核糖体失活蛋白—RNA N—糖苷酶

本文概述了双链和单链植物核糖体失活蛋白的基本特性,在分子水平上讨论了核糖体失活蛋白作用于真核细胞核糖体的机制。扼要介绍了免疫毒素及其在癌症治疗中的应用。同时,也讨论了目前有关核糖体失活蛋白的研究状况和今后的发展趋向。     

蘑菇核糖体失活蛋白的研究进展

着重对近年蘑菇的核糖体失活蛋白研究的进展予以综述,在叙述每种核糖体失活蛋白的分离、纯化方法的同时,讨论了它们的生理生化性质、作用机制及可能的应用等。     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在植物抗真菌病基因工程中的应

真菌病是农作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在着具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质 ,核糖体失活蛋白 (RIP ,ribosomeinactivatingprotein)就是其一。它能特异地水解核糖体RNA 3′ 端茎环结构的腺嘌呤残基而导致核糖体失活 ,进而抑制蛋白合成。但它却不使自身的核糖体失活 ,只对其它物种核糖体显示高度特异性 ,这显然具有防止外来病原体侵染的功能。利用基因工程技术 ,使其在一些经济作物中高效表达 ,筛选具有抗性的转基因植株 ,这正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。它克服了常规育种周期长 ,抗性种质缺乏的弊端 ,更避免了施用农药带来的环境污染等问题 ,其应用前景甚为广阔。围绕其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用 ,本文对核糖体失活蛋白在植物体中的分布、分类、生化、结构、功能特性、作用机制以及应用前景等作简要、全面的阐述。     

核糖体失活蛋白及其在植物抗真菌病基因工程中的应

真菌病是农作物减产的主要原因之一。而植物界大量存在着具有离体抑制真菌生长增殖能力的蛋白质,核糖体失活蛋白(RIP,ribosomeinactivatingprotein)就是其一。它能特异地水解核糖体RNA3′端茎环结构的腺嘌呤残基而导致核糖体失活,进而抑制蛋白合成。但它却不使自身的核糖体失活,只对其它物种核糖体显示高度特异性,这显然具有防止外来病原体侵染的功能。利用基因工程技术,使其在一些经济作物中高效表达,筛选具有抗性的转基因植株,这正日益成为植物真菌病防治的新途径。它克服了常规育种周期长,抗性种质缺乏的弊端,更避免了施用农药带来的环境污染等问题,其应用前景甚为广阔。围绕其在抗真菌病基因工程中的应用,本文对核糖体失活蛋白在植物体中的分布、分类、生化、结构、功能特性、作用机制以及应用前景等作简要、全面的阐述。     

植物抗真菌病害基因工程研究进展

从表达水解酶、植物病程相关蛋白、抗真菌蛋白、病原毒性因子失活蛋白、抗病基因、植保素合成限速酶、植物细胞壁结构修饰分子、植物抗生反应调节基因等角度综述了植物抗真菌病害基因工程的策略,并就各种策略的研究进展,存在问题和发展趋势进行了探讨。     

核糖体失活蛋白体内外抗病毒的实验研究

核糖体失活蛋白是一类广泛存在于高等植物细胞内的能抑制核糖体功能的植物蛋白。建立了从苦瓜籽中提纯核糖体失活蛋白的方法,蛋白质电泳结果显示提取液中含有一定量的核糖体失活蛋白。在鸡胚成纤维细胞和鸡胚上进行核糖体灭活蛋白体内外抗马立克病病毒、新城疫病毒和鸡痘病毒试验,结果均表明核糖体灭活蛋白对3种病毒有一定的抑制作用。     

核糖体单链失活蛋白在无细胞体系中的活性

核糖体单链失活蛋白是一类广泛分布于植物中的蛋白质,它能使真核细胞核糖体60S亚基失活。本文报道了一些核糖体单链失活蛋白的制备、纯化以及在兔网织红细胞裂解液中对蛋白质生物合成的抑制活性及它们对完整细胞的毒性。其中多数的核糖体单链失活蛋白是首次被分离纯化并对其毒性进行研究的。     

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白及其抗病毒机制

植物中的核糖体失活蛋白是一类分布于植物体内的毒蛋白,其作用于真核细胞大亚基28S导致核糖体失活,抑制蛋白质的生物合成,从而对细胞产生毒害作用.文章简述了植物核糖体失活蛋白的酶活性和抗病毒的可能分子机制.     

