中国新纪录--环蛇(眼镜蛇科:环蛇属),兼记西藏竹叶青蛇(图版Ⅵ,下)

1998年在西藏墨脱县海拔1000m左右地方采到成年雌性环蛇1号,系我国新纪录。该蛇全长／尾长(mm)1095／112(尾尖断)。通身背面黑褐色,后3／4有由背鳞白色点斑缀成的窄横纹约40个;腹面浅黑色,每隔3或4枚腹鳞有不规则的黄白色横斑。尾背有少数不完整的白色纹,但尾腹面有7条很明显的横斑。头部斑纹与M．Smith(1943：410)描述一致,可能由于蛇龄较老而不清晰。背鳞通身15行,脊鳞略扩大;腹鳞233,尾下鳞35(略低于文献记载的44～51,可能与尾尖断有关),除前端第三、四两枚成单外,其余均成对。没有颊鳞;眶前鳞1,眶后鳞2;颞鳞1 2;上唇鳞7(2-2—3式);下唇鳞7,第一对在颏鳞后彼此相接,前4对接前颔片;前颔片大于后颔片,后者后半介一小鳞。检查一侧,除前沟牙及其预备牙外,没有发现其他上颌齿。该次考察还在西藏聂拉木县樟木海拔2400m左右地方采到4号雌性西藏竹叶青蛇。该蛇是黄正一教授根据西藏聂拉木县却克苏木雌雄各1号标本命名的种,虽然在邻国尼泊尔多处发现,但我国尚无更多标本报道。作者采到的4雌全长／尾长(mm)按编号顺序依次为：618／88,692／102,623／95和643／102。3号的腹鳞都是150,1号为152,均较原始描述略少,可能与计数方法有关,本文作者对腹鳞计数按赵尔宓与鹰岩(1993)84页图C所示的方法。尾下鳞2号为42对,2号为44对。     

中国新纪录——环蛇 (眼镜蛇科 :环蛇属 ) ,兼记西藏竹叶青蛇(英文)

1998年在西藏墨脱县海拔 10 0 0m左右地方采到成年雌性环蛇 1号 ,系我国新纪录。该蛇全长 /尾长 (mm) 10 95 /112 (尾尖断 )。通身背面黑褐色 ,后 3/4有由背鳞白色点斑缀成的窄横纹约 4 0个 ;腹面浅黑色 ,每隔 3或 4枚腹鳞有不规则的黄白色横斑。尾背有少数不完整的白色纹 ,但尾腹面有 7条很明显的横斑。头部斑纹与M .Smith (194 3:4 10 )描述一致 ,可能由于蛇龄较老而不清晰。背鳞通身 15行 ,脊鳞略扩大 ;腹鳞2 33,尾下鳞 35 (略低于文献记载的 4 4～ 5 1,可能与尾尖断有关 ) ,除前端第三、四两枚成单外 ,其余均成对。没有颊鳞 ;眶前鳞 1,眶后鳞 2 ;颞鳞 1 2 ;上唇鳞 7(2 2 3式 ) ;下唇鳞 7,第一对在颏鳞后彼此相接 ,前 4对接前颔片 ;前颔片大于后颔片 ,后者后半介一小鳞。检查一侧 ,除前沟牙及其预备牙外 ,没有发现其他上颌齿。该次考察还在西藏聂拉木县樟木海拔 2 4 0 0m左右地方采到 4号雌性西藏竹叶青蛇。该蛇是黄正一教授根据西藏聂拉木县却克苏木雌雄各 1号标本命名的种 ,虽然在邻国尼泊尔多处发现 ,但我国尚无更多标本报道。作者采到的 4雌全长 /尾长 (mm)按编号顺序依次为 :6 18/88,6 92 /10 2 ,6 2 3/95和 6 4 3/10 2。 3号的腹鳞都是15 0 ,1号为 15 2 ,均较原始描述略少 ,可能与计数方法有     

