伤组织再生植株的研究

海甘蓝种子在附加有２～５ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ＋０１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ的ＭＳ培养基上,幼苗生长健壮。幼苗的下胚轴和子叶柄在ＭＳ＋１ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ＋０５ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ的培养基上可以获得较好的愈伤组织。将来源于下胚轴的愈伤组织培养于含有０５ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ,２ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ的ＭＳ培养基上分化出的丛生芽状态最好。最佳生根培养基为１／２ＭＳ＋０５ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ。     

意大利威尼托大区刺叶栎林的生物多样性研究

意大利威尼托大区刺叶栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｉｌｅｘ Ｌ．）林物种多样性指数和物种多度分布的研究表明：１．Ｍｅｎｈｉｎｉｃｋ 指数、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ 指数、Ｂｒｉｌｌｏｕｉｎ 指数、Ｓｉｍ ｐｓｏｎ 指数、Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ 均匀度指数、Ｂｒｉｌｌｏｕｉｎ 均匀度指数、ＰＩＥ的Ｖ 均匀度指数、ＰＩＥ的Ｖ均匀度指数和ＭｃＩｎｔｏｓｈ 均匀度指数较为适用。它们反映从加尔达湖区到ＦｏｃｉｄｅｌＴａｇｌｉａｍ ｅｎｔｏ、Ｂｏｓｃｏ Ｎｏｒｄｉｏ、ＣｏｌｌｉＥｕｇａｎｅｉ刺叶栎林的物种多样性指数依次降低。２． 几何分布最适用于威尼托的刺叶栎林的物种多度分布,Ｌｏｇ－ｎｏｒｍ ａｌ分布也较适合。物种多度分布模型反映在生物多样性上,其结果与物种多样性指数一致。３． 生物多样性并非绝对随群落演替的顺向发展而增加。在演替早期,由于无明显优势种,物种的优势度较低,物种多样性指数较高。随着演替的进行和优势度的增加,多样性变小。演替的进一步进行,由于群落结构的复杂及物种的增加,多样性又将随演替发展而增加     

吸血蠓群落的地理分布

吸血蠓群落的地理分布ＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＡＬＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＢＬＯＯＤ－ＳＵＣＫＩＮＧＭＩＤＧＥＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＴＩＥＳ关键词吸血蠓群落,聚类分析,地理分布ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＢｌｏｏｄ－ｓｕｃｋｉｎｇｍｉｄｇｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ,Ｃｌｕｓ...     

北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型（断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM）,分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明：在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

A metacommunity-scale comparison of species-abundance distribution models for plant communities of eastern Australia

Various models of the species-abundance distribution (SAD) have been proposed to fit empirically derived data however there is no general consensus as to which model provides the best fit. Further, the zero-sum multinomial SAD model (ZSM) was proposed as a metacommunity model, yet it has not previously been fitted at the metacommunity scale. We note that SAD models based on compound lognormal distributions (such as the Poisson-lognormal, PLN, and the negative binomial-lognormal models, NBLN) can also be thought of as metacommunity models, and we compare these with the ZSM when fitted as metacommunity models to SADs of related communities.
We collected five datasets in the Sydney Basin, eastern Australia, representing five different types of subtropical/temperate plant communities ranging from closed warm-temperate rainforest to open wet sclerophyll forest to dry sclerophyll woodland. For each type of plant community, five local communities were identified across the Sydney Basin, and SAD data collected in five randomly placed 0.2-ha quadrats at each local community. Analysis was performed at two levels: all abundance data from each local community were pooled across each metacommunity and analysed as a single pooled community; and a metacommunity model was fitted to all five local communities of a community type, simultaneously. For the pooled data, we considered the negative-binomial (NB) and the log-series (LS) models in addition to ZSM, PLN and NBLN. All five models performed similarly, however the LS had a better fit to three pooled communities and the ZSM and PLN to the remaining two communities. By contrast, the ZSM performed statistically better against the PLN and NBLN when considered as a metacommunity model. We conclude that the ZSM generally provides a more reliable null model for metacommunity abundance data than the lognormal model.     