核糖体失活蛋白的结构功能与分布

核糖体失活蛋白是一类在植物中较广泛存在的毒蛋白。植物核糖体失活蛋白具有RNAN-糖苷酶活力,可作用于核糖体RNA,使核糖体失去蛋白质合成的功能。根据一级结构,核糖体失活蛋白可分为两种类型。Ⅰ型核糖体失活蛋白由一条链组成,分子量在25—30 kDa之间。Ⅱ型核糖体失活蛋白由两条以二硫键相连的链(A、B链)组成,分子量在60 kDa左右。B链可以与细胞表面含半乳糖的受体结合,有助于A链进入细胞,作用于核糖体。目前至少已从9个科31种植物中分离纯化了Ⅰ型RIP。Ⅱ型RIP较少,仅在6科8种植物中发现。除了具有RNA N-糖苷酶活性,还发现一些核糖体失活蛋白可以切割超螺旋双链DNA,产生缺口环状和线状DNA。此外,一种Ⅰ型RIP,克木毒蛋白还具有超氧化物歧化酶活性。     

核糖体失活蛋白研究进展

核糖体失活蛋白是一类毒蛋白,主要存在于植物当中,在真菌和细菌中也有发现.其共同特点是具有N-糖苷酶活性,能水解生物核糖体大亚基rRNA颈环结构上特定位点的腺嘌呤,使核糖体失活,从而抑制了蛋白质合成.本文对核糖体失活蛋白的主要性质、应用以及国内外有关这类蛋白的研究进展加以概述.     

A new family of plant antifungal proteins.

Plant seeds contain high concentrations of many antimicrobial proteins. These include chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, proteinase inhibitors, and ribosome-inactivating proteins. We recently reported the presence in corn seeds of zeamatin, a protein that has potent activity against a variety of fungi but has none of the above activities. Zeamatin is a 22-kDa protein that acts by causing membrane permeabilization Using a novel bioautography technique, we found similar antifungal proteins in the seeds of 6 of 12 plants examined. A polyclonal antiserum was raised against zeamatin and was used in immunoblots to confirm the presence of zeamatinlike proteins in these seeds. N-terminal amino acid sequencing was carried out on the antifungal proteins from corn, oats, sorghum, and wheat, and these sequences revealed considerable homology with each other. Interestingly, these N-terminal sequences are also similar to those of thaumatin, a pathogenesis-related protein from tobacco, and two salt stress-induced proteins. These results indicate that zeamatin is not unique but is a member of a previously unrecognized family of plant defense proteins that may include some species of pathogenesis-related proteins.     

Analysis of the in planta antiviral activity of elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins.

Although the type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (SNA-I, SNA-V, SNLRP) from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) are all devoid of rRNA N-glycosylase activity towards plant ribosomes, some of them clearly show polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity towards tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This particular substrate specificity was exploited to further unravel the mechanism underlying the in planta antiviral activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun NN) plants expressing the elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins were generated and challenged with tobacco mosaic virus in order to analyze their antiviral properties. Although some transgenic plants clearly showed antiviral activity, no clear correlation was observed between in planta antiviral activity of transgenic tobacco lines expressing the different ribosome-inactivating proteins and the in vitro polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity of the respective proteins towards tobacco mosaic virus genomic RNA. However, our results suggest that the in planta antiviral activity of some ribosome-inactivating proteins may rely on a direct mechanism on the virus. In addition, it is evident that the working mechanism proposed for pokeweed antiviral protein cannot be extrapolated to elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins because the expression of SNA-V is not accompanied by induction of pathogenesis-related proteins.     

The Sambucus nigra type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I' exhibits in planta antiviral activity in transgenic tobacco

Transgenic tobacco (Samsun NN) plants transformed with a cDNA clone encoding SNA-I' from Sambucus nigra synthesize, and correctly process and assemble, a fully active type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Expression of SNA-I' under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter enhances the plant's resistance against infection with tobacco mosaic virus. In contrast to type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins, the expression of SNA-I' does not affect the growth and fertility of the transgenic plants and is not accompanied by an increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins indicating that its antiviral activity most probably differs from that of pokeweed antiviral protein.     

Structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel

We have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (Triticum aestivum cv. S. Pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its N-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. Homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously characterized wheatwin1 as well as to other members of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of class 4; in analogy with wheatwin1, we have termed this protein wheatwin2. Both wheatwin1 and wheatwin2 have specific antifungal activity toward the wide-host-range pathogenBotrytis cinerea and the wheat-specific pathogenic fungi of wheatFusarium culmorum andFusarium graminearum of groups 1 and 2. On the basis of their structural and functional properties, wheatwin1 and wheatwin2 can be classified as members of the PR4 protein family; this represents the first report concerning the presence of this kind of protein in wheat.     

类甜蛋白的结构特征以及功能研究进展

类甜蛋白是一种具有多种生物学活性及重要功能的植物防御蛋白,属于病程相关蛋白。近年来关于类甜蛋白具有抗真菌活性的研究较多。类甜蛋白具有葡聚糖酶活性,能结合并降解真菌细胞壁的组成成分—β-1,3葡聚糖酶。在三维晶体结构中类甜蛋白表面的一个酸性“V”字形裂缝对其抗真菌活性起着至关重要的作用。对类甜蛋白结构与功能的关系,不同植物中类甜蛋白的生物学特性,以及国内外基因工程中类甜蛋白基因的应用研究进展进行了综述。