湖南省眼镜王蛇新纪录及其特征

1990年7月4日湖南省郴州地区莽山林业管理局职工在莽山林区捕获一蛇,经鉴定为眼镜王蛇Ophiophagus hannah(Cantor)。主要特征如下。成年雌性,体重4.3公斤,全长3050mm,尾长560mm。蛇头呈椭圆形,吻鳞宽圆,眼大,瞳孔圆形。鼻间鳞切入鼻孔,前额鳞2枚,额鳞1枚,颞鳞3+3,顶鳞2枚较大,顶鳞后面有1对大枕鳞。无颊鳞,左右分别有眶前鳞1枚,眶上鳞1枚,眶后鳞3枚。上唇鳞每侧8枚,其中第3枚上唇鳞较大,前与鼻鳞相切,后入眼眶。下唇鳞每侧8枚,第4、第5及第6下唇鳞之间靠近唇缘处嵌有1枚较小的鳞片。背鳞19—15—15行。肛鳞1片,尾下鳞84,其中1—14行,第16、…     

铅色水蛇Enhydris plumbea(Boie, 1827) 的生物学初探(蛇亚目:游蛇科:仰鼻蛇亚科)

根据野外观察和解剖标本, 本文报道蛇亚目、游蛇科、水游蛇亚科中国南方常见优势种铅色水蛇的生物学研究初步结果.1.长度112号雄蛇全长范围286 ～466 mm,151号雌蛇全长范围306～504 mm.海南陵水103号雄蛇最大全长358+54=412 mm,137号雌蛇最大全长443+61=504 mm.2.鳞片的变异根据299号标本观察,数量恒定无变异的鳞片有吻鳞(1), 鼻间鳞 (1), 前额鳞 (2), 额鳞 (1), 顶鳞 (2), 鼻鳞 (每侧1), 颊鳞 (每侧1), 眶上鳞(每侧1), 前颞鳞 (每侧1), 颏鳞 (1), 颔片 (2 对), 背鳞 (19-19-17 行), 肛前鳞 (完整);根据鳞片有变异的67号标本观察, 可出现变异鳞片的变异范围及其频率眶前鳞1(1→2,4.5%),眶后鳞2(2→1,3.0%),后颞鳞2(2→1,1.5%),上唇鳞3-2-3(3-1-4,0.75%),下唇鳞10(9,0.75%;11,2.25%);腹鳞与尾下鳞则绝对有变异腹鳞雄性112号变异幅度124～136 (平均 128.2), 雌性151号变异幅度123～132 (平均 126.1),尾下鳞雄性107号变异幅度36～41 (平均 39.7)对,雌性149号变异幅度31～36 (平均 33.7)对.3.两代之间变异的消失和出现两例母蛇的右侧眶前鳞均变异为2,她们的全部仔蛇21号均正常为1;一例母蛇的下唇鳞为正常的10枚,而她的仔蛇6号中有两号分别有一侧或两侧变异为9.4.垂直分布范围沿海低地到海拔985 m.5.栖息环境各种水域,以静水水域为主,在海南陵水县吊罗山大里乡以灌水后的稻田为主,极少数发现在静水水域或流动缓慢的灌溉渠内.6.摄食和食性每年4月开始摄食,6月为摄食高峰,9月停止;食物以小形蛙类和蝌蚪为主,其次为小鱼.7.繁殖习性二级性征主要反映在雄性尾的比例较长,尾下鳞的数目相应较多;二级性比(出生时的性比)接近11,三级性比在居群较大的情况下也约为11,而在居群较小的情况下统计约为0.51;雌性性成熟期(以开始产仔为依据)全长都在350 mm以上;解剖28号孕雌得知输卵管卵数3～12(平均6.3)枚;卵在母体内发育进程解剖41号成熟雌性得知4月卵尚未发育,5月及6月处于发育中或晚期、产仔或已产出,7月基本都已产毕;统计两窝21仔得知初产出仔蛇全长127～139 mm,母蛇体长大者其仔蛇亦较长;统计同窝9仔得知初生仔蛇重量2.4～2.5 g,平均2.47 g.本文是作者早期未发表的工作,现整理供对蛇类有兴趣的青年同行参考.本研究所用全部标本(包括3号雌蛇及其刚产出的仔蛇) 均保存在中国科学院成都生物研究所两栖爬行动物标本馆.     

