毛山小橘枝叶中生物碱类成分的研究

为了解毛山小橘(Glycosmis craibii)的化学成分,采用硅胶柱层析、ODS柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析和高效液相色谱等现代色谱分离技术,从毛山小橘枝叶95%乙醇提取物中分离得到9个生物碱类化合物。根据化合物的理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为de-N-methyl-O-noracronycine (1)、去甲山油柑碱(2)、glycocitrine Ⅱ (3)、acrifoline (4)、3-hydroxy- 2, 4-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridanone (5)、阿塔宁(6)、glycosolone (7)、3-(3?, 3?-dimethylallyl)-4, 8-dimethoxy-N-methyl-quinolin- 2-one (8)和4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone (9)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离,其中化合物2、3、5、6和9为首次从山小橘属植物中分离得到。     

紫茎泽兰的化学成分研究

为了解紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到7 个化合物。通过波谱分析,分别鉴定为万寿菊苷(1)、7-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (2)、4'-甲基醚万寿菊苷(3)、3-O-(6-methoxykaempferol)-β-D-glucopranoside (4)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯 (6)、1,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene (7)。其中化合物1~4 为首次从紫茎泽兰中分离得到。     

贵州鼠尾草化学成分研究

为了解贵州鼠尾草(Salvia cavaleriei)的化学成分,运用色谱分离技术,从其95%乙醇提取物中分离得到16个化合物,经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为：β-倍半水芹烯 (1)、6R-(7R,11-二甲基-10-乙烯亚基)-环己烯酮 (2)、β-没药烯 (3)、α-姜黄烯 (4)、3,4-二羟基苯乙酸甲酯 (5)、香草醛 (6)、姜油酮 (7)、6-姜烯酚 (8)、阿魏酸十八烷酯 (9)、维生素E醌 (10)、5-羟甲基-2-糠醛 (11)、硫代乙酸酐 (12)、吲唑 (13)、棕榈酸 (14)、角鲨烯 (15)和二十六烷 (16)。其中,化合物2为新天然产物,除化合物3、4和6外,所有化合物均为首次从贵州鼠尾草中分离得到,此外,化合物2、5、9和12为首次从唇形科(Lamiaceae)植物中分离得到,化合物1和15为首次从鼠尾草属植物中分离得到。     

大叶山楝根的化学成分及细胞毒活性研究

该研究从大叶山楝根95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离得到10个化合物,经波谱解析分别鉴定为schleicheol 2(1),β-扶桑甾醇(2),fregenedadiol(3),异巴西红厚壳素(4),丁香酯素(5),表丁香酯素(6),graminone A(7),sylvatesmin(8),Z-6-十九烯酸甲酯(9),棕榈酸(10)。其中,化合物1-4、化合物7-9为首次从山楝属植物中分离得到。细胞毒活性测试结果表明,化合物1和化合物2对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901生长具有一定的抑制活性。     

广藿香内生真菌Ogataea sp. RW-S10次级代谢产物研究

为挖掘广藿香(Pogostemon cablin)内生真菌活性代谢产物,采用多种柱色谱分离方法从广藿香内生真菌Ogataea sp.RW-S10的次级代谢产物中分离得到7个化合物,根据波谱数据分别鉴定为ogataearin (1)、phenylalaninol (2)、对羟基苯乙酮(3)、bis(dethio)bis(methylsulfanyl) gliotoxin (4)、N-苯乙基乙酰胺(5)、lumichrome (6)和dehydroxypaxilline (7),其中化合物1为新化合物。化合物1具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,其IC₅₀值为39.38 μmol/L。     

南美蟛蜞菊中的酚酸类化学成分

为了解南美蟛蜞菊[Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.]的化学成分, 从其全株中分离得到9 个酚酸类化合物。经光谱分析, 分别鉴定为6-乙酰基-7-羟基-2,3-二甲基色原酮 (1)、七叶内酯 (2)、丁香醛 (3)、5-羟甲基糠醛 (4)、对羟基苯甲酸 (5)、水杨酸 (6)、反式对羟基桂皮酸 (7)、咖啡酸甲酯 (8) 和反式咖啡酸 (9)。化合物1~8 为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

苦槛蓝叶的黄酮类成分及其荔枝霜疫霉抑制活性研究

为了解苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides)的化学成分,采用色谱分离法从叶中分离得到11个化合物,分别鉴定为：5, 7, 3?-三羟基-4?-甲氧基黄酮(1)、3, 5, 7, 4?-四羟基-3?-甲氧基黄酮(2)、5, 7, 4?-三羟基-3?, 5?-二甲氧基黄酮(3)、木犀草素(4)、山奈酚(5)、鼠李黄素(6)、5, 7-二羟基二氢黄酮(7)、7, 4?-二羟基二氢黄酮(8)、5, 7, 3?, 4?-四羟基二氢黄酮(9)、5-O-乙酰基-3, 7, 3?, 4?-四羟基二氢黄酮(10)和7-甲氧基香橙素(11)。除化合物4、7、11之外,其他化合物均为首次从苦槛蓝叶中分离得到。菌丝生长速率法测试表明化合物4、7~9和11对荔枝霜疫霉菌具有较好的抑菌活性。     

