祁连山典型流域谷地植被斑块演变与土壤性状

植物群落演变与土壤性状变化之间的相互作用和过程研究对于认识生态系统结构和功能演变有着重要的意义.对祁连山谷地灌丛草甸退化演变过程中植物群落物种组成、土壤物理和化学性状特征、及土壤与植被的相互作用进行了研究,结果表明,在祁连山谷地阴坡林线以下较小的空间范围,植被斑块由金露梅群落向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,植被盖度降低,但物种多样性增加.不同植被斑块之间土壤水分有显著的梯度变化,土壤水分的变化导致植被的退化演替.植被斑块的演变导致土壤性状的明显分异,从金露梅灌丛斑块向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,土壤容重显著增加,土壤团聚体组成由大粒级的大团聚体(》1mm)破碎为小粒级的大团聚体(1-0.25mm)和微团聚体(《0.25mm),团聚体稳定性降低,表明土壤结构的退化;土壤有机碳含量下降了31.2%和55.9%,干筛各粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳含量金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块显著低于金露梅斑块,土壤团聚体平均重量粒径与有机碳含量存在显著相关,植被退化演变中土壤有机碳的损失部分地由于团聚体的破碎引起;土壤全氮和有效氮不同斑块之间也有显著的差异,植被斑块退化演变使氮的有效性降低;但磷、钾养分对植被变化的响应不敏感.植被的退化演变使土壤团聚体破碎、土壤结构退化,有机碳和全氮含量下降,使其抗侵蚀能力和水源涵养功能显著降低,又进一步加速植被的退化演替.在气候变暖的趋势下,马蔺斑块将进一步向林线逼近,灌丛草甸植被将会进一步退化和萎缩.     

放牧对沼泽化草甸土壤纤毛虫群落的影响

通过对甘南玛曲县3个不同放牧强度(全年禁牧、季节性放牧、全年放牧)的沼泽化草甸土壤纤毛虫群落研究调查,共鉴定纤毛虫105种,分别隶属于8纲、17目、30科、39属。在3种放牧强度下,季节性放牧纤毛虫物种多样性指数最高,全年禁牧次之,全年放牧最小;C/P系数(肾形类纤毛虫与多膜类纤毛虫种类数的比值)排序为季节性放牧全年禁牧全年放牧;全年禁牧和季节性放牧土壤纤毛虫的群落相似性较高,而全年放牧和全年禁牧样点之间群落差异较大。土壤含水量、有机质与物种数、密度及多样性指数呈极显著正相关(P0.01),全磷与密度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)且与物种数和物种多样性指数呈显著正相关(P0.05)。对土壤纤毛虫群落组成参数(物种数、物种多样性指数、密度)与土壤环境因子(土壤温度、含水量、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、无机氮)进行冗余分析,结果表明,土壤含水量、有机质、全氮对纤毛虫的群落组成影响较大,其中有机质对土壤纤毛虫群落的影响最大。     

放牧强度对高寒草甸土壤理化性状和植物功能群的影响

为明晰放牧强度对植物功能群落的物种分布特征和土壤理化性状的影响。在青藏高原东北缘高寒草甸设置6块放牧强度样地开展试验。采用多元排序和方差分解等方法,分析放牧强度作用下植物功能群落物种分布与土壤物理结构和化学养分因子的定量关系。结果表明:(1)随放牧强度增加,禾本科、莎草科和多年生杂类草植物群落的物种丰富度、盖度和实际重要值均显著降低,而一年生杂类草无显著变化。(2)对于土壤化学养分,不同放牧强度区,土壤速效钾、全氮和有机质含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤速效磷在不同放牧强度区变化规律不一致。随放牧强度增加,土壤速效钾和全氮含量增加,而土壤速效磷和有机质含量无明显变化。(3)对于土壤物理性状,不同放牧强度区,随土层深度增加,土壤紧实度和容重均增加,而土壤含水量和通气孔隙度均降低。随放牧强度增加,0—30 cm各土层深度的土壤紧实度和容重均增加,土壤含水量和通气孔隙度均降低。(4)以功能群为基本单元对植物群落进行方差分解得出,土壤物理性状可单独解释群落功能群分布总方差的58.10%。(5)基于物种尺度对不同功能群落与环境因子进行定量研究表明,土壤紧实度是决定每种功能群物种分布格局的最主要因子。禾本科、莎草科和多年生草本植物均受土壤物理性状的显著影响,贡献率分别为26.3%、31.0%和16.5%。而一年生草本植物不受土壤物理和化学性状的显著影响。综上所述,放牧强度对土壤化学性状的影响具有不确定性,而对土壤物理性状和群落特征的影响具有确定性。土壤物理结构性状主导了高寒草甸植物功能群落的物种分布格局。     