铅色水蛇Enhydris plumbea（Boie，1827）的生物学初探（蛇亚目：游蛇科：仰鼻蛇亚科）（图版封2，上）

根据野外观察和解剖标本,本文报道蛇亚目、游蛇科、水游蛇亚科中国南方常见优势种铅色水蛇的生物学研究初步结果。1,长度：112号雄蛇全长范围286～466mm,151号雌蛇全长范围306～504mm。海南陵水103号雄蛇最大全长358＋54=412mm,137号雌蛇最大全长443＋61=504mm。2．鳞片的变异：根据299号标本观察,数量恒定无变异的鳞片有：吻鳞（1）,鼻间鳞（1）,前额鳞（2）,额鳞（1）,顶鳞（2）,鼻鳞（每侧1）,颊鳞（每侧1）,眶上鳞（每侧1）,前颞鳞（每侧1）,颏鳞（1）,颔片（2对）,背鳞（19-19-17行）,肛前鳞（完整）;根据鳞片有变异的67号标本观察,可出现变异鳞片的变异范围及其频率：眶前鳞1（1→2,4．5％）,眶后鳞2（2→1,3．0％）,后颞鳞2（2→1．1．5％）,上唇鳞3-2-3（3-1-4,0．75％）,下唇鳞10（9,0．75％;11,2,25％）;腹鳞与尾下鳞则绝对有变异：腹鳞雄性112号变异幅度124～136（平均128．2）,雌性151号变异幅度123～132（平均126．1）,尾下鳞雄性107号变异幅度36～41（平均39．7）对,雌性149号变异幅度31～36（平均33．7）对。3．两代之间变异的消失和出现：两例母蛇的右侧眶前鳞均变异为2,她们的全部仔蛇21号均正常为1;一例母蛇的下唇鳞为正常的10枚,而她的仔蛇6号中有两号分别有一侧或两侧变异为9。4．垂直分布范围：沿海低地到海拔985m。5．栖息环境：各种水域,以静水水域为主,在海南陵水县吊罗山大里乡以灌水后的稻田为主,极少数发现在静水水域或流动缓慢的灌溉渠内。6．摄食和食性：每年4月开始摄食,6月为摄食高峰,9月停止;食物以小形蚌类和蝌蚪为主,其次为小鱼。7．繁殖习性：二级性征主要反映在雄性尾的比例较长,尾下鳞的数目相应较多;二级性比（出生时的性比）接近1：1,三级性比在居群较大的情况下也约为1：1,而在居群较小的情况下统计约为0．5：1;雌性性成熟期（以开始产仔为依据）全长都在350mm以上;解剖28号孕雌得知输卵管卵数3～12（平均6．3）枚;卵在母体内发育进程：解剖41号成熟雄性得知4月卵尚未发育,5月及6月处于发育中或晚期、产仔或已产出,7月基本都已产毕;统计两窝21仔得知初产出仔蛇全长127～139mm,母蛇体长大者其仔蛇亦较长;统计同窝9仔得知初生仔蛇重量2．4～2．5g,平均2．47g。本文是作者早期未发表的工作,现整理供对蛇类有兴趣的青年同行参考。本研究所用全部标本（包括3号雌蛇及其刚产出的仔蛇）均保存在中国科学院成都生物研究所两栖爬行动物标本馆。     

安徽蛇类新纪录——白头蝰

1989年9月10日,在安徽省歙县昌溪乡昌溪村公路旁,采到一号蛇标本,经鉴定是白头蝰(Azemiops feae Boulenger)。标本号89091,保存于我所标本室。为安徽蛇类新纪录。同年10月2日上午11时30分,在歙县深度公路下,汽车压死一条白头蝰。现就89091号标本的形态特征描述如下:体长470毫米,尾长90毫米,重50克,雄性,头椭圆形,头背白色,有浅褐色斑纹,中间有一白中线。躯干背面紫褐色,背尾有朱红色黄斑16对。鳞被情况是:背鳞17—17—15行,腹鳞178,尾下鳞40对,眶前鳞3,眶后鳞2,顳鳞2+3,上唇鳞6,2—1—3式;下唇鳞8枚,前3枚切前颔片。生态习性栖息于300米左…     