南美蟛蜞菊中二萜化学成分的定性与定量分析研究

为了解南美蟛蜞菊[Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski]植物的化学成分,从其全株乙醇提取物中分离得到8个二萜类化合物。经光谱分析,分别鉴定为ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-9(11)-kauren-19-oic acid (1)、cussovantonin B (2)、ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid(3)、ent-3β-hydroxy-16-kauren-19-oic acid (4)、16α-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (5)、2β,16α-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (6)、3α-angeloyloxypterokaurene L₃ (7)和pterokaurene L₃ (8)。化合物4为首次从蟛蜞菊属植物中分离获得,化合物1、2 和6为首次从南美蟛蜞菊中分离得到。化合物3具有显著的抗菌活性和显著抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性。采用五氟苄溴进行底物五氟苄基衍生化并结合GC-MS 分析表明,化合物3在南美蟛蜞菊茎和叶中的含量分别为(1.00±0.21) mg g^-1 FW和(0.78±0.04) mg g^-1 FW。     

重唇石斛地上部分化学成分及其生物活性研究

为了解重唇石斛(Dendrobium hercoglossum)的化学成分,利用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等方法,从其地上部分分离了14个化合物,经波谱分析,其结构分别鉴定为：3,4,5-三甲氧基苯酚 (1)、3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (2)、methyl 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (3)、justiciresinol (4)、榕醛 (5)、异落叶松脂素 (6)、threo-2,3-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methoxypropanol (7)、(+)-松脂素 (8)、aloifol Ⅰ (9)、dendrocandin T (10)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯丙酮 (11)、1,3,5-三甲氧基苯酚 (12)、香草醇 (13)和丁香脂素 (14),其中化合物1~12, 14均为首次从重唇石斛中分离得到,化合物7、10和14为首次从石斛属植物中分离得到。化合物4、8和10具有显著的酪氨酸酶抑制活性, IC₅₀值分别为(10.40±0.36)、(12.16±0.18)和(9.46±0.78) μmol/L。     

异叶三宝木的二萜成分及抗菌活性研究

为研究异叶三宝木(Trigonostemon heterophyllus)的二萜成分及其抗菌活性,采用硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析、高效液相色谱对萃取物进行分离纯化,结合现代波谱技术对所得化合物进行结构鉴定,并通过牛津杯法和2倍稀释法检测化合物对革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)以及革兰氏阳性菌肺炎双球菌(Pneumococcus)的生长抑制活性和MIC值。从异叶三宝木中分离得到了6个化合物,包括5个二萜类, 1个木脂素类,分别鉴定为trigonochinene E (1)、neoboutomannin (2)、6,9-O- dedimethyltrigonostemone (3)、stelltian B (4)、3,4-secosonderianol (5)、biondinin A (6)。化合物1、2、3、5对大肠杆菌有抑制作用,MIC值分别为9.375、18.75、18.75、18.75 μg/mL。化合物2、3、4、6为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物4为首次从该属植物中分离得到。除化合物4外,其他化合物都有一定的抗菌活性,且化合物1、2、3对大肠杆菌抑制作用强于阳性对照硫酸卡那霉素。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?

An overview of truffles (now considered to belong in the Pezizales, but formerly treated in the Tuberales) is presented, including a discussion on morphological and biological traits characterizing this form group. Accepted genera are listed and discussed according to a system based on molecular results combined with morphological characters. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU rDNA sequences from 55 hypogeous and 139 epigeous taxa of Pezizales were performed to examine their relationships. Parsimony, ML, and Bayesian analyses of these sequences indicate that the truffles studied represent at least 15 independent lineages within the Pezizales. Sequences from hypogeous representatives referred to the following families and genera were analysed: Discinaceae–Morchellaceae (Fischerula, Hydnotrya, Leucangium), Helvellaceae (Balsamia and Barssia), Pezizaceae (Amylascus, Cazia, Eremiomyces, Hydnotryopsis, Kaliharituber, Mattirolomyces, Pachyphloeus, Peziza, Ruhlandiella, Stephensia, Terfezia, and Tirmania), Pyronemataceae (Genea, Geopora, Paurocotylis, and Stephensia) and Tuberaceae (Choiromyces, Dingleya, Labyrinthomyces, Reddellomyces, and Tuber). The different types of hypogeous ascomata were found within most major evolutionary lines often nesting close to apothecial species. Although the Pezizaceae traditionally have been defined mainly on the presence of amyloid reactions of the ascus wall several truffles appear to have lost this character. The value of the number of nuclei in mature ascospores as a delimiting family character is evaluated and found to be more variable than generally assumed.     

Phylogenetic relationships in theCampanulales based onrbcL sequences

Phylogenetic relationships within the angiosperm orderCampanulales were investigated by comparative sequencing of the chloroplast generbcL. CompleterbcL sequences were obtained for ten species in six families within the order. These data were analyzed along with previously publishedrbcL sequences from other taxa (for a total of 117 species) within the subclassAsteridae and outgroups, producing 32 equally parsimonious trees. A subset consisting of 44 of these taxa was then chosen and more rigorous analyses performed, resulting in four equally parsimonious trees. Results indicate that two major clades roughly corresponding to traditionally circumscribedAsterales andCampanulales exist as sister taxa. In particular, therbcL trees indicate thatSphenoclea is not a member ofCampanulales orAsterales, thatPentaphragma is more closely allied toAsterales thanCampanulales, that theCyphiaceae are not monophyletic, thatCampanulaceae andLobeliaceae are not sister taxa, and thatStylidiaceae are correctly placed withinCampanulales.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.