短期围封对西藏北部高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响

为了解放牧对高寒草甸的影响,以及围封对高寒草甸的恢复作用,2013年5月、8月、10月,分别对藏北短期围封高寒草甸和自由放牧高寒草甸不同深度土层的土壤线虫群落及土壤理化性质等进行了调查。调查结果表明,3a围封提高了土壤全氮、磷、钾及土壤有机质含量,土壤保水能力也明显提高;围封使土壤线虫个体密度下降,但物种多样性和丰富度却提高了;围封使土壤线虫群落中的植食性线虫所占比重呈下降趋势,食真菌线虫比重加大。短期围封有利于高寒草甸生态系统的正向演替,使之向更稳定的方向发展,同时,土壤线虫数量对土壤理化性质变化有明显的响应,通过土壤线虫群落的群落特征可以反映放牧干扰及围封对高寒草甸生态系统的影响。     

藏北高寒草地植被和土壤对不同放牧强度的响应

放牧压力在时间和空间的不均衡分布导致局部土地过度利用和生态退化,然而当前对放牧强度的量化多采用替代性指标或对照试验,缺乏直接监测数据,也缺乏不同草地类型对放牧强度变化的响应差异性研究。以西藏自治区那曲市为研究区,利用佩戴式GPS牛羊定位器构建高精度放牧轨迹数据集模拟放牧强度,构建栅格尺度放牧强度空间分布和划分方法,结合草地群落样方调查,通过Duncan法（Duncan''s multiple comparative analysis）进行多重比较分析,探究自由放牧模式下高寒草甸和高寒草原两类区域植被和土壤对不同放牧强度的响应方式及差异性。本研究可为放牧行为环境效应监测提供新思路,并根据不同草地状况因地制宜提出放牧优化管理策略,助力高寒传统牧区的可持续发展。主要结论有：1）随着放牧强度的增大,高寒草原地上生物量先升高后降低,高强度放牧对高寒草原植被的影响大于高寒草甸。2）高放牧强度下,高寒草原土壤水分显著高于中低强度,高寒草甸土壤容重显著低于低强度。可能原因是放牧压力多集聚于水源附近。高寒草原区土壤的砂粒含量随放牧强度的增大而增加。放牧强度的增大导致草甸上层土壤有机质增加,草甸下层、草原上层、草原下层土壤有机质先增加后减小。草甸上下层土壤全磷含量在低放牧强度下显著低于中高强度。3）植被土壤变化受到自然因子和放牧活动的共同影响。高寒草甸更加耐牧,高强度放牧对高寒草原的负面影响更大,而中度放牧有利于草地尤其是高寒草原的放牧利用。4）放牧生态系统是一个环境-植物-家畜自适应系统。在放牧管理中不能仅通过控制载畜量缓解草地超载,还需要综合考虑生态系统的弹性及各营养级的适应性,合理配置放牧强度,控制季节性超载和局部超载。     

旅游干扰下滇西北高原湖滨湿地植被及土壤变化特征

研究了旅游干扰下滇西北高原碧塔海和属都湖湖滨湿地植被和土壤变化特征. 结果表明： 采用TWINSPAN分类方法将22个典型湿地样点划分为原生湿地、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个类型.沿退化梯度,碧塔海和属都湖湿地植物群落的密度、盖度、物种数、Shannon多样性指数增大,植被高度下降,碧塔海湿地植物群落的Whittaker多样性指数增大;碧塔海湿地植物物种数、土壤有机质、全氮、孔隙度、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量低于属都湖湿地,群落密度、高度、土壤全钾、pH值变化规律则相反.利用42种植物的重要值和11个土壤理化指标进行典范对应分析,发现土壤有机质、全钾、全氮等养分含量是影响旅游干扰下碧塔海和属都湖湖滨湿地植物物种分布的关键因素. TWINSPAN分类和植被-土壤变化特征分析表明,旅游干扰对碧塔海湿地的影响比属都湖湖滨湿地更大.     