甘肃蛇类—新纪录——青脊蛇

青脊蛇Achalinus ater系1986年10月采于华亭县关山林区,海拔1600米,♀性幼体,标本号0048,保存于庆阳师专生物系脊椎动物标本室。 颊鳞1枚,长约为高的2倍,入眶;鼻间鳞1对,左右鼻鳞彼此不相连;无眶前鳞,亦无眶后鳞;前额鳞1对;颡鳞2+2;上唇鳞6枚,3—2—1式;下唇鳞6枚,第一对在颏鳞之后,     

湖南莽山发现海南闪鳞蛇与白头蝰

在湖南莽山自然保护区进行蛇类生物资源考查时,于1991年9月下旬及1992年8月上旬分别采得1条无毒蛇及1条毒蛇,经查证确认是海南闪鳞蛇及白头蝰,两者均为本区新纪录种。海南闪鳞蛇Xenopeltis hainanensis Hu et Zhao 莽林标本9119号,采于海拔600m左右的菜土中。雄性,全长425mm,尾长25mm,头较扁小,头颈区分不明显,吻鳞宽圆,眼小,瞳孔直立椭圆形。眼前鳞较大,仅有1片,顶     

黑脊蛇

黑脊蛇 ,Achalinnsspinalis Peters为游蛇科游蛇亚科脊蛇属、无毒蛇。体小而细长 ,全长 30～ 50 cm,最大可超过 60 cm;圆柱形 ;头略呈椭圆形 ;头、颈区分不明显 ;眼小 ,圆形或直立椭圆形。背面棕黑色 ,有一深纵条黑脊线 ,占脊鳞及其两侧各半片鳞宽 ;腹面色略浅 ;腹枚前颞鳞仅尖端入眶 ;鼻间鳞缝比前额鳞短 ;背鳞除最外行较大而平滑外 ,其余均起棱。上唇鳞 6,3- 2 - 1式 ;眼前鳞及眼后鳞均无 ;颊鳞 1 ;颞鳞 2 2 ;背鳞通身 2 3行 ,个别的在躯干某段有 2 1或 2 5行者。腹鳞雄性 1 46～ 1 64,雌性 1 59～ 1 76;尾下鳞雄性 50～ 66,雌性 39～ 5…     

方花丽斑蛇在湖南省莽山再次发现

正2013年4月20日,在湖南省宜章县莽山国家级自然保护区崖子石片区高山矮林(24°58'603″N,112°58'314″E,海拔1 500 m)林下一处岩石旁采集到1条游蛇科(Colubridae)幼蛇标本。依据形态学特征(赵尔宓2006,李操等2009),该蛇鉴定为方花丽斑蛇(Maculophis bellus),这是该蛇种自1982年在莽山大塘坑首次记录报道(梁启燊等1982)以来第2次在湖南省境内发现,也是在湖南省发现的第2号该蛇标本,该标本现存于莽山自然博物馆。此方花丽斑蛇幼体体重12 g,体全长345 mm,尾长50 mm。头背有镶黑边的黄白色"Y"形斑;体背部紫红色,     

The effect of replication on the probability of isolating nematophagous fungi from soil

The exact number of replicates required for a given probability of isolating all the species of nematophagous fungi present in a single sample of soil was measured. Using the soil sprinkling technique twenty replicate sub-samples of a sample of farm soil were examined for species. Eight replicates were required under these circumstances to be 95% sure of isolating all the species present. An equation to calculate the number of replicates to achieve a given probability of 100% species isolation is also given.     

A new parasitological index for the estimation of peculiarities of the relationships between parasite and its host, and biotope of the host