Zipf–Mandelbrot model behavior in marine eutrophication: two way fitting on field and simulated phytoplankton assemblages

Zipf–Mandelbrot (ZM) model, linking the evenness and predictability of communities (parameter gamma) to environmental diversification (parameter beta), was fitted on a phytoplankton dataset, representing a wide productivity spectrum characteristic of Eastern Mediterranean. To reveal community characteristics explaining observed patterns in gamma and beta, ZM model was also fitted on simulated assemblages generated by three niche-based models. Parameter gamma showed a decreasing trend with evenness in agreement with theory and related field studies. High gamma values corresponded to phytoplankton assemblages characterized by the presence of a dominant species, the rest being evenly distributed, whereas low gamma was observed for even assemblages. For ZM beta with evenness, a characteristic U-shaped relationship was observed in field and simulated assemblages, implying that high environmental diversification may lead to either high or low evenness. These assemblages are described by MacArthur fraction and dominance decay niche-based models and their only difference is the dominance of a single species, the rest being evenly distributed. At intermediate environmental diversification, more often encountered in the field, phytoplankton assemblages are described by random fraction model resulting to slightly steeper RADs. Two-way fitting approach on field and simulated assemblages provided useful insights on both ZM model behavior and its underlying hypotheses.     

美国纽约州阔叶林物种多度格局的研究(英文)

物种多度格局是群落结构的重要反映 ,近年来又受到生态学家的重视。用 5种生态位模型研究美国纽约州“城 -郊 -乡”生态样带温性落叶阔叶林的物种多度格局。其中 3个模型 ,即几何级数模型、生态位重迭模型和分割线段模型拟合效果很好 ,它们既适合于简单群落 ,又适合于复杂群落结构的研究。另外两个模型 ,即随机分配模型和优势优先模型拟合效果不如前三个模型 ,可能仅适合于简单的群落研究。森林群落不同功能层的物种多度格局相似 ;沿“城 -郊 -乡”生态样带 ,森林群落的结构一致 ;物种多度格局与物种多样性指数结合使用可以更好地研究群落的结构特征。     

Responses of species abundance distribution patterns to spatial scaling in subtropical secondary forests

To quantify and assess the processes underlying community assembly and driving tree species abundance distributions(SADs) with spatial scale variation in two typical subtropical secondary forests in Dashanchong state‐owned forest farm, two 1‐ha permanent study plots (100‐m × 100‐m) were established. We selected four diversity indices including species richness, Shannon–Wiener, Simpson and Pielou, and relative importance values to quantify community assembly and biodiversity. Empirical cumulative distribution and species accumulation curves were utilized to describe the SADs of two forests communities trees. Three types of models, including statistic model (lognormal and logseries model), niche model (broken‐stick, niche preemption, and Zipf‐Mandelbrodt model), and neutral theory model, were estimated by the fitted SADs. Simulation effects were tested by Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Results found that the Fagaceae and Anacardiaceae families were their respective dominance family in the evergreen broad‐leaved and deciduous mixed communities. According to original data and random sampling predictions, the SADs were hump‐shaped for intermediate abundance classes, peaking between 8 and 32 in the evergreen broad‐leaved community, but this maximum increased with size of total sampled area size in the deciduous mixed community. All niche models could only explain SADs patterns at smaller spatial scales. However, both the neutral theory and purely statistical models were suitable for explaining the SADs for secondary forest communities when the sampling plot exceeded 40 m. The results showed the SADs indicated a clear directional trend toward convergence and similar predominating ecological processes in two typical subtropical secondary forests. The neutral process gradually replaced the niche process in importance and become the main mechanism for determining SADs of forest trees as the sampling scale expanded. Thus, we can preliminarily conclude that neutral processes had a major effect on biodiversity patterns in these two subtropical secondary forests but exclude possible contributions of other processes.     