不同放牧强度下羊草草原群落斑块植被-土壤特征

植物群落斑块化是天然放牧草地最基本的特征之一,影响着草地生态系统结构和功能。本研究以不同放牧强度下典型羊草草原植物群落斑块为研究对象,对植物群落多样性特征、初级生产力、土壤理化性质、植物养分含量及其相关关系进行研究。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,斑块群落内植物种类组成发生改变并趋于简单化,放牧敏感物种消失,物种多样性降低;高放牧强度显著降低了植物群落的地上净初级生产力;初级生产力与土壤氮含量具有显著的正相关关系;随着放牧强度增加,土壤碳、氮、磷含量呈现增加趋势;由于放牧强度及斑块结构的影响,土壤碳、氮、磷含量存在空间分布差异;同时,斑块群落中植被碳、氮、磷含量与土壤碳、氮、磷含量之间没有显著的相关性。研究表明,放牧能够改变草地群落结构和功能,引起植被-土壤养分之间的非同步性发展。     

放牧扰动下高寒草甸植物多样性、生产力对土壤养分条件变化的响应

为了揭示高寒小嵩草草甸群落在放牧扰动下,探讨土壤养分供给水平的变化对生态系统初级生产力和多样性影响,为高寒草地的退化演替机理研究提供依据,以野外样地调查和室内分析法研究了放牧扰动下高寒草甸植物多样性、生产力对土壤养分条件变化的响应.结果表明,放牧干扰不仅改变了高寒小蒿草草甸群落土壤根系和蕴育土壤根系的"载体"量及根土比例,改变了植物群落的结构和功能,而且使土壤的物理和化学特性发生了明显的改变.随着放牧强度的增加,蕴育土壤根系的基质量逐渐减少,根土比特别是0～10 cm土层的根土比例增加;"载体"量减少导致大部分地下根系由于营养供给水平的降低而死亡,归还土壤中有机质的数量逐渐减少,加之地上部分持续利用,土壤养分也在不断消耗,土壤基质量的减少和土壤资源持续供给能力的下降,草地发生逆向演替(退化),表现在:物种数减少、多样性下降、能量的分配转向地下等;土壤性状上的某些改变(土壤容重、土壤湿度等),也会引起植被组成、物种多样性变化;放牧主要通过影响土壤环境及其养分含量来改变草地群落生物量(地上、地下);土壤表面的适度干扰和原有植物的适度破坏为新成员提供了小生境,从而允许新的植物侵入群落,并提高了植物的丰富度.但是,在受到强度干扰时,草地植物群落的主要物种的优势地位发生明显的替代变化.     

放牧胁迫下若尔盖高原沼泽退化特征及其影响因子

根据原生和退化沼泽水体、植被与土壤信息,将放牧胁迫下若尔盖高原沼泽划分为5个等级,即原始沼泽、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化沼泽,系统地研究了若尔盖高原沼泽的退化特征及其影响因子。沼泽退化特征表现为:退化沼泽水体总氮含量较高,硝态氮、总磷含量以及碱度、矿化度随沼泽退化程度加剧而上升。退化沼泽物种丰富度增加,群落组成和结构趋于多样化;群落水分生态型结构变化明显,中生植物逐渐取代沼生植物优势地位;沿沼泽退化梯度,植被演替速率降低。沼泽退化序列上,土壤含水率、毛管孔隙度、全氮含量降低,土壤容重、全磷和全钾含量上升;土壤垂直剖面上,退化沼泽较原始沼泽和轻度退化沼泽全量养分含量变化大,并且,全氮和全磷含量具有表聚性。退化沼泽环境指标PCA分析显示,沼泽退化受土壤养分和水分含量的影响较大。     

高原鼢鼠扰动及恢复年限对高寒草甸土壤养分和微生物功能多样性的影响

为了研究高原鼢鼠扰动后退化高寒草甸恢复演替的动态过程,利用常规实验室分析方法和Biolog-ECO生态板法对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤养分和微生物功能多样性进行分析.结果表明: 高原鼢鼠扰动显著降低了土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷含量,对土壤全磷和全钾含量无显著影响;在一定植被恢复年限内,土壤微生物的碳源利用率、Shannon、Pielou和McIntosh指数随着植被恢复年限的增加而升高;主成分分析表明,碳水化合物和氨基酸是土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型;冗余分析表明,土壤pH、有机质、全氮、速效氮和全钾是影响土壤微生物代谢活性和功能多样性的主要因子.不同植被恢复年限土壤微生物功能多样性的变化可能是对地上植被、土壤微生物群落组成和土壤养分变化的响应.     