A new parasitological index (hostal-topical index) for the estimation of the degree of ectoparasite's relationship with its host and biotope of the host is proposed: [formula: see text], where [formula: see text]--hostal-topical index; n--amount of ectoparasites of the given species on the given host species in the biotope; N--amount of ectoparasites of all species from the given taxonomic group on the given host species in the biotope; n1--amount of hosts of the given species in the biotope; N1--amount of hosts of all species from the given taxonomic group in the biotope; n2--amount of ectoparasites of the given species in the biotope; N2--amount of ectoparasites of all species from the given taxonomic group in the biotope. Values [formula: see text] < 0.1 indicate that there is a distinct relationship with the biotope in spite of the host; values fallen into the range 0.1 < [formula: see text] < 0.5 indicate a moderate relationship with the biotope through the host; values [formula: see text] > 0.5 indicate a significant relationship with the host. By means of this index we have analyzed peculiarity of several parasitic species of fleas and gamasid mites to their hosts, biotopes, and biotope through the host. As it was found on the materials from different native zones and subzones of the Omsk Region (Western Siberia, Russia), values of the hostal-topical index for polyhostal parasitic species are lesser than those for oligohostal species. Values of this index can be different for the same species in the different native zones and subzones as well as in the different biotopes of the same native zone (subzone).     

Uncertain biotic and abiotic interactions in benthic communities

We analyze marine benthic communities at different sites in Skagerrak with the purpose of understanding the role of exogenous and endogenous factors in explaining the species' temporal dynamics. The previous finding that the dynamics of these species communities are mainly driven and synchronized by environmental (temperature) forcing was only weakly supported when analyzing single-species dynamics at five sites where four of the species were present every year. There was no consistent pattern in how the temperature affected the realized per capita growth rate, either across species at a given site, or among sites for a given species. Furthermore, there was no net-interaction from the community on a given species strong enough to give rise to second-order dynamics. However, when implementing a Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis and incorporating all sampling sites and species -we found that the different communities clustered in relation to depth, hence, communities at the same depth were more "similar" than communities at different depth. Revealing the underlying interactions shaping these marine benthic communities is a challenge that calls for an array of various and complementary approaches.     

On the conservative nature of the leaf mass-area relationship

In a previous empirical study, Hughes and colleagues showed that for several herbaceous species there is apparently a unique species-specific relationship between the area and mass of leaves. We tested this proposition using measurements from 15 broad-leaved species. We found that to a reasonable approximation, leaf area was proportional to leaf mass within a given species despite relatively large variations in both leaf thickness and the mass fraction of liquid matter. These observations show that the inverse density-thickness of leaves from a given species, which we call the Hughes constant, is approximately conserved. We conclude that the Hughes constant is likely to be more conservative than other traits traditionally used to describe leaves.     

Abundance patterns and coexistence processes in communities of fleas parasitic on small mammals

The abundance of a given species in a community is likely to depend on both the total abundance and diversity of other species making up that community. A large number of co-occurring individuals or co-occurring species may decrease the abundance of any given species via diffuse competition; however, indirect interactions among many co-occurring species can have positive effects on a focal species. The existence of diffuse competition and facilitation remain difficult to demonstrate in natural communities. Here, we use data on communities of fleas ectoparasitic on small mammals from 27 distinct geographical regions to test whether the abundance of any given flea species in a community is affected by either the total abundance of all other co-occurring flea species, or the species richness and/or taxonomic diversity of the flea community. At all scales of analysis, i.e. whether we compared the same flea species on different host species, or different flea species, two consistent results emerged. First, the abundance of a given flea species correlates positively with the total abundance of all other co-occurring flea species in the community. Second, the abundance of any given flea species correlates negatively with either the species richness or taxonomic diversity of the flea community. The results do not support the existence of diffuse competition in these assemblages, because the more individuals of other flea species are present on a host population, the more individuals of the focal species are there as well. Instead, we propose explanations involving either apparent facilitation among flea species via suppression of host immune defenses, or niche filtering processes acting to restrict the taxonomic composition and abundance of flea assemblages.     

Pflanzengeographische Auswertung floristischer Beobachtungen in der Mongolei

On the basis of plant collections and observations during an expedition through the MPR in 1978, an enumeration of 142 rare and interesting species of higher plants is given. The ecology of the species is discussed and a grouping of the species into geoelements is given.     

中国杯形无隔担子菌研究1：分枝管菌属

目前我国共发现分枝管菌属的真菌4种,其中微小分枝管菌Henningsomyces minimus为中国首次报道,该种发现于广西壮族自治区的弄岗自然保护区和陇瑞自然保护区。根据中国的材料对该种进行了详细描述和显微结构绘图,给出了中国该属种类的检索表,并对其他三个种进行了概要描述。