塔里木荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局

为解释塔里木荒漠河岸林群落构建和物种多度分布格局形成的机理, 本文以塔里木荒漠河岸林2个不同生境(沙地、河漫滩) 4 ha固定监测样地为研究对象, 基于两样地物种调查数据, 采用统计模型(对数级数模型、对数正态模型、泊松对数正态分布模型、Weibull分布模型)、生态位模型(生态位优先占领模型、断棍模型)和中性理论模型(复合群落零和多项式模型、Volkov模型)拟合荒漠河岸林群落物种多度分布, 并用K-S检验与赤池信息准则(AIC)筛选最优拟合模型。结果表明: (1)随生境恶化(土壤水分降低), 植物物种多度分布曲线变化减小, 群落物种多样性、多度和群落盖度降低, 常见种数减少。(2)选用的3类模型均可拟合荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局, 统计模型和中性理论模型拟合效果均优于生态位模型。复合群落零和多项式模型对远离河岸的干旱沙地生境拟合效果最好; 对数正态模型和泊松对数正态模型对洪水漫溢的河漫滩生境拟合效果最优; 中性理论模型与统计模型无显著差异。初步推断中性过程在荒漠河岸林群落构建中发挥着主导作用, 但模型拟合结果只能作为推断群落构建过程的必要非充分条件, 不能排除生态位过程的潜在作用。     

Passive restoration in Araucaria Forest: useful ecological indicators in monitoring successional advancement in exotic tree plantation landscapes

Monitoring successional advancement is a complex field involving a constant search for applied ecological indicators which facilitate monitoring of secondary forests for both active and passive restoration. In this study, the authors investigate the successional advancement of floristics and tree structure within Araucaria Forest (AF) fragments under passive restoration in a context where exotic tree plantations (mainly Pinus L. genus) dominate the landscape. The ecological indicators used were floristic dissimilarity (β‐diversity inferences), indicator species, ecological groups of species, basal area, and species abundance distribution (SAD) models (α‐diversity inferences). A total of 182 tree species belonging to 91 genera and 43 botanical families were identified. A high β diversity was verified for which each site has indicator species (for the locations CD—Dicksonia sellowiana; CO—Cryptocarya aschersoniana; and PG—Pinus taeda), where pioneer species contributed to much of the abundance. Different SAD models are useful for describing passive restoration sites in exotic tree plantation landscapes, namely Lognormal, Mandelbrot, and Zipf. SAD models together with basal area, taxonomic group (e.g. Myrtaceae assemblage), and tree abundance in ecological groups are strategic ecological indicators for monitoring successional advancement in AF.     

山东半岛潮上带沙草地的物种多度格局及其对人为干扰的响应

沿海岸线分布的潮上带沙滩是受风暴潮影响的独特生境, 蕴含着独特的植物群落与植物资源。很多沙滩已受到不同程度的人为干扰。人们尚未了解潮上带沙滩植物群落的构建方式, 也忽视了各种人为干扰对它的影响。该文以几何级数模型、分割线段模型、重叠生态位模型和中性理论模型, 剖析了山东半岛潮上带3处典型沙草地的物种多度格局, 同时研究了滩涂养殖和旅游践踏两种最重要的干扰方式对潮上带沙滩植物群落的影响。对于这3处植被, 中性理论模型的拟合效果最好, 其次是几何级数模型, 而分割线段模型和重叠生态位模型的拟合效果不够理想。旅游践踏和沙滩养殖使潮上带沙草地的植被盖度降低, 不利于珍稀特有植物的生存。在潮上带沙滩上很多植物具有不少相似的特征, 导致它们在个体水平上的空间替代有强烈的随机性, 服从群落中性理论。然而, 它们的性状毕竟存在或多或少的差异, 这些差异难免对各种植物的资源分配或竞争能力产生微弱的影响, 经过很多年的积累, 这种影响必然在群落水平上逐渐显现出来, 以至于用几何级数模型也可拟合物种的多度格局。作者建议应控制人为干扰对潮上带沙滩珍稀植物的不利影响。