山西五台山高山林线的植被景观

 过草本植物群落的分类和排序,结合对乔木和灌木分布的分析,确定了五台山高山林线的几条植被界线以及五台山森林上限附近植被的性质。结果表明：1）阳坡林线的海拔范围为2 605～2 790 m,阴坡林线的海拔范围为2 810～3 015 m;2）草本植物群落随海拔高度的变化比较明显,阴坡和阳坡从郁闭林到山顶均依次分布林下草本层、林缘草甸、亚高山灌丛草甸、高山草甸,草本植物的分布很好地体现了林线内部景观的差异性;3）海拔高度是高山林线附近草本植物群落空间分异的决定性因素。     

放牧对五台山高山、亚高山草甸牧草品质的影响

通过野外样地调查和室内分析,从牧草的适口性和营养成分两方面,研究了放牧对五台山高山、亚高山草甸牧草品质的影响。结果表明：放牧干扰草甸中适口性为喜食及以上的优质牧草种类为20种,喜食牧草在群落中的相对盖度最大,为45.40%;与之相比,极度退化草甸中优质牧草种类为13种,乐食牧草的相对盖度最大,为62.24%;喜食以上优质牧草的相对盖度最大值,出现在轻度退化草甸中,达到65.95%。同一适口性等级牧草,在不同退化等级草甸中,种类发生变化。从放牧干扰草甸到极度退化草甸,牧草中的粗蛋白和灰分含量呈增加趋势,而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量呈下降趋势。放牧压力下,五台山高山、亚高山草甸的牧草品质并未下降,但放牧造成的草甸生产力降低,制约了资源的可持续利用和保护。     

吉林省敦化地区晚全新世泥炭沼泽孢粉组合特征及古植被

对大桥泥炭地的孢粉进行了分析和年龄测定.根据孢粉组合、地层特征和¹⁴C年龄将剖面划分为4个孢粉带,分别为2 195±70～2 045±70 yr B.P.松为主的松-云冷杉-榛-栎-苔草组合带、2 045±70～1 745±70 yr B.P.苔草为主的松-桦-榛 胡桃-苔草组合带、1 745±70～705±70 yr B.P.松-榛-鹅耳枥-苔草-毛茛组合带和705±70 yr B.P.～1 950 yr A.D.松-云冷杉-桦-苔草组合带.周围植被由温带山地针叶林（类似现今海拔1 100 m以上）、温带针阔混交林下部（类似现今海拔400～600 m）和温带针阔混交林中部（类似现今海拔600～800 m）过渡到温带针阔混交林上部（类似现今海拔800～1 100 m）.相应地,泥炭沼泽经历了孕育期、蓬勃发展期、继续扩张期和消亡期.     

Vegetation Patterns of the Irano-Turanian Steppe along a 3,000 m Altitudinal Gradient in the Alborz Mountains of Northern Iran

The Irano-Turanian floristic region is a major center of endemism in the Holarctic of Eurasia. The Alborz Mountains of northern Iran are a complex and heterogeneous environmental system with rich water resources and great habitat diversity. We have investigated steppe plant communities along an altitudinal gradient ranging from approximately 1,000 m a.s.l. in the semi-desert steppes near Tehran to a height of 3,966 m a.s.l. at the summit of Mount Tochal. Our two-way indicator species analysis of 1,069 vegetation samples resulted in classification of five major vegetation zones: (1) a semi-desert Artemisia steppe near Tehran, (2) a Stipa grassland in the alluvial undulating hills north and west of Tehran, (3) a submontane and steppe zone, (4) a subalpine cushion formation zone and (5) an alpine meadow and subnival zone of Mount Tochal. Annuals and ephemerals in the semi-desert vegetation decline as altitude increases and almost disappear in the alpine zone. Past human impacts of ancient Persian civilization and a traditional pastoral economy have affected the physiognomy of plant communities; thorny dwarf shrubs now dominate the treeless vegetation of the region. Lower competition for space, different phenology and the presence of edaphic and hydrological layers associated with anthropogenic impacts are major reasons for entanglement of different plant communities in the arid- and semi-arid steppe. The phytogeography of the region changes from omni-Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Sindian transgressive species at lower altitudes to a more limited range of western Irano-Turanian species and local endemics at higher altitudes.     

Spatial patterns in seed bank and vegetation of semi-natural mountain meadows

Soil seed bank composition and vegetative spatial patterns were studied in four mountain meadow communities in the Broto Valley (N. Spain), in order to analyse the differences that might exists between the two life forms. Soil and vegetation samples were taken at 1 m intervals from 10 m × 10 m quadrats in each meadow in one-year study. The spatial distribution of species was analysed along with the calculation of an autocorrelation coefficient which takes account of the relative position of samples: (Moran’s I). The results indicate that the abundance of the majority of the species in the seed bank and in the vegetation are randomly distributed, the percentage of species with a clumped distribution only exceeds 35% in the vegetation of one meadow and none of the taxa identified showed a uniform spatial organisation. The species that were distributed in the seed bank in a clumped pattern in more than one meadow were those of the pioneer species (Anagallis arvensis, Centaurium erythraea, Lamium purpureum and Stellaria media). All of these formed long-term persistent seed banks but were absent in the established vegetation in these meadows. According to the results, there exist not only differences between the spatial distribution of the species present in the same community, but also, that some species change their pattern of distribution according to the life form and to the grassland type in which they are found.     

基于TM NDVI的武功山山地草甸植被覆盖度时空变化研究

以江西省武功山山地草甸为研究区,基于4期TM(Thematic Mapper,专题测图仪)卫星遥感影像,提取NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,归一化植被指数),采用像元二分模型,运用ENVI 5.1和Arc GIS 10.0软件计算得到武功山山地草甸的植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化。研究结果表明:(1)研究期间山地草甸面积减少了9.72%,呈递减趋势。20年来随着武功山风景区成立—旅游业发展—山地草甸生态修复,山地草甸植被覆盖度增加和减少交替,总体呈上升趋势;(2)山地草甸植被覆盖度呈现东南高西北低的空间分布特征。低覆盖度草甸区集中在武功山山脉的西北侧坡面的崖壁和部分山脊线上,而高覆盖度草甸区多分布在武功山山脉的东南坡面;(3)研究区山地草甸退化与改善并存,山地草甸最北端和白鹤峰-九龙山区域的东南坡、南坡低海拔处植被总体呈退化特征;发云界南部的东坡植被总体呈现改善特征。研究期间山地草甸退化面积比改善面积多出1.78%。(4)山地草甸植被覆盖度的分布格局和地形因子存在较高的相关性(P0.05):植被覆盖度随着坡向的变化而呈规律性的变化,总体上山地草甸植被覆盖度的分布为阳坡平坡阴坡;植被覆盖度先是随着坡度的上升而升高,在坡度15°—25°时达到峰值,然后随坡度的上升而下降,在45°—90°最低;植被覆盖度随海拔升高呈波浪式下降,1000—1200m最高,在主峰山顶海拔1800—1918.3m最低。遥感解译检验结果证明采用此方法对大面积山地草甸覆盖度分布及变化进行反演可行而准确;在后续研究中将采用不同季相的多期影像数据提取NDVI对研究区植被覆盖度进行长期监测,以便更准确可靠地分析山地草甸演化过程和趋势。     

Ground vegetation in the Mongolian taiga forest‐steppe ecotone does not offer evidence for the human origin of grasslands

Question: Is the vegetation of meadow and mountain steppes distinct from the ground vegetation of light taiga forests in the transitional zone between these biomes? Location: Western Khentey Mountains, northern Mongolia. Methods: Vegetation was recorded from 100‐m² plots from all dominant types of light taiga forest and dry grassland. Distinctness of ground vegetation was studied with Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). Results: Ground vegetation in the light taiga was significantly different from the herbal vegetation of meadow and mountain steppes. Clear separation was only absent for the Car ex amgunensis meadow steppes that occur in a narrow strip along the forest edge and are partly shaded by trees. Forest and steppe communities followed a moisture gradient according to the DCA ordination with light taiga forests at the moistest sites and steppe communities at the driest sites. Ulmus pumila open woodlands diverged from this pattern, because of their close spatial and phytosociological relationship to mountain steppes. Conclusions: The present results do not support the assumption that grasslands in Mongolia's transitional zone between forest and steppe would generally resemble the ground vegetation of light taiga forests. This contradicts a published hypothesis stating that the vegetation of meadow and mountain steppes would not clearly differ from ground vegetation of light taiga forests in the forest‐steppe transitional zone of Mongolia.     

Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Along a Vertical Vegetation Gradient in the Gongga Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau

Our knowledge about soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics is limited although this is an important issue in the study of responses of ecosystems to global climate changes. Twelve sampling plots were set up every 200 m from 1 700 to 3 900 m along the vertical vegetation gradient along the east slope of Gongga Mountain. Samples were taken from all 12 plots for SOM content measurement, although only 5 of the 12plots were subjected to radiocarbon measurements. A radiocarbon isotope method and a time-dependent model were used to quantify the SOM dynamics and SOM turnover rates along the vertical vegetation gradient. The results showed that the SOM turnover rate decreased and turnover time increased with soil depth for all vegetation types. The litter layer turnover rates presented a clear trend along the gradient. The litter layer turnover rates decreased with an increase in elevation, except that the litter layer turnover rate of mixed forest was higher than that of evergreen forest. Climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation,were the main factors influencing the surface soil carbon dynamics. The turnover rates of the subsoil (including the A, B, and C horizons in the soil profiles) along the vertical gradient had no clear trends. The SOM of subalpine shrub and meadow turned over more slowly than that of the forest types in almost all soil horizons. The characteristic of short roots distributing in the upper part of the soil profile leads to different SOM dynamics of shrub and meadow compared with the forest types. Coniferous and mixed forests were susceptible to carbon loss from the young carbon pool, but their long and big roots resulted in high △14C values of the deep soil profiles and increased the input of young carbon to the deep soil. In evergreen forest,the carbon cumulative ability from the B horizon to the C horizon was weak. The different vegetation types,together with their different modes of nutrient and carbon intake, may be the mechanism conditioning the subsoil organic matter dynamics.     

祁连山中部4种典型植被类型土壤细菌群落结构差异

土壤微生物参与土壤生态过程,在土壤生态系统的结构和功能中发挥着重要作用。2013年7月采集了祁连山中段4种典型植被群落(垫状植被、高寒草甸、沼泽草甸和高寒灌丛)的表层土壤,分析了表层土壤微生物生物量碳氮和采用Illumina高通量测序技术研究了土壤细菌群落结构及多样性,并结合土壤因子对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行了相关性分析。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物生物量碳氮的大小排序为:沼泽草甸高寒草甸高寒灌丛垫状植被;(2)土壤细菌群落相对丰度在5%以上的优势类群是放线菌门、酸杆菌门、α-变形菌、厚壁菌门和芽单胞菌门5大门类;(3)沼泽草甸土壤细菌α多样性(物种丰富度和系统发育多样性)显著高于其它3种植被类型(P0.05),而垫状植被土壤细菌α多样性最低;(4)冗余分析和Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和总氮是土壤细菌群落结构和α多样性的主要影响因子。研究结果可为祁连山高寒生态系统稳定和保护提供理论依据。     

Vegetation Changes in a Wet Meadow Complex during the Past Half-Century

Repeated vegetation maps and phytosociological relevés recorded in the 1950s and again from 1984 to 2006 in a wet meadow complex near the town of T?eboň, in the southern part of the Czech Republic, central Europe were compared. The following trends were evident: original vegetation zones disappeared, as well as vegetation typical of less intensively used sites, i.e., short-sedge marshes and Deschampsia cespitosa meadows. Instead, stands with Phalaris arundinacea, Urtica dioica, Elytrigia repens, and species-poor Alopecurus pratensis meadows, as well as woody species, expanded as a result of either too intensive use (cutting, manuring) or abandonment. The number of 46 meadow and marsh species recorded in 1956 in repeated relevés was reduced to one-third, while ruderal and weedy species increased from zero to 22, thus surpassing the meadow and marsh species being now more numerous than the former ones. The large degradation that started in the late 1970s continues, with there being no chance of recovery unless the present management regime stops manuring and implements appropriate regular cutting once or twice a year.